Tissue in horses refers to the various types of biological material that make up the body of the animal, including muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has specific functions and characteristics, contributing to the overall physiology and health of the horse. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion, connective tissue provides structural support and protection, epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, and nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals for communication and coordination within the body. The study of equine tissue encompasses aspects such as growth, repair, and response to injury or disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathology of different tissue types in horses, offering insights into their role in equine health and disease management.
Harrington DD.1. The effects of feeding with a purified magnesium-deficient diet (--Mg, 7-8 mg Mg/kg) on horse foal blood serum and tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus were studied, and the results compared with histopathological findings. 2. Serum concentrations of Ca and P were unaffected by feeding with the --Mg diet, whereas serum Mg concentrations decreased from a mean initial (day o) concentration of 0.78 mmol/l to 0.53 mmol/l 7 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet, and then continued to decrease at a slower rate. 3. Aorta concentrations of Ca and P, but not Mg, were positively co...
Mackenzie CD.The basic components of the immune system, and the defence mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, are briefly reviewed. Histological studies in 84 equine foetuses showed that lymphoid cells begin populating the thymic primordium at 11-12 weeks, the mesenteric lymph nodes at 13 weeks, the spleen at 25 weeks and the intestinal lamina propria at 13-14 weeks' gestation. Lymphocytes were seen in the intestinal epithelium very early in gestation. Histological signs of response to antigenic stimulation were seen in five foetuses, indicating that the horse is likely to be capable of mounting an imm...
Platt H.A series of 10 haemorrhagic polyps of the equine nasal cavity is described. The lesions show haematoma formation, abundant haemosiderin in macrophages and giant cells, and organising fibrous tissue. In one case, angiomatoid lesions were observed in the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and it is suggested that some haemorrhagic nasal polyps may originate from pre-existing haemangiomatous areas in the respiratory mucosa.
Woolcock JB.Equine tonsillar tissue and the draining regional lymph nodes, as well as deep nasal swabs were examined bacteriologically. Group C streptococci, predominantly Streptococcus zooepidemicus, were shown to be present in all tissues. The most frequent site for isolation was the tonsil. Streptococcus equi was not located in any of the tissues sampled.
Williams MR.Rats were injected intradermally with rabbit anti-ovalbumin serum and 3 hours later were challenged intravenously with ovalbumin and Evans Blue dye. Inflammatory lesions were produced within 20 minutes and their size was markedly dose-dependent. Attempts were made to interfere with this passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by admixture of normal IgG with the rabbit anti-ovalbumin to measure the relative tissue binding affinities of IgG from various species. It was found that normal IgG from any of the species tested had an enhancing effect on PCA in rats. These immunoglobulins serially arranged...
Crichton RR.The researchers investigated the biochemical properties of ferritin, a protein responsible for iron storage in the body. They identified its distribution and structure, noting variations in different species and tissues. […]
Tessler J.The fluorescent antibody reaction was studied in tissues of ponies infected with African horsesickness virus (AHSV). Lung, spleen, lymph node, liver, skeletal muscle, intestine, stomach, nerve ganglion and kidney were sectioned and stained by the direct fluorescent antibody technique (FA). Fluorescence was demonstrated only in the spleen and could be inhibited by using unconjugated antiserum.
Oishi S.The author has already reported on the time course of blood level of sulfonamides in horses at various dose schedules3). The present paper is concerned with the tissue distri-bution of sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine in horses. The distribution of sulfonamides has been reported by KoNDol) in experimental animals, in which the concentrations of these drugs in the kidney, liver, lung and spleen were found to be close to the blood level. Many investigators ascribed the low concen-tration of sulfonamides in the spinal fluid to the existence of a blood-brain barrier, and also observed that ...
Abrahams M.The mechanical behaviour of horse and human tendon, as characterised by the stress-strain curve, has been examined with respect to load-strain cycling and strain rate. It was found that the tendon stress-strain curve for successive cycles was reporducible provided that strain on the specimen did not exceed 2·0–4·0%. If this strain level was exceeded, a permanent deformation occurred. This phenomenon was verified by histological studies on strained tendon which showed that some of the collagen fibres did not return to their original orientation. Variation in the rate of strain was found to ...
Fitzgerald DM, Cash CM, Dudley KJ, Sibthorpe PEM, Sillence MN, de Laat MA.Active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of equine insulin dysregulation (ID), but its role is unclear. Cleavage of proglucagon (coded by the GCG gene) produces aGLP-1 in enteral L cells. Objective: The aim in vivo was to examine the sequence of the exons of GCG in horses with and without ID, where aGLP-1 was higher in the group with ID. The aims in vitro were to identify and quantify the expression of GCG in the equine intestine (as a marker of L cells) and determine intestinal secretion of aGLP-1. Methods: Genomic studies were case-control studies. Expr...
Borges MA, Curcio BR, Gastal GDA, Gheno L, Junior ASV, Corcini CD, Nogueira CEW, Aguiar FLN, Gastal EL.The most adequate fixative solution for equine ovarian tissue is still to be determined as a tool to evaluate the improvement of methodological studies in assisted reproductive techniques and fertility preservation. This study aimed to evaluate a short-time ethanol 70% (ST-EtOH, 45 min) exposure as an alternative fixative compared with two classically fixatives [Carnoy's (CAR) solution and paraformaldehyde 4% (PFA)] at different fixation times (6 h, 12 h). The end points evaluated were morphology and classes of preantral follicles, follicular and stromal cell densities, and follicular and o...
de Heus P, Bagó Z, Weidinger P, Lale D, Trachsel DS, Revilla-Fernández S, Matiasek K, Nowotny N.As evidenced by sero-epidemiological studies, infections of horses with the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) occur frequently in TBEV-endemic areas. However, there are only very few reports of clinical cases. A possible underreporting may be due to a variety of diagnostic challenges. In this study, ELISA and neutralization tests were applied to serum samples. Brain tissue samples were investigated for the presence of nucleic acids of TBEV, Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, Borna disease virus 1, West Nile and Usutu viruses, rustrela virus, as well as Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encepha...
Anoushepour A, Eftekhari S, Masoudifard M.Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) plays an important role in the locomotion of the horses with flexion of the limbs. In the hind limb, it passes over the calcaneal bone and attaches to medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneous by two bands of connective tissue; while, the medial band is weaker than the lateral one. Occasionally, severe trauma, over-extension or fracture of the calcaneous may cause rupture of the supportive bands leading to tendon luxation. An 11-year-old Thoroughbred jumping gelding with symptoms of lameness in both legs, after examination by an internal specialist vete...
Testicular degeneration (TD) is the most frequent cause of sub or infertility in stallions. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been studied as a therapeutic option for several diseases including induced-TD in laboratory animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of intratesticular MSC therapy on the testicular histology of stallions submitted to scrotal heat stress. Ten healthy Miniature-horse stallions were submitted to testicular heat stress induced by a heating wrap device (42-45°C). Afterward, the stallions were divided into two groups and treated seven days lat...
Scantamburlo G, Nofziger C, Paulmichl M, Vanoni S.Because of their importance as companion animals or as racehorses, horses can be treated with various drugs. Although it is known that drug withdrawal times can vary for each horse, pharmacogenetics for these animals has not been adequately studied and requires further development. Since is responsible for the metabolism of 25-30% of drugs in humans, including some used to treat horses, a study of the family in horses was conducted to define its genetic structure as well as its expression pattern in the liver. Unassigned: Genomic DNA extracted from venous blood and mRNA from fresh liver tiss...
Stewart HL, Siewerdsen JH, Selberg KT, Bills KW, Kawcak CE.Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an emerging modality for imaging of the equine patient. The objective of this prospective, descriptive, exploratory study was to assess visualization tasks using CBCT compared with conventional fan-beam CT (FBCT) for imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joint in equine cadavers. Satisfaction scores were numerically excellent with both CBCT and FBCT for bone evaluation, and FBCT was numerically superior for soft tissue evaluation. Preference tests indicated FBCT was numerically superior for soft tissue evaluation, while preference test scoring for bone was ...
Hertel S, Basche S, Schmidt V, Staszyk C, Hannig C, Sterzenbach T, Hannig M.Dental hard tissues from different species are used in dental research, but little is known about their comparability. The aim of this study was to compare the erosive behaviour of dental hard tissues (enamel, dentin) obtained from human, bovine and equine teeth. In addition, the protective effect of the pellicle on each hard tissue under erosive conditions was determined. In situ pellicle formation was performed for 30 min on enamel and dentin samples from all species in four subjects. Calcium and phosphate release was assessed during 120 s of HCl incubation on both native and pellicle-cove...
Magalhaes HB, Dell'Aqua JA, Canisso IF.This study assessed luteolysis and side effects in jennies receiving standard horse-recommended doses of cloprostenol and dinoprost. Sixteen cycles of eight jennies were randomly assigned in a sequential crossover design to receive dinoprost (5 mg, i.m.) and cloprostenol (0.25 mg, i.m.) at 5-d post-ovulation. B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography were employed to assess luteal tissue size and blood flow before (-15 min and 0h) and after (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, and 48h) administering PGF. Immunoreactive progesterone concentrations were assayed at similar timepoints via RIA. Side effe...
Sjöberg I, Law E, Södersten F, Höglund OV, Wattle O.A 3D printed self-locking device made of polydioxanone (PDO) was developed to facilitate a standardized ligation technique. The subcutaneous tissue reaction to the device was evaluated after implantation in ten horses of mixed age, sex and breed and compared to loops of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In two of the horses, the implants were removed before closing the skin. The appearance of the implants and surrounding tissue was followed over time using ultrasonography. Implants were removed after 10 and 27 (± 1) days for histologic examination. Results: On macroscopic inspection at ...
Hain AM, Þórisdóttir SL, Tretow M, Bienert-Zeit A.In the context of a study of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH), elderly Icelandic horses were examined in their originating country. The subject of this survey was the impact of dental treatment and keeping and feeding management on the health of the rostral oral cavity. A total of 170 horses (aged ≥ 15) located in different areas of Northwest, West, and South Iceland. The horse owners completed a questionnaire about keeping, feeding, and preventative dental care. The horses were clinically examined with particular attention to gingival and dental disorders of...
Pérez Fraile A, González-Cubero E, Martínez-Flórez S, Olivera ER, Villar-Suárez V.Musculoskeletal injuries in horses have a great economic impact, predominantly affecting tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, which have limited natural regeneration. Cell therapy, which uses mesenchymal stem cells due to their tissue differentiation properties and anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, aims to restore damaged tissue. In this manuscript, we performed a systematic review using the Parsifal tool, searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles on regenerative medicine for equine musculoskeletal injuries. Our review covers 17 experimental clinical studies ca...
Aßmann A, Ohlerth S, Hartmann S, Torgerson P, Bischofberger A.Tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) is diagnosed using ultrasonography and contrast tenography. Nevertheless, making a precise preoperative diagnosis is challenging. This study aimed to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of low-field MRI and MRI tenography (MRIt) to detect artificially created soft-tissue lesions in the DFTS. In 21 DFTSs, 118 lesions were made tenoscopically in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), manica flexoria (MF) and proximal scutum. MRI and MRI, following intrathecal gadolinium administra...
van Spijk JN, Lo HC, Merle R, Richter IG, Diemar A, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H.Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in renal tissue in human kidney disease, but its role as a biomarker for kidney disease has not been fully evaluated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum MMP-9 (sMMP-9) and urinary MMP-9 (uMMP-9) concentrations in dehydrated horses. Dehydrated horses were prospectively included. Blood and urinary samples were taken at admission, and after 12, 24, and 48 h (t0, t12, t24, t48), an anti-equine MMP-9 sandwich ELISA was used. Four healthy horses served as the controls. Serum creatinine, urea, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), urine-specific gravi...
Canonici F, Marcoccia D, Bonini P, Monteleone V, Innocenzi E, Zepparoni A, Altigeri A, Caciolo D, Tofani S, Ghisellini P, Rando C, Pechkova E, Rau JV....Subchondral bone cysts in horses represent one of the main causes of lameness that can occur in different anatomical locations. The study describes the treatment in regenerative therapy of the intracystic implantation of adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSCs) included in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The ability of AMSCs to differentiate in osteogenic cells was tested in vitro and in vivo. Given the aim to investigate the application of AMSCs in bone defects and orthopedic pathologies in horses, a four-year-old male thoroughbred racing horse that had never raced before was treated for ...
Stasiak K, Socha W, Rola J.Loss of pregnancy in mares is a major cause of economic and emotional impact for horse breeders. It can have many different infectious and noninfectious causes. The aim of this study was identification of the main viral causes of abortion in mares in Poland based on tissue samples from 180 aborted foetuses submitted for testing between 1999 and 2022. Unassigned: Tissues of aborted foetuses collected from different horse studs throughout Poland were tested for the presence of equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1/-4) and if negative, for equine arteritis virus (EAV). The examination was perfo...
Bourebaba L, Kępska M, Qasem B, Zyzak M, Łyczko J, Klemens M, Mularczyk M, Marycz K.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a steadily growing endocrine disorder representing a real challenge in veterinary practice. As a multifactorial condition, EMS is characterized by three main metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, increased adiposity or obesity and hoof laminitis. Adipose tissue dysfunction is recognized as a core pathophysiological determinant of EMS, as it strongly participates to lipotoxicity and systemic metaflammation, both of which have been closely linked to the development of generalized insulin resistance. Besides, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) i...
Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, de Mestre A, Verheyen KKL.Early-life locomotor activity during turn out may alter susceptibility to musculoskeletal disease and injury via modulation of behaviours and tissue development during growth. Objective: Investigate associations between turn out practices and rates of musculoskeletal disease and injury in young Thoroughbreds on stud farms in the United Kingdom. Methods: Prospective cohort. Methods: Daily records were kept on location and duration of turn out for 134 Thoroughbred foals on six stud farms, from birth until leaving the farm or study exit. Data on veterinary-attended episodes of musculoskeletal dis...
Buschmann E, Van Steenkiste G, Duytschaever M, Boussy T, Vernemmen I, Ibrahim L, Schauvliege S, Decloedt A, van Loon G.Recently, treatment of equine atrial tachycardia by three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping (3D EAM) and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has been described. Myocardial sleeves in the caudal vena cava and pulmonary veins are a potential trigger for initiation and perpetuation of atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation in the horse. Isolation of these myocardial sleeves by RFCA may be an effective treatment for these arrhythmias. Objective: To describe the feasibility of 3D EAM and RFCA to isolate caudal vena cava and pulmonary veins in adult horses using 3D mapping and a contact...
Labens R, Raidal S, Borgen-Nielsen C, Pyecroft S, Pant SD, De Ridder T.Topical wound treatments rely on carrier formulations with little to no biological impact. The potential for a common vehicle, a propylene glycol (PG) gel, to affect wound healing measures including microbiota is not known. Microbiome characterization, based on next generation sequencing methods is typically performed on tissue or directly obtained wound fluid samples. The utility for primary wound dressings to characterize equine wound microbiota in the context of topical treatments is currently unknown. This investigation reports the topical effect of an 80% PG based gel on wound healing and...
Troillet A, Hildebrand J, Stoffel MH, Schwabe S, Winter K, Brehm W.The purpose of the study was to determine the histo-morphological effects on villous synovium after synovectomy using two different motorized synovial resectors and two different intensities ex-vivo. Thirty-three (n=33) equine metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints were used. Synovectomy was performed along the dorsomedial/dorsolateral synovium (n=66) using two motorized synovial resectors (aggressive full radius resector, AFRR, used at two intensities: single treatment, n= 24 vs. triple treatment, n= 21 vs. aggressive meniscus side cutter, AMSC, n=21). Arthroscopic images were evaluat...
Gysens L, Martens A, Haspeslagh M.Nonexcisional tissue biopsies facilitate pre-operative confirmation of equine sarcoid yet fear of lesion deterioration currently limits its use in the diagnostic workup. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a single punch biopsy on tumour growth dynamics [thickness, area, circumference, viral load (VL) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS)]. Methods: Six client-owned horses with 11 sarcoids of various classification. Methods: Growth dynamics were recorded on a weekly basis, 12 weeks pre- and 24 weeks post-biopsy. The effect of a single punch biopsy on growth dynamics was estimated by linear mixed-...
Dufourni A, Buschmann E, Vernemmen I, Van Steenkiste G, van Loon G, Decloedt A.Echocardiographic measurements are important prognostic indicators but might be influenced by heart rate and blood pressure. This is particularly important when comparing repeated examinations. Objective: To determine the effect of physiological stress at mildly increased heart rates and pharmacological challenge using IV administration of N-butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizol sodium on heart rate, blood pressure, and echocardiographic measurements. Methods: Twenty healthy Warmblood horses. Methods: Randomized crossover study. Horses were examined echocardiographically by 2-dimensional, ...
da Rosa G, de Freitas Daudt G, Roman IJ, Cargnelutti JF, Sangioni LA, Flores MM, Vogel FSF.Horses are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis spp. capable of forming cysts in their musculature. This study aimed to detect sarcocysts and investigate the presence of nucleic acids from Sarcocystis spp. in samples of striated muscles from horses in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, necropsied at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. A total of 108 samples were collected from 24 horses and examined through direct examination. Microscopic tissue cysts were observed in three samples: tongue (2) and esophagus (1) from two animals. Extractions were perf...
Asgari P, Amniattalab A.The equine stomach consists of two separate non-glandular and glandular sections. Despite the incidence of most lesions in the non-glandular region, both stomach parts are prone to lesions. In this study, 41 hybrid-native horses, including 24 stallions and 17 mares, were examined over five years. In total, 27 horses (65.85%) that were sampled had lesions, including erosion, granuloma, or both on the glandular region of the stomach. Occurrence of gastric erosive and granulomatous lesions had no significant relationship with the age and gender of horses or the sampling season (>0.05). Moreove...
De Castilho T, Rosa GDS, Stievani FC, Apolônio EVP, Pfeifer JPH, Altheman VG, Palialogo V, Santos NJD, Fonseca-Alves CE, Alves ALG.Tendinopathies account for a substantial proportion of musculoskeletal injuries. To improve treatment outcomes for partial and total tendon ruptures, new therapies are under investigation. These include the application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and biocompatible scaffolds derived from the Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Synthetic polymer hydrogels have not demonstrated results as promising as those achieved with ECM hydrogels sourced from the original tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of a hydrogel formulated from equine tendon ECM. Six horses were administered three...
Larsen EA, Williams MR, Schoonover MJ, Jurek KA, Young JM, Duddy HR.Navicular syndrome is a common cause of forelimb lameness in horses. Beyond changes to the navicular bone itself, horses with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome often have pathology associated with other components of the navicular apparatus, including the navicular bursa, deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon, collateral sesamoidean ligaments, and impar ligament. Palmar digital neurectomy (PDN) is often used as a salvage procedure for horses diagnosed with navicular syndrome that become unresponsive to medical management. There are many potential complications associated with PDN, some of ...
Kjeldsen ST, Nissen SD, Saljic A, Hesselkilde EM, Carstensen H, Sattler SM, Jespersen T, Linz D, Hopster-Iversen C, Kutieleh R, Sanders P, Buhl R.Spontaneous pulmonary vein (PV) activity triggers atrial fibrillation (AF) in humans. Although AF frequently occurs in horses, the origin remains unknown. This study investigated the structural and electro-anatomical properties of equine PVs to determine the potential presence of an arrhythmogenic substrate. Methods: Endocardial three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping (EnSite Precision) using high-density (HD) catheters was performed in 13 sedated horses in sinus rhythm. Left atrium (LA) access was obtained retrogradely through the carotid artery. Post-mortem, tissue was harvested from th...
Morrissey J, Pinsky T, Roy MF.Pregnancy loss after Day 40 in mares usually results in the expulsion (abortion) of the fetus and placental membranes. However, fetal retention within the uterus is also a possible outcome, leading to either fetal mummification or maceration. Fetal maceration is septic decomposition of fetal tissues within the uterus following failure of expulsion. It requires the presence of bacteria and oxygen within the uterus, likely originating from an open cervix, and results in tissue autolysis, leaving only fetal bones remaining in the mare. Fetal maceration is a rare complication of pregnancy in mares...
Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho MV, Caseiro AR, Rêma A, Briote I, Mendonça CM, Santos JM, Atayde LM, Alvites RD, Maurício AC.Horses are high-performance athletes prone to sportive injuries such as tendonitis and desmitis. The formation of fibrous tissue in tendon repair remains a challenge to overcome. This impels regenerative medicine to develop innovative therapies that enhance regeneration, retrieving original tissue properties. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been successfully used to develop therapeutic products, as they secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration. These factors are released in culture media for producing a conditioned medium (...
