Renal health in horses encompasses the study of kidney function, disorders, and their management in equine species. The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating fluid balance, and maintaining electrolyte levels. Renal disorders in horses can arise from various causes, including dehydration, toxins, infections, and congenital abnormalities. Common conditions affecting equine renal health include acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Diagnostic methods often involve blood tests, urinalysis, and imaging techniques to assess kidney function and structure. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the physiology, pathology, and therapeutic approaches related to renal health in horses.
Brook D, Schmidt GR.A case of pre-renal azotaemia is described in a 12 year old pony resulting from oesophageal obstruction of 8 days duration. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, inorganic phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate concentrations were monitored throughout the recovery period. After relief of the obstruction normal blood concentrations were quickly restored.
Porcelli G, Marini-Bettolo GB, Croxatto HR, Di Jorio M.Kallikrein was purified from horse kidney by several steps of chromatographic procedure and by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavaline. Horse urinary kallikrein was previously purified by DE-32 hydroxylapatite and by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. On the purified final sample of renal and urinary kallikrein the aminoacid composition and the gel electrophoretic molecular weight were determined. The ratio in micronMoles between each aminoacid residue of both hydrolyzed renal and urinary kallikrein of horse is about 1,00 +/- 0,30. Except for Pro, 1/2 Cys and basic aminoacid residues a ...
Brobst DF, Lee HA, Spencer GR.An 11-year-old mare with polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia was found to be hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. The concentration of calcium in a single collection of urine was within normal limits, although urinary inorganic phosphate concentration was lower than normal. After a brief period of supportive treatment, the mare died. At necropsy, the kidneys were found to be shrunken and fibrous. Histologically, the lesions were those of glomerulonephritis.
Grossman JA, Kulund DN, Miller CW, Winn HR, Hodge RH.In a prospective study involving 110 injured equestrians, there were no noteworthy correlations between age, sex, or experience of the amateur riders and injury occurrence. Tack failure caused several injuries. Among fox hunters the incidence was related only to frequency of hunts. The most common severe injury was to the head, associated with lack of headgear. Fewer than 20% of the 110 riders used a protective helmet. There were four renal contusions and one bladder laceration. The most frequent injuries were fractures of the upper extremities. Wearing a good-quality protective helmet and che...
Beech J, Kohn C, Leitch M, Weinstein AJ, Gallagher M.Serum, synovial fluid, and urine concentrations of gentamicin were measured in normal mature horses which had been given a single dose of the drug. Mean peak serum concentration (16.8 microgram/ml) occurred in horses 30 minutes after they were given a single intramuscular dose of 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight. In horses given a smaller dose of gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg), mean peak serum concentrations of gentamicin (10.2 microgram/ml) appeared at 1 hour. Synovial fluid concentration was maximum at 2 hours for both doses; in horses given the larger dose, mean peak concentration was 6.4 mic...
Lee CG, Ross AD.Klossiella equi in the kidney of a horse is described. Gametocytic and sporogonic stages were observed in the epithelium of the collecting tubules in association with schizonts in the glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules. The condition was asymptomatic and caused only minor renal damage and inflammation.
Rico AG, Braun JP, Benard P, El Hassan AA, Cazieux A.In the horse, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was found to be mainly located in the kidneys, liver and pancreas. As renal lesions are followed by a urinary escape of enzyme, it can be assumed that if there are raised serum enzyme levels then the source will be chiefly from the liver and pancreas. In the blood, GGT can be measured either in plasma or serum. Its mean level in 58 horses was 12 U/L. This level was not affected by moderate dilution or slight haemolysis and its activity was only slightly decreased by storage at--30 degrees C. The relative hepatic specificity of this enzyme and its ...
McGavin MD, Knake R.A 35-kg Duroc pig died 3 days after eating a ration containing aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. It had hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive midzonal necrosis in the liver. A 13-year-old Quarterhorse that died 2 days after eating moldy hay had hemorrhagic enteritis, fatty degeneration of the myocardium and renal tubules, and extensive total midzonal necrosis of the liver.
Kojima Y, Berger C, Vallee BL, Kägi JH.The amino-acid sequence of a metallothionein is reported. Metallothionein is a widely distributed, extremely cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein containing large amounts of cadmium and/or zinc. Metallothionein-1B is one of the two prinicipal variants occurring in equine kidney cortex. The single-chain protein contains 61 amino acids and has the composition Cys20 Ser8Lys7Arg1Ala7Gly5Val3Asp2Asn1-Glu1Gln2Pro2Thr1Met1(Cd + Zn)7. Its amino-terminal residue is N-acetylmethionine. The sequence shows distinct clustering of the twenty cysteinyl residues into seven groups separated by stretches...
Hara A, Taketomi T.Equine renal glycopshingolipids were composed of galactocerebroside, glucocerbroside, ceramide dihexoside, ceramide trihexoside, sulfatide, globoside I, Forssman globoside, and hematoside. Free ceramide and sphingomyelin were also found in equine kidney. Their long chain bases consisted of sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, C18-phytosphingosine, and C20-phytosphingosine, whereas the fatty acids were separated into two groups: nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acids. Ceramide monohexoside was separated into five spots by TLC on borax-impregnated plates. The major component of ceramide monohexoside was...
Rawlings CA, Bisgard GE.Renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances were studied in 13 small adult ponies (152 plus or minus 93 (standard deviation (SD)) kg). Normal data of serum and urinary concentrations, clearance, and excretion of creatinine, osmolality, free water, sodium, potassium, and chloride during a 12-hour period are presented. Significant linear regressions on body weight (BW) were obtained for creatinine clearance (Ccr (ml/hr) = 127.2 times BW (kg) - 1553), osmolar clearance (Cosm(ml/hr) = 1.81 times BW (kg) m0.3), and free water (CH2O(ml/hr) = - 1.43 BW (kg) - 25.0). Compared with renal exc...
Moroz LA, Comerford TA, Guttman RD.Serum sickness followed the administration of anti-lymphocyte globulin to a patient with multiple sclerosis. In addition to other characteristic features of this syndrome, there was hypocomplementemia and transient renal dysfunction similar to that observed in the 'one-shot' experimental model of serum sickness. Cryoglobulinemia was transiently demonstrable at the height of the inflammatory response. Analysis of the purified cryoprecipitate revealed the presence of human IgG and IgA, and, in addition, equine IgG. This demonstration of a well-defined exagenous antigen in the cryoprecipitate pro...
Diethelm AG, Aldrete JS, Shaw JF, Cobbs CG, Hartley MW, Sterling WA, Morgan JM.Equine antithymocyte globulin combined with azathioprine and prednisone as immunosuppressive therapy in 50 transplant recipients prolonged allograft survival and seemed to modify the severity of rejection episodes. Although nine patients died from a variety of causes, only three kidneys were lost to rejection, one of which was hyperacute. There were no serious untoward hematologic or systemic effects caused by the ATG, and all patients completed the course of therapy. Infection, a serious and frequent complication of transplant patients, was encountered no more often than in other transplant s...
James K, Pullar DM, Morton JB, Dalton RG, Nolan B, Woodruff MF.Methods are described for the intravenous administration of equine antilymphocytic globulin (ALG) to renal transplant recipients. The development of circulating antibodies to the equine IgG has been investigated using primary and secondary immunological procedures. The need for primary immunoassay procedures to assess both the immune response and induction of tolerance to equine IgG in ALG treated patients is extensively discussed.
Divers TJ.Regulation of renal blood flow is by both extrinsic and intrinsic systems. Intrinsic regulation occurs via the afferent and efferent arterioles and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms with activation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Mechanisms of acute kidney injury are frequently associated with changes in renal blood flow. Acute tubular necrosis and apoptosis are common in horses following ischemic or toxic insults and in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Sepsis-associated renal injury often has a complex mechanism of disease involving both functional and obstructive changes in intrar...
Nielsen AH, Gotfredsen P, Nielsen PB, Hyttel P, Poulsen K.1. Species specific problems complicating the measurement of prorenin and renin concentrations were studied in bovine, hog and horse plasma. 2. In contrast to horse renin, bovine and hog renin reacted with rat angiotensinogen, allowing measurement of the plasma renin concentration in cattle and hog with rat angiotensinogen as exogenous substrate. 3. Trypsin treatment of plasma in order to activate prorenin generated an interfering angiotensin I immunoreactive material in all three species, most extensively in horse plasma. 4. This material could be removed in bovine and hog plasma by a cation-...
Ralston SL.Horses suffering from trauma, sepsis, and severe burns need 12% to 16% of protein (dry matter basis) in their diet. Since reduced appetite may be a problem, relatively energy dense (greater than 2 Mcal DE/kg) feeds should be offered. In hepatic failure, maintenance protein requirements (8% on a dry matter basis for adult horses) should be met with feeds that are high in short branched-chain amino acids and arginine but low in aromatic amino acids and tryptophan (for example, milo, corn, soybean, or linseed meal) in addition to grass hay. Vitamins A, C, and E should also be supplemented. In cas...
Arosalo BM, Raekallio M, Rajamäki M, Holopainen E, Kastevaara T, Salonen H, Sankari S.The aim of the study was to investigate urine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2 and -9) activity, alkaline phosphatase/creatinine (U-AP/Cr) and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase/creatinine (U-GGT/Cr) ratios, glucose concentration, and urine protein/creatinine (U-Prot/Cr) ratio and to compare data with plasma MMP-2 and -9 activity, cystatin-C and creatinine concentrations in colic horses and healthy controls. Horses with surgical colic (n = 5) were compared to healthy stallions (n = 7) that came for castration. Blood and urine samples were collected. MMP gelatinolytic activity was measured by zymogra...
Arnold CE, Taylor T, Chaffin MK, Schott HC, Caron JP.To report technique for, and outcome after, nephrectomy through a ventral median celiotomy in equids. Methods: Case series. Methods: Equids with unilateral renal disease (n = 6), aged 2 months to 18 years, weighing 90-434 kg. Methods: A ventral median celiotomy was used to access the left or right kidney. To facilitate surgical exposure, the small intestine was reflected towards the diaphragm using laparotomy sponges and the ascending colon was exteriorized and in some cases evacuated. The peritoneum over the affected kidney was incised and blunt dissection used to free the kidney from the ret...
Hussein HA, Ibrahim A, Ali MF.This study aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions in donkeys (Equus asinus) and to describe and evaluate the clinicopathological variations associated with ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. The ultrasonographic dimensions of the right and left kidneys were conducted on 16 donkeys, which were then divided into two groups; eight each for biopsy of the right kidney (RK) and left kidney (LK). Three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained at 17th intercostal space daily for 3 consecutive days. Renal length, width, and dimensions of the cortex, medulla, and p...
Held JP, Wright B, Henton JE.A 20-year-old gelding with weight loss and generalized weakness that progressed gradually over a 3-month period was diagnosed as having pyelonephritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Abnormal laboratory findings included high values for BUN, creatinine, potassium, and calcium, and depletion of sodium. Determination of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow indicated a severe decrease in renal filtration and perfusion.
Schott HC, Gallant LR, Coyne M, Murphy R, Cross J, Strong-Townsend M, Szlosek D, Yerramilli M, Li J.Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a more sensitive indirect estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) than creatinine (Cr). Symmetric dimethylarginine is not affected by sex or muscle mass in small animals. Objective: To validate a commercial SDMA immunoassay (IA) for equine serum; to compare SDMA and Cr in cohorts of draft horse breeds; and to assess effects of age, sex, and breed. Methods: One hundred and sixty-five healthy draft horses (0.5-16 years), including 63 Percherons, 52 Clydesdales, and 50 Belgians. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The SDMA IA was validated for eq...
Smith S, Naylor RJ, Knowles EJ, Mair TS, Cahalan SD, Fews D, Dunkel B.Acorn toxicity has been anecdotally reported to cause fatal colitis and colic in horses but reports in the scientific literature are sparse. Objective: This study reports the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and outcome of 9 cases with suspected acorn toxicity admitted to 2 referral hospitals. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Case records from 2004 to 2013 were reviewed. Horses were included in the study if they met 3 of 4 criteria: exposure to acorns; clinical and laboratory data suggesting alimentary or renal dysfunction; acorn husks in the faeces or gastrointestinal tract; and ne...
Seanor JW, Byars TD, Boutcher JK.Renal dysfunction secondary to GI disorders may be relatively common in horses. Persistent dehydration of 8-10% of body weight can lead to prerenal azotemia, which may result in renal ischemia and renal disease if uncorrected. Dehydrated azotemic horses with a urine specific gravity less than 1.018 may have renal disease. Urine specific gravity readings greater than 1.025 usually indicate normal kidney function. A urine Na level less than 20 mEq/L and a urine/plasma creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 20:1 indicate prerenal problems. Use of nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided in septicem...
Newton TA, Rose SR.Phenylbutazone is a potent nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug often used by veterinarians to treat racetrack animals. Its use in human beings is limited because of significant adverse effects and the availability of newer, safer drugs. We report the case of a 24-year-old man who ingested 17 g of equine phenylbutazone over a 24-hour period to treat the pain of a toothache. He developed grand mal seizures, coma, hypotension, respiratory and renal failure, and hepatic injury. Serum phenylbutazone concentration obtained approximately eight hours after presentation was 900 micrograms/mL. The pati...
Zicker SC, Marty GD, Carlson GP, Madigan JE, Smith JM, Goetzman BW.Bilateral renal dysplasia and nephron hypoplasia was diagnosed in a Quarter Horse foal with clinical signs of lethargy, convulsions, and diarrhea. Laboratory evaluation revealed anemia, hypoproteinemia, leukopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyposmolality. The foal also had high concentrations of serum creatinine, BUN, and phosphorus. Evaluation of urinary indices revealed a high ratio of urinary gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity to concentration of creatinine, as well as a high fractional clearance ratio of sodium and potassium. Intravenous treatment with saline solution (0.9% NaCl) a...
Cohen ND, Peck KE, Smith SA, Ray AC.The distribution of specific gravity values for 2,599 urine samples collected from racing Thoroughbred horses that were known to have received furosemide prior to racing was compared with that for 1,669 urine samples from racing Thoroughbred horses that reportedly had not received furosemide. Values of specific gravity for furosemide-treated horses were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those for horses that had not received furosemide, and the proportion of horses with urine specific gravity either <1.010 or <1.012 was significantly greater (P < 0.001) among the furosemide-trea...
McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Schmall LM, Reed SM, Lamb DR, Muir WW.Six untrained mares were subjected to incremental treadmill exercise to examine exercise-induced changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (ALDO) and plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations. Plasma renin activity, ALDO and AVP concentrations, and heart rate (HR) were measured at each step of an incremental maximal exercise test. Mares ran up a 6 degree slope on a treadmill set at an initial speed of 4 m/s. Speed was increased 1 m/s each minute until HR reached a plateau. Plasma obtained was stored at -80 C and later was thawed, extracted, and assayed for PRA and AL...
O'Connor SJ, Fowden AL, Holdstock N, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has an active role in the control of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis both before and after birth. This study investigated the ontogeny of pulmonary and renal ACE concentrations in fetal and neonatal horses. Fetal pulmonary ACE concentration increased from 250 days towards term (c. 335 days). Newborn foals showed significantly higher mean concentrations of pulmonary ACE (4.40 +/- 0.62 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1)) than both fetuses during late gestation (1.23 +/- 0.51 nmol min(-1) mg protein(-1)) and animals aged 1 day to 2 weeks of postnatal age (0....
MacKay RJ, French TW, Nguyen HT, Mayhew IG.The effects of large doses of phenylbutazone were evaluated in clinically normal horses. The drug was given to 4 groups of 2 horses each at the rate of 30 mg/kg of body weight, orally, or 30, 15, or 8 mg/kg IV daily for up to 2 weeks. All horses became anorectic and depressed after 2 to 4 phenylbutazone treatments, and the horses given 15 or 30 mg/kg died on or between days 4 and 7 of treatment. A decrease in total blood neutrophil count occurred in all horses, and was associated with toxic left shift in horses given the 2 larger dosage schedules. The horses also had progressive increases in s...
Macbeth BJ.A 12-year-old Clydesdale gelding was presented for colic and dysuria. Obstructive urolithiasis and chronic renal disease were diagnosed via transurethral endoscopy and percutaneous ultrasonography. Nephroliths, hydronephrosis, and peri-ureteral fibrosis were present. Surgical intervention was declined and the gelding was managed medically with antibiotics and dietary modification. Urolithiase obstructive, hydronéphrose unilatérale et lithiase rénale probable chez un Clydesdale hongre âgé de 12 ans. Un Clydesdale hongre âgé de 12 ans a été présenté pour colique et dysurie. Une urolit...
Lewis N, Racklyeft DJ.The clinical course of toxic envenomation of a mare and her foal after an attack by a swarm of bees in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales is described. Early agitation and urticaria were followed by more severe systemic clinical signs within 18 h. There was severe, generalised angioedema, rhabdomyolysis, hypovolaemia, gastrointestinal stasis and renal injury. A particular feature in the mare was almost maniacal behaviour during the first 48 h. Clinical pathological examination showed evidence of haemoconcentration, intravascular haemolysis, thrombocytopenia, azotaemia, rhabdomyolysis a...
Floeck M.Ultrasonography is a helpful diagnostic tool in cattle with urinary tract disorders. It can be used to diagnose pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, hydronephrosis, renal cysts, renal tumors, amyloidosis, cystitis, bladder paralysis, bladder rupture, bladder neoplasms, and, occasionally, nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, and embolic nephritis. This article describes the anatomy, scanning technique, indications, limitations, normal and pathologic sonographic appearance of the bovine urinary tract. References from horses and humans are included, especially when the sonographic findings in these species ma...
Sams RA, Gerken DF, Dyke TM, Reed SM, Ashcraft SM.Cimetidine was administered intravenously and by the intragastric route to six mares at a dose of 4.0 mg/kg of body weight (bw). Specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cimetidine in horse plasma and urine and cimetidine sulfoxide in urine are described. Plasma cimetidine concentration vs. time data were analysed by non-linear least squares regression analysis to determine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. The median (range) plasma clearance (Cl) was 8.20 (4.96-10.2) mL/min.kg of body weight, that of the steady-state volume of distribu...
Alexander K, Dunn M, Carmel EN, Lavoie JP, Del Castillo JR.Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an important parameter of renal function, is difficult to assess clinically. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen measurements lack sensitivity, whereas radionuclide determination of GFR is not always available and requires postinjection patient isolation. GFR can be determined using computed tomography (CT), most commonly via Patlak plot analysis. Four adult cats, two adult dogs, and a foal underwent abdominal CT under general anesthesia for various diseases of the upper urinary tract. CT-GFR was measured with a single-slice dynamic acquisition and Patlak...
Sprayberry KA, Madigan J, LeCouteur RA, Valentine BA.A Thoroughbred-Percheron crossbred gelding developed a fulminant cascade of sequelae following a severe episode of rhabdomyolysis. Complications may occur with rhabdomyolysis of any etiology. In warmblood horses with Percheron bloodlines, rhabdomyolysis may be secondary to polysaccharide storage disease, and aggressive therapy should be undertaken promptly to avoid the complications.
Gronwall R.Endogenous creatinine clearance and renal excretion of phenylbutazone, osmotically active material, and compounds contributing to the urinary refractive index were studied in 12 Thoroughbred mares after no treatment, after water administration, or after furosemide administration. Urine was quantitatively collected, using urinary bladder catheters. On average, urine flow of the mares was 9 microliters/min/kg without treatment and increased to about 50 microliters/min/kg after water administration and to about 70 microliters/min/kg after furosemide administration. Water administration increased ...
Wood JM, Baum HP, Bews JP, Wachsmuth ED, Heusser C, Hofbauer KG.In this study, the hypotensive efficacy of R-3-36-16, a monoclonal antibody against human kidney renin, was investigated during chronic administration to a primate. R-3-36-16 was given by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with osmotic minipumps to normotensive marmosets fed a low-sodium diet in doses of 30 or 300 micrograms/kg/day for 14 days. The lower dose had no effect on blood pressure (BP) or plasma renin activity (PRA). After two days of treatment, the higher dose reduced PRA by 57% and lowered BP by 13 +/- 7 mm Hg. Although the hypotensive response persisted after 14 days of treatment...
Al-Modhefer AK, Atherton JC, Garland HO, Singh HJ, Walker J.Single-nephron and whole-kidney function were studied in female rats with corticomedullary nephrocalcinosis, and in animals where the lesion had been prevented either by a dietary magnesium supplement or by using a diet with a calcium:phosphorus ratio in excess of 1. At the single-nephron level, rats with nephrocalcinosis had prolonged tubular fluid transit times. Proximal transit time was 19.42 +/- 1.98 (mean +/- S.E. of mean) vs. 11.58 +/- 0.19 s for controls; distal transit time was 62.64 +/- 9.16 vs. 31.50 +/- 1.03 s for controls. Although single-nephron function is altered in nephrocalcin...
Dos Santos Rosse N, Reis ECC.The resistivity index (RI) evaluates haemodynamic based on arterial resistance. Alterations in renal blood flow are important for the early detection of kidney damage, as perfusion might be one of the first affected aspects. Objective: To retrieve published studies on equine renal RI to develop a standardised method of renal ultrasonographic examination and to evaluate the current reference range for the renal RI in horses. Methods: Systematic review. Methods: An electronic search in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases was performed in February 2023 using the terms 'RI'...
Ramsay L, Eberhardt C, Schoster A.Reports of leptospirosis in horses are limited. Objective: To describe the clinical and diagnostic findings of acute systemic leptospirosis in horses. Methods: Eleven client-owned horses presented to an equine hospital because of acute onset of disease between 2015 and 2023. Methods: Retrospective case series. Horses diagnosed with leptospirosis by 1 or more of urine PCR, serologic microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and histopathology. Results: Common clinical signs included lethargy (10), anorexia (10), fever (9), tachypnea (9), abnormal lung sounds (9), and epistaxis (6). Acute kidney inj...
Wang X, Shi M, Cao C, Zeng R, Yao Y.Lactobacillus casei Zhang (Lac.z), isolated from traditional sour horse milk in Inner Mongolia, can alleviate various diseases and promote health. Our previous studies found that pretreatment with live Lac.z (L-Lac.z) could significantly attenuate acute kidney injury and delay the progression of chronic renal fibrosis. However, it is unknown whether these effects could be maintained by pasteurized Lac.z (P-Lac.z). Mouse models of acute kidney injury and chronic renal fibrosis induced by renal bilateral ischemia-reperfusion (BIR) surgery were treated with L-Lac.z or P-Lac.z by gavage. Serum and...
Lehman ML, Domenig O, Ames MK, Morgan JM.Furosemide, a commonly used diuretic, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in other species. Little is known about RAAS peptide activation in horses. Objective: To evaluate equilibrium analysis as a practical method for RAAS quantification in horses and describe the RAAS response to a single dose of furosemide. We hypothesize that furosemide would cause transient increase in RAAS peptides in horses. Methods: 14 healthy adult thoroughbreds from a university teaching herd. Methods: Horses received either furosemide (1 mg/kg IV) or saline IV in a crossover study design. Pro...
Maier I, Kienzle E.The aims of the present meta-analysis were (i) to re-evaluate the factorially calculated Ca, P and Mg requirements to replace endogenous faecal losses, taking new data into account, (ii) to identify potential differences between horses and ponies regarding requirements, apparent digestibility, serum levels and renal excretion of Ca, P and Mg and (iii) to investigate the influence of mineral sources, i.e., "inorganic" sources from added mineral salts and "organic" sources from feed plants. For P, the water solubility of "inorganic" sources was taken into consideration. Data on the aforementione...
