Oxidative stress in horses refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the horse's body to detoxify these reactive intermediates or repair the resulting damage. It can occur as a result of various physiological and environmental factors, such as exercise, illness, or exposure to toxins. Oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage, affecting lipids, proteins, and DNA. In horses, it is studied in the context of its potential impact on performance, health, and disease progression. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, effects, and management of oxidative stress in equine health.
Armstrong RB, Essén-Gustavsson B, Hoppeler H, Jones JH, Kayar SR, Laughlin MH, Lindholm A, Longworth KE, Taylor CR, Weibel ER.The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between 16 physiological, biochemical, and morphological variables presumed to relate to the oxidative capacity in quadriceps muscles or muscle parts in Standardbred horses. The variables included O2 delivery (blood flow) and mean capillary transit time (MTT) during treadmill locomotion at whole animal maximal O2 consumption (VO2max, 134 +/- 2 ml.min-1 x kg-1), capillary density and capillary-to-fiber ratio, myoglobin concentration, oxidative enzyme activities, glycolytic enzyme activities, fiber type populations, and fiber size. Thes...
Singh RK, Kooreman KM, Babbs CF, Fessler JF, Salaris SC, Pham J.The scavenging of superoxide radicals by endogenous and therapeutically administered superoxide dismutases may prevent superoxide-mediated oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, membrane lysis, and cell death in a wide variety of normal and pathologic states. Simple inorganic manganous salts such as MnCl2 also have superoxide dismutase-like activity and are extremely inexpensive, compared with enzymatic superoxide dismutase preparations. In this study, we explored the use of Mn salts as antioxidant drugs. We used the percentage of inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by super...
Ronéus M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SG.Muscle biopsies were taken from the middle gluteal muscle of 28 Standardbred trotters, 3-4 years of age. The 13 horses in Group T were trained consistently from 18 months of age, whereas the 15 horses in Group UT were not exposed to any systematic training before 3 years of age. Group T horses had a lower percentage of Type IIB fibres (31%) than did Group UT horses (39%). Citrate synthase (CS) activity, representing oxidative capacity, was higher in Group T (72 mmol kg-1 min-1) than in Group UT (47 mmol kg-1 min-1). Biopsies were taken from 4 horses in each group when they were foals and then ...
al-Massad FK, Kadir FH, Moore GR.The origin of the 440 nm fluorescence of horse spleen ferritin and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Azotobacter vinelandii bacterioferritin has been investigated using a Nitro Blue Tetrazolium/glycinate colorimetric test specific for quiones [Paz, Flückiger, Boak, Kagan & Gallop (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 689-692]. The results of the analysis indicate that ferritin and bacterioferritins contain quinones. A possible functional role of these quinones in iron uptake and release is described, as is the possibility that the presence of quinones in these proteins results from oxidative damage.
Matsuki N, Tamura S, Ono K, Watari T, Goitsuka R, Yamanobe A, Hiraga A, Kubo K, Takagi S, Hasegawa A.To understand the pathogenesis of equine exercise-induced myopathies and hemolysis, changes of phospholipid peroxidation products in the equine middle gluteal muscle and erythrocytes following the high-speed treadmill exercise were studied. In the skeletal muscle, the peroxidized phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were increased at 24 hours after the exercise. The malondialdehydes (MDAs) were also increased as the protein-bound MDAs following exercise. In the erythrocytes, the peroxidized PE were significantly decreased at 24 hours after the exercise. The protein-bound MDAs were significantly incre...
Ono K, Inui K, Hasegawa T, Matsuki N, Watanabe H, Takagi S, Hasegawa A, Tomoda I.The change in activities of 3 major antioxidative enzymes in equine erythrocytes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), and catalase, was investigated in order to evaluate the effect of exercise. Blood samples were obtained from 11 thoroughbred horses before and immediately after vigorous exercise which induced the increase of plasma lipid peroxide (Lpx) concentration from 1.16 +/- 0.40 nmol/ml to 1.29 +/- 0.34 nmol/ml. Following the exercise, the GSHpx activity in erythrocytes was significantly reduced from 69 +/- 10 IU/gHb to 65 +/- 8 IU/gHb, whereas SOD and catalase ac...
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.The effect of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) upon the specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid was studied. ODFR were generated either by a mixture of ferrous iron and EDTA (Fe/EDTA) or by a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO). Incubation of the synovial fluid with both free radical generating systems decreased its specific viscosity. When the synovial fluid was incubated with Fe/EDTA the specific viscosity of the synovial fluid was reduced rapidly. By 2 mins, it was 53 +/- 3 per cent of the original specific viscosity and by 30 mins it was reduced to 39 +/- 5 per cent...
Meijer AE, van den Hoven R.In this communication, the results of a histochemical and biochemical enzyme study on gluteus medius muscle of horses, sensitive to exertional myopathy, during attacks of rhabdomyolysis are presented. For the biochemical study the biopsy specimens investigated were selected by means of histological and enzyme histochemical staining methods. Dissected specimens were used which contained groups of muscle fibres with a high or low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione per...
López-Rivero JL, Agüera E, Rodríguez-Barbudo MV, Galisteo AM, Morales-López JL.Samples taken from the middle gluteal muscle of 95 untrained adult horses of different ages and sex were subjected to histochemical analysis using the myosin adenosine triphosphatase (m-ATPase) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) staining techniques. Fibres were classified into types I, IIA and IIB according to m-ATPase activity after preincubation at pH 4.4. The percentage of FT (Fast-Twitch Glycolytic) fibres and the proportion of IIB fibres with "high" and "low" oxidative capacity were determined in serial sections stained for NADH-TR. Statistical analysis ...
Serteyn D, Mottart E, Deby C, Deby-Dupont G, Pincemail J, Philipart C, Lamy M.A method for the evaluation of total plasma antihydroxyl and antiperferryl activity is described. This method was applied to horse plasma obtained during halothane anaesthesia. In horses suffering from postanaesthetic myositis, a significant decrease in the antiperferryl activity was observed during anaesthesia particularly when the muscular compression produced by the weight of the horse was released. In the affected muscles, strong oxidants could therefore be generated during the reperfusion of the ischaemic muscles and might initiate membrane lipid peroxidation. This phenomenon could possib...
Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Skoglund-Wallberg H.Three standardbred trotters performed treadmill exercise at a velocity of 2 m s-1 with a draught load of both 34 kiloponds (kp) (test 1) and 80 kp (test 2), and also at 7 m s-1 with 34 kp (test 3). The heart rate increased to average values of 111 (+/- 5), 157 (+/- 10) and 197 (+/- 7) beats min-1 in tests 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Plasma free fatty acids increased only during tests 1 and 2. Blood lactate and muscle glucose-6-phosphate and lactate concentrations were low after tests 1 and 2, but high after test 3, where also muscle glycogen utilisation was greatest. Muscle creatine phosphate a...
Montesissa C, Stracciari JM, Fadini L, Beretta C.A comparison has been made of the in vitro metabolism of febantel (FBT) with that of one of its pharmacologically active metabolites fenbendazole (FBZ) using microsomal preparations from liver of sheep, calf, horse, pig, rat, chicken and trout. The oxidation of FBT to the corresponding sulphoxide appeared to be far more rapid with the exception of the trout, than a similar reaction with FBZ. Indeed FBT was further metabolized in several species by cyclization and further oxidation. This observation could have toxicological significance in view of the greater tetratogenic effects of the metabol...
Essén-Gustavsson B, McMiken D, Karlström K, Lindholm A, Persson S, Thornton J.Five horses were studied during a five-week regime of controlled intensive daily training on a high-speed treadmill followed by five weeks of detraining. Muscle biopsies were taken weekly from both the right and left gluteus muscle and from the sternocephalicus muscle before, and at the end of, the training and detraining periods. Histochemical and biochemical analyses of the sternocephalicus muscle showed no metabolic adaptation with either training or detraining. No significant differences were observed in any of the analysed parameters in the gluteus muscle between contralateral sites. Glyc...
Auer DE.The role of oxygen-derived free radicals is considered critical to the etio-pathogenesis of equine inflammatory joint disease. In vivo, the superoxide radical in the joint may be derived either from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes or from an ischemia/reperfusion cycle. In the presence of ferrous iron, it may generate the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH *). Predisposing factors may include synovitis, exercise-induced ischemia and minor traumatic injury to the joints. Unlike other inflammatory mediators, oxygen-derived free radicals may damage tissue directly and these reactive speci...
Valberg S, Essén Gustavsson B, Skoglund Wallberg H.The oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle fibre types was evaluated histochemically using the nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D) staining, and biochemically by measuring the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in both whole muscle samples and in pools of fibres of identified type. Duplicate determinations of the NADH-D staining pattern resulted in standard deviations (sd) between duplicates of 6 and 11 per cent for two observers. The NADH-D pattern was found to differ between observers. Duplicate determinations of CS activity in the same fibre pools resulted in an sd value of 2.9 mumo...
Hodgson DR, Rose RJ.Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the middle gluteal muscle of seven horses undergoing a nine-month endurance training programme. Samples were collected before the programme began and again after three, six and nine months of training. A fifth sample was collected three months after training ceased. Serial muscle sections were reacted histochemically for myosin adenosine triphosphatase after either acid (pH 4.3 and 4.6) or alkaline (pH 10.3) pre-incubation, and muscle fibres identified as type I, IIA, IIB or IIC. The oxidative capacity of individual fibres was assessed, using the reduc...
Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Dimauro J, Allen JR.Biopsy samples were obtained from the middle gluteal muscle of 10 Thoroughbred horses undergoing a commercial race-training program. Samples were obtained before the program began and again after 6 and 12 weeks of training. All horses had raced at least once by the 12th week of training. Serial sections of muscle were examined histochemically for myosin adenosinetriphosphatase after either acid (pH 4.3 and 4.6) or alkaline (pH 10.3) preincubation, and then muscle fibers were identified as types I, IIA, IIB, or IIC. The oxidative capacity of individual fibers was assessed, using the reduced nic...
Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, DiMauro J, Allen JR.The effects of training on skeletal muscle composition were studied in four Standardbred geldings given a seven week submaximal treadmill training programme. Before the start of training, muscle biopsies were collected from the left middle gluteal muscle for the determination of muscle fibre types, oxidative capacity and capillary numbers using histochemical techniques. The concentrations of citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), lactate dehydrogenase and total muscle glycogen were measured using fluorometric methods. Muscle biopsy samples were repeated after one, three, five...
Harrington JP, Carrier TL.The effect of several different types of perturbants and pH on the rate of autoxidation of horse heart ferrocytochrome c was investigated. The kinetic behavior is unique to each perturbant used. Rates of autoxidation followed first-order kinetics over the time span (0-180 min) studied. The Cl- and Br- anions exhibit an initial increase in the rate of autoxidation up to 100 mM, followed by a decrease in kinetics at 500 mM anion concentration. The ClO4- anion exhibits only an increase in the rate of autoxidation with increasing ionic strength, where as, propylurea, a hydrophobic perturbant, is n...
Hegre OD, Marshall S, Hickey GE.Plasma amine oxidase activities (benzylamine oxidase and spermine oxidase) were determined in the sera of a number of species of various ages. Benzylamine oxidase (BZO) activity, measured spectrophotometrically, was present in bovine, equine, and ovine species examined. Generally its activity in serum increased with the age of the animal. Spermine oxidase activity (SPO) was estimated by a bioassay of in vitro toxicity and did not necessarily correlate with BZO. Cytotoxicity in the presence of spermidine was found only in the sera of the ruminant species examined. Serum activity tended to rise ...
Medeiros LO, Nürmberger R, Medeiros LF.Erythrocytes from thoroughbred horses were submitted to total (80-90%) and partial (25-40%) oxidation of hemoglobin by sodium nitrite. The ability of these cells to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin in the presence of either glucose, glucose plus methylene blue or lactate was investigated. The results were compared with those ones obtained for human erythrocytes. Under total oxidation: the horse erythrocytes need longer incubation time with glucose or glucose plus methylene blue than human erythrocytes for reducing the methemoglobin; methylene blue did not enhance methemoglobin reduction in t...
Gallagher K, Stowe HD.Blood samples were obtained from 45 racing Standardbred horses immediately before and immediately after a training jog at a commercial race track to establish reference values for serum selenium and related values of the peroxide reduction system of racing horses. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum selenium increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas RBC-reduced glutathione decreased significantly (P < 0.01) immediately after exercise. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were not altered by exercise. Serum copper and magnesium were significantly increased (P < 0.01) after exercise...
Sivertsen T.Reduced glutathione (GSH), per cent methaemoglobin and haemolysis were measured in physiologic saline suspensions of erythrocytes from sheep, goat, cattle, horse, swine and man; incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees with and without copper sulphate (0,5 and 10 micrograms Cu/ml suspension). Formation of Heinz bodies was studied in similar experiments with sheep and swine cells only. Generally, GSH depletion developed first, followed by methaemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies, while haemolysis was limited. Both spontaneous and copper-induced GSH depletion was slow in swine erythrocytes compared to ot...
Rifkind JM.The oxidation of horse hemoglobin by Cu(II) has been followed by the changes in the electron spin resonance spectra of copper. By stopped-flow and freeze-quenching techniques, it is shown that the second-order rate constant for the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is greater than 5 X 10(5) mol-1 s-1 and the apparent first-order rate for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) is 0.051 s-1. It is also shown that the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is followed by an alteration of the Cu(II) spectrum, decreasing the g values. This process has an apparent rate constant of 17 s-1 and presumably involves a ...
Peterman BF, Morton RA.The research explores how different binding ions affect the oxidation speed of horse heart ferrocytochrome c, a protein, by potassium ferricyanide at a constant ionic strength. Studying the Ion Effect […]
Mascarello F, Veggetti A.The intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the horse, donkey, sheep, ox, pig, dog and cat were examined for myosin ATPase, following acid and alkali pre-incubation, SDH and M-alphaGPDH activities. In all laryngeal muscles two fibre types, betaR and alphaR, belonging to slow and fast-contracting, fatigue-resistant motor units (types S and FR) were present in different proportions. The alphaW fibre type, belonging to fast-contracting and fatigue-resistant motor units was absent (type FF). The alphaR fibres of the dog and the cat were subdivided into groups by the various degrees of acid stable myosin AT...
Peterman BF, Morton RA.The apparent equilibrium constant and rate of oxidation was investigated for the reaction of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanide. It was found that if horse heart ferricytochrome c was exposed to ferricyanide (to oxidize traces of reduced protein) the cytochrome subsequently, even after extensive dialysis, had an apparent equilibrium constant different from that of electrodialyzed protein. The effect of ferricyanide ion apparently cannot be removed by ordinary dialysis. The ionic strength dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant and bimolecular oxidation rate constant was measured in the...
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.Free radical oxidation products, namely conjugated dienes, ultraviolet fluorescence (excitation 325 nm, emission 395 nm) and visible fluorescence (excitation 360 nm, emission 460 nm) were measured in equine synovial fluid exposed to free radicals in vitro and in the plasma and synovial fluids of horses with synovial effusions. The synovial effusions were induced by intra-articularly administered carrageenin (0.3 ml, 1%), which rarely resulted in clinical lameness. The free radicals were generated in vitro by mixtures of iron and ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe/EDTA) or mixtures of hypoxanth...
Kirschvink N, Art T, Lekeux P, Roberts C, Gustin P.8-Epi-PGF2alpha, a prostaglandin-like compound generated by oxidative stress, has been shown to be an in vitro bronchoconstrictor in airways from healthy laboratory animals and healthy humans, but it has never been studied in diseased airways. Here, the bronchoconstrictive capacity of 8-epi-PGF2alpha on isolated bronchial rings (BR) of healthy and heaves-affected horses was evaluated by comparing the maximal effect and the potency of 8-epi-PGF2alpha to those of (1) acetylcholine (ACh), (2) its stereoisomer PGF2alpha and (3) its synthetic receptor agonist, U46619. Furthermore, the potential cap...
Mogielnicka-Brzozowska M, Woźniak MJ, Cichowska AW, Fraser L, Kraziński B, Strzezek R, Zielińska D.Seminal plasma (SP) proteins are responsible for sperm functional quality. Developing a reliable method to determine the degree of oxidative damage of these proteins is important for establishing semen fertilizing ability. The main aim of the study was to verify the applicability of protein carbonyl derivatives measurement in the SP of canine and stallion, using a method with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The research material consisted of ejaculates obtained from eight English Springer Spaniels, and from seven half-blood stallions during the breeding and non-breeding season. The content ...
Polack EW, King JM, Cummings JF, Mohammed HO, Birch M, Cronin T.To compare concentrations of trace minerals in the spinal cord of horses with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) with those of horses without neurologic disease (control horses). Methods: 24 horses with EMND and 22 control horses. Methods: Spinal cord trace mineral concentrations in horses with EMND and control horses were analyzed by use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, aluminum, cobalt, and chromium), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (lead and cadmium), flameless atomic abs...
Corradini I, Georges K, Jose-Cunilleras E.To determine the effects of time after sampling on CO-oximetry measurements of equine blood samples and the effects of adding ascorbic acid (AscAc) and methylene blue (MetBlue) to samples with methemoglobinemia. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Thirty healthy adult horses assigned to 5 groups. Methods: Repeated CO-oximetry determinations were performed on venous (n = 6) and arterial blood samples (n = 7) stored at 0°C for 48 hours. Methemoglobinemia was induced in vitro in 17 additional blood samples. Six were used as untreated controls, 6 had ...
Deaton CM, Marlin DJ, Smith NC, Roberts CA, Harris PA, Kelly FJ, Schroter RC.Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant important in protecting the lung against oxidative damage and is decreased in lung lining fluid of horses with airway inflammation. To examine possible therapeutic regimens in a species with ascorbate-synthesising capacity, we studied the effects of oral supplementation of two forms of ascorbic acid, (each equivalent to 20 mg ascorbic acid per kg body weight) on the pulmonary and systemic antioxidant status of six healthy ponies in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Two weeks supplementation with ascorbyl palmitate significantly increased mean...
Harvey JW, Kaneko JJ.Glutathione reductase (GR) was studied in erythrocytes of horses, cats, dogs, and man. Glutathione reductase activity was measured in hemolysates with and without preincubation of hemolysates with flavinadenine dinucleotide. The percentage saturation of GR apoenzyme with cofactor (flavin-adenine dinucleotide) was lower in cats and dogs than in horses or man. The greatest amount of inactive apoenzyme was in feline erythrocytes. Total GR activity listed in order by species is cat greater than man greater than dog greater than horse. Kinetic constants for oxidized glutathione and reduced nicotina...
Bardell DA, Archer DC, Milner PI.Colic remains a life-threatening condition in the horse. Ischaemia and reperfusion following correction of small intestinal strangulation may produce oxidative stress. The ability to withstand oxidative stress depends on antioxidant levels and may be linked to horse survival. Objective: To measure peripheral antioxidant levels in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy with small intestinal strangulation. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Blood and plasma were collected from horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for small intestinal strangulation and stored at -80°C. Controls involved...
Rifkind JM.The oxidation of horse hemoglobin by Cu(II) has been followed by the changes in the electron spin resonance spectra of copper. By stopped-flow and freeze-quenching techniques, it is shown that the second-order rate constant for the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is greater than 5 X 10(5) mol-1 s-1 and the apparent first-order rate for the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) is 0.051 s-1. It is also shown that the binding of Cu(II) to hemoglobin is followed by an alteration of the Cu(II) spectrum, decreasing the g values. This process has an apparent rate constant of 17 s-1 and presumably involves a ...
Tsuzuki N, Maruko T, Takeyama A, Ikeda H, Mizuguchi Y.Forty-five foals with Rhodococcus equi infection and pneumonia symptoms were classified into a surviving group and a dead group. Using serum samples, the oxidative stress index (OSI) was determined at the first visit and the follow-up visit. The OSI of the surviving group was significantly lower at the follow-up than that at the first visit. No significant difference was observed between the OSI of the dead group at the first and follow-up visits. In the surviving group, treatment at the first visit mitigated inflammation and reduced OSI. However, in the dead group, poor response to the treatm...
Bujok J, Pavľak A, Walski T, Zigo F, Trochanowska-Pauk N, Bohara R, Miśta D.Combat training of police horses, involving physical activity in the presence of environmental stressors, poses a risk of oxidative stress. This study compared the oxidative imbalance after combat training in horses in the regular police service and in horses that had just been schooled. Blood collection was performed immediately after training and after 16 h rest. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined as the markers of enzymatic antioxidant defence. At the same time, lipid peroxidation (TBAR...
Tesena P, Vinijkumthorn R, Preuksathaporn T, Piyakul P, Chotikaprakal T, Sirireugwipas R, Wong-Aree K, Prapaiwan N.Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for horses. However, because of its gastrointestinal side effects, its administration requires careful attention in veterinary practice. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a serum biomarker associated with increased damage to the equine gastrointestinal system. This study investigated the hematological effects and alterations in the gastrointestinal tract and assessed serum MDA concentrations following repeated oral PBZ administration at clinical doses. Fourteen horses were randomly divided into control and treatment groups. All h...
Orzołek A, Rafalska KT, Domosławska-Wyderska A, Rafalska AM, Dziekońska A, Jastrzębska E, Dobbek D.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of solarium light therapy on selected biological and biochemical parameters of peripheral blood in recreational horses. The study involved 10 horses divided into two groups of young (aged 5 to 7 years) and old (aged 14 to 19 years) individuals. All animals participated in light therapy sessions every other day. Blood was sampled three times during the study: before the treatment, after five light sessions, and after ten light sessions. Morphological parameters, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, TAS values, and the levels of glutathione (GSH), vi...
Fuentes F, Contreras MJ, Arroyo-Salvo C, Cabrera P P, Silva M, Merino O, Arias ME, Felmer R.Although under appropriate laboratory conditions, sperm from different mammalian species can be capacitated in vitro, the optimal conditions for sperm capacitation in the stallion have been elusive. This study evaluated the effect of different capacitating inducers in Whitten and Tyrode media and assessed their impact on capacitation-related factors. Stallion sperm were incubated with different combinations of capacitating inducers at 38.5 °C in an air atmosphere. Sperm quality variables such as motility, mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Membrane fluidi...
Giraldo A, Koch TG, Madan P, Lepage S, Monteith G, Alizadeh AH, Tran A, Mortagy N, Koenig JB.There is a knowledge gap regarding the effect of extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT) on the stress response and immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of equine umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells (CB-MSCs). The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of cellular oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and production of growth factors in CB-MSCs after treatment with ESWT. We hypothesized that CB-MSCs treated with ESWT will experience higher levels of cellular stress and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors compared ...
Consistent information and standardization procedures regarding the time of storage for frozen samples and the effects of storage time on enzyme activity are still missing in the literature. Thus, we evaluated the effects of different storage temperatures (-20 °C and - 80 °C), three repetitive freeze/thaw cycles, and 24-h mimic transportation on the activities of PON1 (paraoxonase and arylesterase), enzymes involved in the protection and detoxification processes of reactive molecules. PON1 enzymes' activity was validated on serum and heparinized plasma in horses. The results revealed tha...
Winther MF, Johnsson J, Madsen PK, Pihl TH, Paltrinieri S, Cerón JJ, Scavone D, Pardo-Marin L, Jacobsen S.Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) has been suggested as a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress in horses and could potentially be used for prognostication in horses with colitis. Objective: Assessment of PON-1 in horses with colitis and comparison of two methods. Methods: Serum PON-1 was measured by two methods (paraoxon and p-nitrophenyl acetate) in 161 horses with colitis and 57 controls. Follow-up samples obtained during hospitalization were available from 106 horses with colitis. The two methods were compared. Results: Serum PON-1 was significantly lower in horses with colitis than in healthy h...
Del Prete C, Vastolo A, Pasolini MP, Cocchia N, Montano C, Cutrignelli MI.The peripartum period constitutes a delicate physiological moment in mares showing a transient state of oxidative stress. Diet supplementation with antioxidants during pregnancy in women appears to have a beneficial effect on mother and neonate health. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with a commercial product containing a mix of antioxidants (Oxyliver®, Candioli) on the length of gestation, weight, and haemato-biochemical parameters in Italian Salernitano mares and their newborn foals. Eight late-term pregnant mares were randomly divided into two group...
Vaughn SA, Berghaus LJ, Hart KA.Breed differences exist between horses and ponies in circulating concentrations of several hormones, notably ACTH and insulin. These hormones regulate stress and metabolic responses, but in other species, they also impact leukocyte oxidant responses. The effects of these hormones on equine leukocytes have not been evaluated to date. If equine leukocytes are similarly regulated, breed differences in increased plasma hormone concentrations or altered sensitivity to them at the leukocyte level could result in breed-related differences in oxidant responses or oxidative status. The objective of thi...
Pereira AT, Pozzobon R, Dos Anjos BL, Chaves LT, Smilgys ÉC, Thoma AJS, Lunkes VL, de Oliveira JS, de Andrade CM, Soares JCM.Criollo breed is quite popular in Brazil, mainly in the Southern Region, and the long loop rodeo is one of the main sports modality adapted to this breed. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the muscle and oxidative functions caused by exercises practiced in this sports modality. Data such as exercising frequency, covered distance, mean duration time and number of runs, and blood samples at the following times: before the tournament, on the final day of the event, and 18-24 h after the end of the tournament were collected. Were assessed lactate and the enzymes aspartate aminotra...
Kwak YB, Stambler I, Yoo HH, Yoon J.Red ginseng (RG), a traditional herbal remedy, has garnered attention owing to its diverse health benefits resulting from its complex composition. However, extensive research is needed to substantiate the efficacy of RG and understand the underlying mechanisms supporting these benefits. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers and investigate the impact of RG on related metabolic pathways in horse plasma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics. Unassigned: Ten horses were divided into control and RG groups, with the latter administered RG at a dose of ...
Davis MS, Bayly WM, Hansen CM, Barrett MR, Blake CA.The intracellular environment of skeletal muscle can develop pronounced hyperthermia and acidosis during strenuous exercise, and these alterations in the typical intracellular conditions have been shown to alter mitochondrial respiration. However, the impact of these conditions on ATP synthesis is poorly understood. We used Thoroughbred racehorses to test the hypothesis that both hyperthermia and acidosis decrease the rate of ATP synthesis, but that athletic conditioning mitigates this loss of phosphorylation capacity. Isolated mitochondria were harvested from skeletal muscle before and after ...
Botía M, Martín-Cuervo M, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Hansen S, Muñoz-Prieto A.Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a widespread disease with a very high prevalence and importance in horses. It includes two conditions: Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), linked to acid disturbances, and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD), associated with inflammation and immune system issues. In saliva, increased levels of immunological markers have been observed in this disease, indicating immune system involvement. In addition, changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress have been described. In horses, IgG and IgA are proteins that appear in saliva and serum and are considere...
Halo M, Kirchner R, Tirpák F, Slanina T, Tokárová K, Kováčik A, Miškeje M, Greń A, Formicki G, Halo M, Madeddu R, Massányi P.The abundance of chemical elements in the blood of horses can indicate the physiological balance, health of animal as well as can be taken as an indicator of environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to analyse haematological, biochemical parameters, TOS, FRAP, SOD, Gpx, TAS and their correlations with concentrations of essential and risk elements in blood of horses stabled in two different locations: The National Stud Farm Topoľčianky (n = 11; 11 stallions, consisting of the breeds 6 Lipizzan, 3 Slovak warmblood, 2 Holsteiner) and Experimental Centre at Institute of Animal Husba...
Alim S, Cheppali SK, Pawar SS, Swamy MJ.Fibronectin type-II (FnII) proteins are major constituents in the seminal plasma of many mammals and play a crucial role in sperm capacitation. Additionally, the seminal FnII proteins from bull and horse exhibit chaperone-like activity (CLA), by acting as small heat shock proteins (shsps). The present work demonstrates that the major FnII protein of donkey seminal plasma, DSP-1 exhibits CLA with broad specificity and protects various client proteins such as alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and enolase against thermal and oxidative stress. Binding of phosphorylcholine (PrC) - the he...
Gotić J, Špelić L, Kuleš J, Horvatić A, Gelemanović A, Ljubić BB, Mrljak V, Bottegaro NB.Long-term aerobic exercise during endurance racing places high demands on equine homeostasis. This study aimed to use proteomic analysis to elucidate complex biological responses during endurance exercise. It was hypothesized that different serum proteome changes would be noted, reflecting physiological processes as a response to race. The serum has been taken before and after an 80 km race from 13 endurance horses. Proteomic analysis of samples has been performed by TMT-based quantitative method. Apolipoprotein and haptoglobin values have been validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay a...
Guo W, Li Z, Mao W, Liu X, Yang Y, Yu J, Yang H, Gao R.Flunixin meglumine (FM) is commonly used in painful conditions in horses; however, it may contribute to equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Some veterinarians combine omeprazole (OME) and FM to reduce EGUS risk. However, the efficacy and safety of this combination in Mongolian horses with chronic lameness remain unknown. Objective: To investigate the changes in lameness and EGUS scores in Mongolian horses through the comparison of three treatment strategies: FM, FM + OME and placebo treated control (CON) and to assess the effects of these treatments on gastric fluid pH, serum total prote...
Ma Z, Li Y, Zhao Z, Song Q, Wang Q, Lu S, Wang J.In this study, we purified and identified antioxidant peptides from equine plasma protein hydrolysates and assessed their protective effects against HO-induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. Four antioxidant peptides were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in equine plasma protein hydrolysate, namely: GTMVGC (567.69 Da), FGMTST (662.88 Da), VGYHSHF (847.01 Da) and ALSPFFKE (939.18 Da). Among them, ALSPFFKE showed the strongest antidigestive properties after modelled digestion studies. Moreover, ALSPFFKE enhanced intracellular superoxide dismutase (SO...
Hansen S, Otten ND, Ceron JJ, González-Arostegui LG, Peres-Rubio C.The contribution of redox imbalance to equine asthma (EA) pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective: (1) validate and measure a panel of redox biomarkers in the tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from horses with neutrophilic and mastocytic mild-moderate EA (MEA) and severe EA. (2) Evaluate the same panel in saliva and serum for comparative purposes. Methods: A total of 117 horses: 37 healthy, 26 mastocytic MEA, 29 neutrophilic MEA, and 25 severe EA. Methods: Cross-sectional study using TW, BAL, and serum and saliva sampling. After assay validation, redox biomarkers-ferr...
Abdelnaby EA, ElKader NAA, Yehia SG, Salem NY, Ramadan ES, Khattab MS, Farghali HA, Emam IA.This study aimed to demonstrate the vaginal tissue alterations via vaginal biopsy and hemodynamic alterations by introducing chromoendoscopy to analyse the effect of equine vaginitis on the oxidative and hormonal profile. Mares were divided into normal mares (N = 10) and affected mares (N = 10). Animals were subjected to Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation, endoscopic examination, oxidative stress was estimated, and biopsy samples were taken for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Uterine body (UB) thickness (mm), circumference (mm) and area (mm) elevated significantly in infected...
