Prophylaxis in horses refers to the preventive measures and strategies implemented to protect equine health by reducing the risk of disease occurrence. These measures can include vaccinations, parasite control, nutrition management, and biosecurity practices. Vaccinations help to stimulate the horse's immune system to protect against specific infectious diseases. Parasite control programs aim to minimize the impact of internal and external parasites through strategic deworming and environmental management. Nutrition management ensures that horses receive balanced diets that support their overall health and immune function. Biosecurity practices involve procedures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious agents within equine populations. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various prophylactic approaches, their implementation, and their effectiveness in maintaining equine health.
Mueller PO, Hay WP, Harmon B, Amoroso L.To evaluate the efficacy of a bioresorbable hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose membrane (HA-membrane) for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Twelve healthy adult horses. Methods: The effect of an HA-membrane on adhesion formation was evaluated in 12 healthy horses using an established model of serosal trauma to induce adhesions. A ventral median celiotomy and two jejunal resections and end-to-end anastomoses were performed. Two separate jejunal areas were abraded, and three 2-0 chromic gut sutures placed in the abraded area...
Higuchi T, Arakawa T, Hashikura S, Inui T, Senba H, Takai S.The effect on foals of prophylactic administration of hyperimmune plasma to prevent R. equi infection was investigated on three farms at which R. equi infection was endemic. Sixteen foals between 10 and 39 days of age were intravenously given 1-21 of hyperimmune plasma. ELISA antibody titres against R. equi were significantly increased and maintained at high levels for over 30 days in most of the recipient foals. The prevalence of R. equi infection was 6.3% (1/16) in the foals that received the immune plasma, and 26.3% (5/19) in the control foals not given the immune plasma on the three farms....
Chang Y, Novosol V, McDonough SP, Chang CF, Jacobson RH, Divers T, Quimby FW, Shin S, Lein DH.Eight 1-year-old ponies were vaccinated with recombinant OspA (ospA gene derived from B. burgdorferi B31) with adjuvant (aluminium hydroxide). Four ponies were used as non-vaccinated controls with adjuvant. One hundred and twelve days after the first vaccination, the vaccinated and non-vaccinated ponies were challenged by exposure to B. burgdorferi-infected adults tick (Ixodes scapularis) collected from Westchester County, New York (tick infection rate >/=60%). Protection from infection was evaluated by culture for B. burgdorferi from three monthly skin biopsies taken near the site of tick bit...
Rees WA, Harkins JD, Lu M, Holland RE, Lehner AF, Tobin T, Chambers TM.To determine pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of rimantadine hydrochloride in horses and to evaluate prophylactic efficacy of rimantadine in influenza virus-infected horses. Methods: 5 clinically normal horses and 8 horses seronegative to influenza A. Methods: Horses were given rimantadine (7 mg/kg of body weight, i.v., once; 15 mg/kg, p.o., once; 30 mg/kg, p.o., once; and 30 mg/kg, p.o., q 12 h for 4 days) to determine disposition kinetics. Efficacy in induced infections was determined in horses seronegative to influenza virus A2. Rimantadine was administered (30 mg/kg, p.o., q 1...
Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Geisbert JB, Swearengen JR, Bray M, Jaax NK, Huggins JW, LeDuc JW, Peters CJ.A passive immunization strategy for treating Ebola virus infections was evaluated using BALB/ c mice, strain 13 guinea pigs, and cynomolgus monkeys. Guinea pigs were completely protected by injection of hyperimmune equine IgG when treatment was initiated early but not after viremia had developed. In contrast, mice were incompletely protected even when treatment was initiated on day 0, the day of virus inoculation. In monkeys treated with one dose of IgG on day 0, onset of illness and viremia was delayed, but all treated animals died. A second dose of IgG on day 5 had no additional beneficial e...
Jeffcott LB, Henson FM.The importance of osteochondrosis (dyschondroplasia) to the horse industry has been well documented since it was first recorded 50 years ago. The condition is known to be multifactorial in origin, arising from focal failure of endochondral ossification at predilection sites in articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage, but specific information on its aetiopathogenesis is sparse. This paper reviews the current knowledge of growth cartilage metabolism and the process of normal endochondral ossification in the horse. It highlights the localization of various protein products of chondrocytes and the d...
Lang J, Simanjuntak GH, Soerjosembodo S, Koesharyono C.WHO's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade III severity). Some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine when administered according to an alternative protocol of four injections (2-1-1) on days 0, 7, and 21, which was therefore not recommended for grade III exposures. To test this effect, we conducted a multicentre study in Indonesia using three groups of subjects. One g...
House JA.Three types of African horse sickness (AHS) vaccine, namely adult mouse brain, modified live vaccine and inactivated viral vaccine (IVV) are reviewed. The results of efficacy trials carried out with each vaccine type highlight the advantages of the IVV. Vaccination with African horse sickness virus serotype 4 IVV, given as 2 separate doses, provided full protection against subsequent, homologous challenge. The absence of any detectable viraemia after challenge would also prevent infection of insect vectors. The advantages of establishing international vaccine banks for AHS are discussed.
Feder HM, Nelson RS, Cartter ML, Sadre I.A survey was performed to identify people who were exposed to a rabid pony and determine whether or not they received rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Sixty-one visitors who came in contact with the rabid pony were identified. These visitors heard about the rabid pony via the news media. Forty-five visitors were exposed during the 2 weeks before the pony died. Thirty-two of these 45 visitors received PEP. Thirty-one visitors had or may have had saliva contact to an open wound or mucosa and all 31 received PEP. Fourteen visitors had no saliva contact to a wound or mucosa and one received ...
Klug E, Sieme H, Peters E.Equine artificial insemination (AI) meanwhile has been widely established in the warm blood horse industry. Because of its importance consistent hygienic aspects and their significance for the use of stallions as semen donors in AI-programs are presented and clarified. Incidence as well as importance of equine venereal infectious diseases are considered. Data of physiological bacterial genital flora and treatment principles of therapeutic control of venereal infectious bacterial agents as well as a model of control of Equine Viral Arteritis are given. A prophylactic hygiene program for donor s...
Valk N, Doherty TJ, Blackford JT, Abraha TW, Frazier DL.The effect of cisapride pretreatment on gastric emptying in horses was determined by measuring serum concentrations of acetaminophen, a drug known to be readily absorbed in the small intestine but not in the stomach. The time to reach maximum serum acetaminophen concentrations (Tmax), the maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) and the area under the serum acetaminophen concentration vs. time curves (AUC) were compared among treatment groups. In the first part of the study, the effect of orally administered cisapride (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg bwt) on gastric emptying was examined in 6 normal fasted ...
Hague BA, Honnas CM, Berridge BR, Easter JL.To evaluate the postoperative use of peritoneal lavage for prevention of experimentally induced intraabdominal adhesions in horses. Methods: Areas of serosal abrasion were created on the jejunum of 12 horses. Postoperatively, six horses had peritoneal lavage, and six horses did not (controls). The number of adhesions was determined at necropsy 2 weeks after surgery. Methods: 12 horses. Methods: Five sites of jejunal serosal abrasion were created in each horse. A 32 French thoracic catheter was placed into the right ventral aspect of the abdomen before closure of the abdominal incision. Treated...
Kuebelbeck KL, Slone DE, May KA.To determine if omentectomy would decrease the frequency of postoperative intraabdominal adhesions. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 44 horses that had either two ventral median celiotomies or a ventral median celiotomy and a necropsy more than 4 days later; 19 of these horses had their omentum removed at the initial surgery. Methods: Data retrieved from the records included location and type of intraabdominal adhesions; location of the surgical lesion; relationship of adhesions to the surgical lesion; surgical procedures; duration of initial surgery; time interval between procedures; ag...
Ziebell KL, Steinmann H, Kretzdorn D, Schlapp T, Failing K, Schmeer N.The efficacy of an immunomodulator, Baypamun N, was tested in 4-10-month-old horses which were exposed to stress by weaning, transport and commingling with yearlings from different breeders (crowding). Verum (n = 26) and placebo animals (n = 27) received three intramuscular injections of the investigational preparations (days 0, 2, 9) starting at the day of commingling in one stable. The incidence of acute respiratory disease was high during the first 4 weeks after commingling. Approximately 50% of all horses showed seroconversion due to field infection by EHV1 and EHV4 during the observation ...
Demeulenaere D, Vercruysse J, Dorny P, Claerebout E.The control of naturally acquired cyathostome infections in horses by treatments with ivermectin and moxidectin was evaluated in three field studies. In a first study the efficacy of both drugs was assessed in a faecal egg count reduction test. Both ivermectin and moxidectin demonstrated efficacies greater than 99 per cent for up to 60 days after treatment. In a second study, the period required for strongyle eggs to reappear was estimated in horses treated either with ivermectin or moxidectin. For the horses treated with ivermectin the period varied between 10 and approximately 13 weeks, and ...
Beelitz P, Gothe R.In this epidemiological study 127 horses from five breeding farms in Upper Bavaria were included. The horses were coproscopically examined in intervals of four weeks over a 16-month period. Since 1992 in all farms regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics have been carried out. In 127 horses at least five species were established, such as Parascaris equorum, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Gasterophilus intestinalis and small strongyles, whose third stage larvae were characterized by eight or twelve intestinal cells. Infections with small strongyles occurred most frequently, followed by G. ...
Becú T, Polledo G, Gaskin JM.An immunoprophylaxis program for R. equi infection of foals has been established on a number of thoroughbred breeding farms in Argentina over the past 4 years. Nearly 800 mares annually were immunized subcutaneously during the last 2 months of pregnancy with 2-3 doses of a vaccine containing soluble antigens of R. equi, including the virulence associated protein (VapA) and 'equi factors' exoenzymes. The mortality from R. equi pneumonia in the foals from vaccinated dams dropped from an average of 3% in the 5 years before the vaccination program was initiated to an average of 1.2% in the 4 years...
Fernandez AS, Prescott JF, Nicholson VM.IgG was purified from horses immunized with repeated doses of virulence associated (VapA) enriched antigens extracted with Triton X-114 from the surface of a virulent strain of R. equi. This IgG were administered to mice immunosuppressed by prior treatment with indomethacin. Mice administered the higher dose were completely protected against intraperitoneal infection with R. equi; mice given the lower dose were partially protected. By contrast, mice administered concentrated nonimmune equine IgG were not protected. This study demonstrates that VapA may be an important antigen involved in humor...
Beech J.This article presents a brief description of what is known about the cause and pathogenesis of chronic intermittent rhabdomyolysis in horses. Clinically applicable diagnostic tests and published results in affected horses, prophylaxis, and treatment of the acute case are discussed.
Whitlock RH, Buckley C.Equine botulism is being recognized with increasing frequency by veterinarians throughout North America. Muscular weakness and dysphagia that progress during a period of 1 to 4 days, in the absence of laboratory derangements that indicate the presence of systemic disease, are suggestive of botulism. A tentative diagnosis usually is based on the presence of the following findings on physical examination: delayed pupillary light response, mydriasis, ptosis, generalized weakness, decreased tail tone, and slow prehension of feed. Definitive diagnosis requires detection of botulinum toxin in plasma...
Lord CC, Woolhouse ME, Mellor PS.A simulation model including two hosts (horses and donkeys) and one vector (Culicoides imicola) for African horse sickness in Spain is extended to consider vaccination strategies. If hosts were protected prior to virus introduction, elimination of simulated epidemics was related nonlinearly to the fraction protected. Protecting donkeys as well as horses increased the effectiveness of vaccination. Prevention of 50% of epidemics required 75% coverage of horses and donkeys or 90% coverage of horses only. Protection after the introduction of the virus was rarely successful in preventing outbreaks....
Raidal SL, Taplin RH, Bailey GD, Love DN.To evaluate the administration of procaine penicillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses. Methods: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocy...
Ensink JM, Klein WR, Barneveld A, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS.Tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in ponies, were inoculated with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The animals received either no antibiotics or one of the following treatments: pivampicillin per os (19.9 mg/kg, equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin, every 12 h) for 7 or 21 days (7 and 5 ponies, respectively), procaine penicillin G intramuscularly (12 mg/kg = 12,000 IU/kg, every 24 h) for 7 days (7 ponies), or ampicillin sodium intravenously (equivalent to 15 mg/ kg ampicillin, every 8 h) for 1 day (5 ponies). Only intravenous administration was started before infection (prophylactically), the...
Beelitz P, Göbel E, Gothe R.In this epidemiological study of endoparasites 37 donkeys and 23 horses were included, which were examined coproscopically in regular intervals over a 15 month period. The animals derived from ten farms, in which regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics had been practiced at least for two years before this investigation. This study revealed the presence of at least twelve parasite species in donkeys, Eimeria leuckarti, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Fasciola hepatica, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei and s...
Sweeney CR, Irby NL.To determine which antimicrobial agents were most effective against Pseudomonas sp-infected ulcerative keratitis, and identify any trends in the various clinical conditions associated with these bacteria that might assist in effective treatment of the disease. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 66 horses with 70 Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers. Methods: We reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals, University of Pennsylvania between July 1977 and December 1994. Records of horses that had Pseudomonas sp isolated from a corne...
Clarke EJ, Gillen A, Turlo A, Peffers MJ.Horses are used in a variety of equestrian disciplines predisposing them to musculoskeletal injury or disease including osteoarthritis and tendinopathy. As a result, a number of preventative measures are used within equine medicine and husbandry, ranging from therapeutic shoeing to the use of nutraceuticals. Despite their popularity and routine use evidence base and clinical outcomes are variable, bringing into question the efficacy of these prophylactic measures. In recent years a small number of studies have been performed examining the effect of specific strategies in order to quantify the ...
Gerring EL, King JN.Cisapride and domperidone were both effective in restoring electrical and mechanical activity, coordination between gastric and small intestinal activity cycles and the stomach to anus transit time in three ponies in which post operative ileus was induced experimentally. Cisapride (0.1 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly) for three to eight doses prevented idiopathic post operative ileus in 22 clinical cases requiring colic surgery. The only side effects after cisapride were increased bowel sounds and slight, transient sounds of discomfort. No adverse side effects were seen in 16 cases following ...
Mienaltowski MJ, Belt A, Henderson JD, Boyd TN, Marter N, Maga EA, DePeters EJ.Prophylactic supplementation of psyllium husk is recommended to enhance passage of ingested sand from the gastrointestinal tracts of horses. We hypothesized that psyllium supplementation would increase fecal sand passage and favorably alter bacterial populations in the hindgut. Six yearlings and six mature mares were fed a psyllium supplement in the diet daily for seven days. Voluntarily-voided feces were collected over the course of 29 days, prior, during, and after treatment. Feces were analyzed for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent insoluble ash analyses. Microbial DNA was also...
Raidal SL, Taplin RH, Bailey GD, Love DN.To evaluate the administration of procaine penicillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses. Methods: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocy...
Rockow M, Griffenhagen G, Landolt G, Hendrickson D, Pezzanite L.In the past decade, there has been a considerable increase in the recognition of antimicrobial resistance in equine practice. The objective of this study was to survey the current clinical use of antimicrobials for a commonly performed surgical procedure (exploratory celiotomy) with the goal of understanding how recent literature and changes in microbial resistance patterns may have impacted antimicrobial selection practices. An electronic survey was distributed to veterinary professionals within the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) and the American College of Veterinar...
Sanz MG, Viljoen A, Saulez MN, Olorunju S, Andrews FM.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial feed supplement containing pectin-lecithin on squamous mucosa ulceration in horses exposed to an experimental ulceration model. Five mares were treated while five mares were controls for this crossover, blinded study. The mares were fed concentrates and hay and were stabled with a two-hour turn out per day for a period of four weeks. The pectin-lecithin complex was fed for the duration of the study on the treated group. At the end of a four-week period, all mares underwent a seven-day alternating feed deprivation (week 5). ...
Gorman JK, Gabriel M, MacLachlan NJ, Nieto N, Foley J, Spier S.This pilot study evaluated protection of an equine autogenous bacterin-toxoid vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Twenty-four BALB/c mice were inoculated with two doses of bacterin-toxoid vaccine or two injections of a placebo. Clinical, microbiologic, and pathologic outcomes were assessed after intradermal infection with one of two equine-origin C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Mice receiving bacterin-toxoid from fast-growing C. pseudotuberculosis showed significant protection from challenge infection, as evidenced by a higher survival rate, fewer gross and histopathol...
Creton B, Pageat P, Robejean M, Lafont-Lecuelle C, Cozzi A.Hematophagous insects can be vectors of pathogens and cause significant economic loss in zootechnical production. Among biting insects, many dipteran species feed on horse blood. The black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) group, is responsible for several disorders in horses and inflicts painful bites that lead to undesirable behaviours in horses, particularly when bites occur in sensitive areas such as the inner ear. A field study was conducted in a French equestrian center during which a semiochemical was applied on horses' ears to assess repellent efficacy against simulid infestation. During the f...
Navas C, Manso T, Martins F, Minto L, Moreira R, Minozzo J, Antunes B, Vale A, McDaniel JR, Ippolito GC, Felicori LF.The antibody repertoire (Rep-seq) sequencing revolutionized the diversity of antigen B cell receptor studies, allowing deep and quantitative analysis to decipher the role of adaptive immunity in health and disease. Particularly, horse (Equus caballus) polyclonal antibodies have been produced and used since the century XIX to treat and prophylaxis diphtheria, tuberculosis, tetanus, pneumonia, and, more recently, COVID-19. However, our knowledge about the horse B cell receptors repertories is minimal. We present a deep horse antibody heavy chain repertoire (IGH) characterization of non-infected ...
Rodríguez-Pozo ML, Armengou L, Monreal L, Viu J, Cesarini C, Jose-Cunilleras E.To assess whether an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor (DiXaI) anticoagulant drug used at the low end of the recommended dose in people achieves presumed prophylactic plasma concentrations and does not induce bleeding in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Field study. Methods: Ten healthy adult horses. Methods: A DiXaI was administered at a dose of 0.125 mg/kg every 24 h orally for 4 days. Following a wash-out period of 2 weeks, 8 of 10 horses received daily subcutaneous doses of a low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) for 4 consecutive days at 50 IU/kg. In both trials, antifactor...
Epe C, Kings M, Stoye M, Böer M.Wild equids maintained in large enclosures may suffer from helminth diseases because common hygiene practices have only limited effects on parasite populations. Weekly monitoring of helminth prevalences and pasture infestation was performed for 1 yr in several extensive maintenance systems of two wildlife parks with similar climates to determine when veterinary intervention to control parasites would be useful. We also sought evidence of natural immunogenic reactions among herds of Chapman zebras (Equus quagga antiquorum), Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) and dwarf donkeys (Equus asinus...
Pezzanite LM, Hendrickson DA, Dow S, Stoneback J, Chow L, Krause D, Goodrich L.Antibiotics have been injected intra-articularly by equine veterinarians for decades, either prophylactically when other drugs are administered for osteoarthritis or therapeutically to treat septic arthritis. This route of administration has also more recently gained attention in human orthopaedic clinical practice, particularly as an alternative to systemic antibiotic administration to treat infections following prosthetic arthroplasty. While the rationale for injecting antibiotics intra-articularly has been largely focused on achieving high local drug concentrations, there has been relativel...
Badenhorst M, Saalmüller A, Daly JM, Ertl R, Stadler M, Puff C, de le Roi M, Baumgärtner W, Engelmann M, Brandner S, Junge HK, Pratscher B, Volz A....Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is the closest known genetic homologue of hepatitis C virus. An effective prophylactic vaccine is currently not available for either of these hepaciviruses. The equine as potential surrogate model for hepacivirus vaccine studies was investigated, while equine host responses following vaccination with EqHV E2 recombinant protein and subsequent EqHV inoculation were elucidated. Four ponies received prime and booster vaccinations (recombinant protein, adjuvant) four weeks apart (day -55 and -27). Two control ponies received adjuvant only. Ponies were inoculated with EqHV...
Stefansdottir SB, Jonsdottir S, Kristjansdottir H, Svansson V, Marti E, Torsteinsdottir S.Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a seasonal dermatitis of horses caused by IgE-mediated reactions to bites of Culicoides midges characterized by an imbalance of T-cell subsets. Iceland is free of the causative species but the prevalence of IBH in exported Icelandic horses is especially high. We have shown that intralymphatic (i.l.) vaccination with r-Culicoides allergens in Aluminum hydroxide (alum) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adjuvants induces a desired Th1/regulatory T-cell response. The aim of this study was to compare i.l. to subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Twelve healthy Iceland...
Ireland JL, McGorum BC, Proudman CJ, Newton JR.Without an experimental model of equine grass sickness (EGS), a randomised controlled field trial (RCT) represents the only method of evaluating the efficacy of Clostridium botulinum type C vaccination in preventing naturally occurring disease. Clinical trial feasibility is an important aspect of preliminary work undertaken prior to initiating RCTs, estimating parameters that are important for study design. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a nationwide RCT of a candidate vaccine for EGS based on responses from a sample of British equine veterinary practi...
Estola T, Neuvonen E.In 1974, a very extensive influenza/A/equi 2 epidemic broke out in the Finnish horse population. To study the efficacy of influenza vaccinations a questionnaire was sent after the epidemic to all Finnish veterinarians. The answer material was selected to contain only stables which had had clinically typical cases. The material consisted 234 unvaccinated and 629 vaccinated horses. In the latter group 466 horses were vaccinated adequately. The results of the study showed that of the unvaccinated horses 212 (91%) and of the adequately vaccinated horses only 42 (9.4%) contracted clinically typical...
Magori K, Park AW.The emergence and spread of mutant pathogens that evade the effects of prophylactic interventions, including vaccines, threatens our ability to control infectious diseases globally. Imperfect vaccines (e.g. those used against influenza), while not providing life-long immunity, confer protection by reducing a range of pathogen life-history characteristics; conversely, mutant pathogens can gain an advantage by restoring the same range of traits in vaccinated hosts. Using an SEIR model motivated by equine influenza, we investigate the evolutionary consequences of alternative types of imperfect va...
Borisevich IV, Chemikova NK, Markov VI, Krasnianskiy VP, Borisevich SV, Rozhdestvenskiy EV.The aim of this work was to estimate the efficacy and safety of single intramuscular introduction of specific heterologous immunoglobulin as prophylactic drug against Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Materials and methods. The specific heterologous immunoglobulin was introduced as a special prophylactic drug to 28 patients in epidemic situations, after skin hurt with infectious materials or contact with infectious blood. Clinico-laboratory observation was performed in 24 subjects after single intramuscular introduction of heterologous immunoglobulin Ebola. The samples of blood serum were investigated ...
Abhishek , Kumar B, Anjay , Mishra AK, Prakash C, Priyadarshini A, Rawat M.Salmonella Abortusequi causes important clinical diseases in horses possibly leading to abortion. In the present investigation, the protective efficacy of both plain and aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvanted phage lysate was evaluated in guinea pig model. Broad host range bacteriophage P-SAE-2, was characterized and used for generation of lysates. Three different lysate batches, produced through separate cycles and characterized, were pooled together for immunization study. Plain and adjuvanted phage lysate preparations elicited both humoral and cellmediated immunity. The adjuvanted lysate at a do...
With outbreaks of equine influenza continuing to be reported in the UK, Richard Newton and Fleur Whitlock of the Animal Health Trust discusses practical steps that vets can promote and practise to reduce the risk of the virus spreading.
Whelchel DD, Tennent-Brown BS, Giguère S, Epstein KL.To compare the pharmacodynamics of once daily and twice daily administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration in horses. Methods: Randomized cross over study. Methods: Adult mixed breed healthy mares (n = 6). Methods: LMWH (dalteparin) was administered (50 U/kg subcutaneously) either every 12 or 24 hours for 3 consecutive days. Anti-factor Xa activity was measured before and at select time points after LMWH administration. Packed cell volume (PCV), platelet count, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and anti-thrombin (AT) activity were monitored throughout the study. Result...
Ensink JM, Klein WR, Barneveld A, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS.Tissue chambers, implanted subcutaneously in ponies, were inoculated with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The animals received either no antibiotics or one of the following treatments: pivampicillin per os (19.9 mg/kg, equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin, every 12 h) for 7 or 21 days (7 and 5 ponies, respectively), procaine penicillin G intramuscularly (12 mg/kg = 12,000 IU/kg, every 24 h) for 7 days (7 ponies), or ampicillin sodium intravenously (equivalent to 15 mg/ kg ampicillin, every 8 h) for 1 day (5 ponies). Only intravenous administration was started before infection (prophylactically), the...
Lunn DP, Townsend HG.Equine infectious disease remains a constant and important threat to the health of domesticated horses. Vaccination plays a critical role in protecting against such disease, but at the present time the efficacy of some equine vaccination strategies is in doubt. The best strategy for resolving these concerns is an improved knowledge of the immunologic basis of successful vaccination, combined with the appropriate integration of effective vaccines into well-designed disease control policies.
Gehlen H, Große V, Doherr M.Since 2000 the wolf population is reestablishing itself in Germany. In consequence to increasing numbers, livestock damage caused by wolves is on the rise, with horses likewise being affected. The aim of the study was to provide an overview of this challenge and its possible solutions. Methods: Based on a literature research, data on the wolf population in Germany, wolf-related damage as well as possibilities and limitations of herd protection for horses were evaluated. An online survey addressed to horse owners/keepers served to determine the actual and/or perceived threat posed by wolves and...
Arroyo LG, Hodgins DC, Guest B, Costa M, Ma Z, Monteiro MA.Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile) is associated with colitis in foals and mature horses. C. difficile exposes specific phosphorylated polysaccharides (PSs), named PS-I, PS-II and PS-III. These cell-surface PSs are potential vaccine targets, especially the hexasaccharide phosphate PS-II, that has been found in all C. difficile ribotypes examined. Since we previously identified anti-PS-II circulating antibodies in horses, we postulated that vaccinating foals with PS-II may prevent colonization by C. difficile. In this study, we aim to evaluate the IgM antibody response...
Dalin G, Jeffcott LB.Gait analysis can play an important role in exercise physiology, racetrack ergonomics, lameness prophylaxis, and assessment of performance potential in racehorses. This article concentrates on the methods used for gait analysis and considers some basic data on the different gaits of the horse.
Hedderson EJ, Newton JR.Their is both historical and modern scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that equine grass sickness (EC'S) is caused by a toxico-infectious form of botulism involving a Clostridium botulism type C toxin 1114 is produced locally within the gastrointestinal tract of affected horses (Toc her et al. 1923: Tneher 1924: Hunter a aL 1999: Hunter and anion 2001: McCarthy 2002: McCarthy a aL 201)4a1. This report concerns a meeting convened to review the current state of knowledge and possible strategies for vaccination against EGS. including historical. clinical and pathological aspects of the...
Klei TR.This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
