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Topic:Ultrasound
Ultrasound in horses is a diagnostic imaging technique that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the horse's internal structures. It is commonly used in veterinary medicine to evaluate soft tissues, tendons, ligaments, and organs. This non-invasive method allows for real-time visualization of physiological and pathological conditions, aiding in the diagnosis and management of various equine health issues. Ultrasound is particularly valuable for assessing musculoskeletal injuries, reproductive health, and abdominal conditions in horses. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the application, methodology, and advancements in ultrasound technology within equine veterinary practice.
Ultrasonic properties of tendon: velocity, attenuation, and backscattering in equine digital flexor tendons. Ultrasound velocity, attenuation, and backscattering were measured in vitro in samples of equine digital flexor tendon sandwiched between plane, parallel rexolite buffer rods. The buffer rods were coupled to transmitting and receiving transducers (nominally 10 MHz) mounted in-line and facing one another on the jaws of a digital caliper. Six superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons and six deep digital flexor (DDF) tendons were measured in three orthogonal directions: along the long axis of the tendon (D), and across the tendon in the dorsal-volar (C), and lateral (L) directions. Substantial an...
Metacarpophalangeal joint synovial pad fibrotic proliferation in 63 horses. Medical records, radiographs, and sonograms of 63 horses with metacarpophalangeal joint synovial pad proliferation were examined retrospectively. All horses had lameness, joint effusion, or both signs associated with one or both metacarpophalangeal joints. Bony remodeling and concavity of the distodorsal aspect of the third metacarpal bone (Mc3) just proximal to the metacarpal condyles was identified by radiography in 71 joints (93%); 24 joints (32%) had radiographic evidence of a chip fracture located at the proximal dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx. Fifty-four joints (71%) were examined...
Infection of the intertubercular bursa in horses: four cases (1978-1991). To determine the clinical outcome of horses treated for infection of the intertubuercular bursa (infectious bicipital bursitis). Methods: Retrospective analysis of case records. Methods: Four horses referred for treatment of infectious bicipital bursitis. Methods: Medical records of horses that were severely lame on admission were reviewed. Results: In 3 horses, palpation over the bicipital bursa as well as flexion and extension of the scapulohumeral joint were resented. Ultrasonography performed in 1 horse revealed that the bicipital bursa was large and that excessive amounts of fluid contain...
Ultrasonographic assessment of fetal well-being during late gestation: development of an equine biophysical profile. Mares with complicated pregnancies (illness, problems at parturition or delivery of an abnormal foal, n = 30) were scanned transabdominally from 298 days gestation to term in order to measure fetal size, evaluate fetal well-being and characterise the intrauterine environment. The results of the last scan obtained prior to parturition were compared to normal data obtained from fetuses of comparable gestational age to develop a biophysical profile specific for the equine fetus. Twelve mares produced a normal foal (positive outcome) and 18 mares delivered 19 abnormal foals (negative outcome). Bot...
Assessment of the effect of three treatments to remove intrauterine fluid on pregnancy rate in the mare. The effects on pregnancy rate of three different treatments to remove intrauterine fluid were assessed in 1267 mares. The mares were mated and allocated, in strict rotation, to four treatment groups: 1) untreated controls, 2) intrauterine infusion of broad spectrum antibiotics, 3) intravenous injection of oxytocin, 4) intravenous injection of oxytocin followed by intrauterine antibiotics. The pregnancy status of the mares was determined 13 to 15 days and 27 to 30 days after ovulation by transrectal ultrasonography. The pregnancy rate of group 4 (72 per cent) was higher than that of group 2 (64...
Transvaginal aspiration. This article describes in detail the procedures for collection of equine oocytes using a transvaginal ultrasound probe. Success in obtaining oocytes from humans, bovines, and horses are presented. The effect of repeated follicular aspiration of both cattle and horses is reviewed.
Use of transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture for elimination of equine pregnancies. Twinning is a major cause of abortion in mares. Although early management of twins is quite successful, twins that remain after 40 days are difficult to manage. This article reviews the current knowledge of the use of transvaginal ultrasound probe for elimination of twins. Several techniques are presented, as well as discussion on the best time during gestation for this technique to be used.
[Congenital bile duct cysts and liver fibrosis in a foal]. A three-week-old foal was submitted to the clinic because of a minor traumatic injury at the lower jaw. At admission the foal exhibited diarrhea, a distended abdomen and reduced general condition. These findings could not be associated with the injury. On abdominal radiography decreased abdominal detail and a dorsocaudal displacement of the intestine was present. Ultrasonographically multiple fluid-filled cystic structures of several centimeters in diameter were identified. These cystic structures appeared to be associated with the liver. At laparotomy and at necropsy the liver was markedly en...
Effect of timing of frozen semen insemination on pregnancy rate in mares. Thirty-four mares were inseminated with frozen semen from one stallion during 2 oestrous cycles, every 48 h until ovulation took place and within 12 h after ovulation. Semen was frozen using the Colorado method. The insemination dose was from 200 to 400 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa. Ovaries were examined every 12 h to determine time of ovulation. Examination for pregnancy was carried out using ultrasonography, 15 days after ovulation. Thirty-five per cent of mares inseminated < 24 h and 23% of mares inseminated between 24-48 h before ovulation were pregnant (p = 0.388). The preg...
Factors affecting the ultrasonic properties of equine digital flexor tendons. The velocity, attenuation and apparent backscattering coefficient of 6-11-MHz ultrasound were measured in three orthogonal directions in equine deep digital flexor (DDF) and superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons at 0 degree C. Ultrasonic measurements were examined for correlation with tendon water, collagen, DNA and glycosaminoglycans contents, determined by chemical analyses and with structure observed by scanning electron microscopy. The SDF tendon contained more water, more DNA (i.e., more cells), less collagen and less glycosaminoglycans and exhibited lower velocities and attenuations t...
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the dorsal and abaxial aspects of the equine fetlock. This paper describes normal ultrasound images of the soft tissues of the dorsal and abaxial aspects of the equine fetlock. The palmar aspect of the fetlock is not discussed because it is related to the suspensory apparatus and flexor tendon anatomy which has been previously described. Ultrasound scanning was performed with 7.5 MHz linear or 10 MHz sector probes and recorded on 7.5 cm U-matic videocassettes allowing further retrospective data analysis, computer manipulation and good image reproducibility. Sagittal, parasagittal, frontal and transverse ultrasound scans of 13 lameness free mature...
[Sonographic diagnosis (B-mode techniques) for the eyes of horses. 2. Pathological cases]. Diagnosis of diseases of the inner eye of horses is problematic, especially in cases where ophthalmoscopic examination is impaired or prevented by cloudiness of the optical apparatus. In addition, examination of retrobulbar affection normally only allows indirect conclusions on localization and extent of alteration. By the use of ultrasound on diseased horse eyes a detailed examination of the inner eye with retrobulbar structures is possible even in these cases. Here, we present several clinical pictures which are difficult or impossible to diagnose by ophthalmoscopical means. For example, son...
Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Sonographic and anatomic observations were made of the kidneys of 23 Thoroughbreds or Standardbreds. In an in vitro study of 16 horses, precise correlations were established between the gross anatomic features of the kidneys and their sonographic appearance in images obtained in dorsal, sagittal, transverse, and transverse oblique anatomic planes. The renal cortex had a uniformly mottled echogenicity, and the renal medulla was relatively hypoechogenic, compared with the cortex. Acoustic anisotropy was observed in the cortex and medulla of the cranial and caudal extremities of each kidney. The ...
Ultrasound-guided intrafollicular treatment in mares. A technique for intrafollicular treatment with a transvaginal ultrasound-guided injection needle was developed using equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) as the test substance. An injection was made into one growing follicle of a wave when the follicles were 20 to 23 mm. The treated follicles were injected with 1000 iu of eCG in 0.2 ml saline solution and control follicles were injected with 0.2 ml of the saline vehicle (10 mares per group, 1 follicle per mare). The injection system used an inner 25-gauge needle and an outer 20-gauge needle inserted together through the needle-guide channel of ...
[Sonographic diagnosis (B-mode technique) for the eyes in horses. 1. Methods and normal findings]. In this presentation, normal sonoanatomy of the horse eye will be introduced and biometrical data of 30 healthy eyes along optical axis will be presented. We used the ultrasound system Philips Diagnost R 1200 in connection with a 5 MHz linear transducer. With this equipment it is possible to visualize and measure at the unaltered eye the cornea, the anterior chamber of the eye, ciliary body, iris, lens, vitreous body, wall of the posterior globe (retina, choroid, sclera) and retrobulbar structures (optical nerve, retrobulbar muscles, orbital fat pad, bony orbita). The echographical examination...
[Fertility in mares after disturbed or undisturbed puerperium; evidence from clinical, microbiologic and hormone analysis]. Because of the mare's ability to conceive very soon post partum a thoroughly performed control of the puerperal period is of particular importance. In addition to cytological and histological examinations of the uterus, rectal palpation and vaginoscopic inspection as well as microbiological examinations of uterine swabs and the evaluation of the mare's hormonal status during the puerperal period provide useful information which can be used either prognostically or to initiate a specific therapy. 55 mares were examined on days 3, 6 and 9 post partum. Rectal palpation, vaginoscopic inspection, m...
Ultrasonographic cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons in 50 trained thoroughbred racehorses. Fifty Thoroughbred horses were examined. All horses had been in race training for a minimum of 4 months before examination and had worked at racing speed; 24 horses had raced. All horses were clinically sound at the time of examination. Ultrasonography was performed, using a 7.5-MHz transducer with built-in fluid offset. Videotaped images of the palmar soft tissue structures were obtained at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 cm distal to the base of the accessory carpal bone (DACB). Images were digitized, and each image was calibrated. Values for cross-sectional area (CSA) and mean echogenicity (ME) wer...
M-mode ultrasonic assessment of equine fetal heart rate. Embryonic heart rate was studied during 87 examinations in 56 mares on Days 25 to 174 post ovulation. Real-time B-mode using a stopwatch and M-mode ultrasonography were compared. For analyses of heart rates, data were grouped into weeks or months. For the stopwatch and M-mode techniques, respectively, heart rates averaged 123 and 133 beats per minute during Month 1, peaked during Month 3 at 172 or 196 beats, then gradually decreased over the duration of the study to 126 and 130 beats during Month 6. There was a significant increase in heart rate from Months 1 to 2 and Months 2 to 3 and a signi...
Ultrasonography as a method to determine tendon cross-sectional area. Ultrasonographic cross sectional area (CSA) measurements of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon were obtained to determine the feasibility of ultrasonography for CSA measurement of tendon in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonographic measurements were compared with a more traditional CSA measurement method, ink-blot analysis. In addition, values for ultrasonographic SDF tendon mean echogenicity were obtained in vivo and in vitro. The left forelimb SDF tendons of 23 horses were evaluated ultrasonographically. Cross sectional images were acquired at 4-cm intervals distal to the base of the a...
Use of intraoperative ultrasonography in six horses. Intraoperative ultrasonography was used in six horses to aid localization and removal of bone fragments (3 horses) and foreign bodies (3 horses). The ultrasound transducer was enclosed in a sterile sleeve containing sterile aqueous gel and the examination was performed after aseptic preparation of the surgical site. Using ultrasound guidance a needle was placed in contact with the bone fragment or foreign body and an incision was made along the path of the needle to expose and remove the object. This technique resulted in decreased operative time and minimal tissue dissection.
Ultrasound-guided transection of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (distal check ligament desmotomy) in horses. Transection of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (distal check ligament desmotomy) was completed in 44 horses using an ultrasound-guided technique. The technique used real-time ultrasound with a 7.5 MHz transducer to observe the dissection and isolation of the check ligament through a 1 to 1.5 cm incision and to check for complete transection of the check ligament. The technique was effective in correcting flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint in all but three horses. Check ligament desmotomy at a young age (median, 6 mo...
Soft tissue injuries of the tarsus. Contrast radiography provides a clear survey of the size, shape, and location of extratendovaginal fluid-filled cavities, distended bursa, and tendon sheaths and demonstrates intersynovial communication. Ultrasonography effectively demonstrates Achilles tendon injury, slippage of the SDFT off the summit of the calcaneus, assorted ligamentous injuries, and cystic or solid extratendovaginal masses. It will also demonstrate distended bursae and tendon sheaths, but it is not as effective in demonstrating a synovial herniation, or a narrow synovial fistula. Contrast radiography may prove to be the ...
Tendon, tendon sheath, and ligament injuries in the pastern. The palmar (plantar) aspect of the pastern is an anatomically complex area and an understanding of this is a prerequisite for accurate diagnosis of injuries in this area. The gross and normal ultrasonographic anatomy are described, and injuries of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the digital flexor tendon sheath, the distal sesamoidean ligaments, and the palmar ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint are discussed.
Miscellaneous conditions of tendons, tendon sheaths, and ligaments. The use of diagnostic ultrasonography has greatly enhances our ability to diagnose injuries of tendons and tendon sheaths that were previously either unrecognized or poorly understood. For may of these injuries, there is currently only a small amount of follow-up data. This article considers injuries of the deep digital flexor tendon and its accessory ligament, the carpal tunnel syndrome soft tissue swellings on the dorsal aspect of the carpus, intertubercular (bicipital) bursitis and bicipital tendinitis, injuries of the gastrocnemius tendon, common calcaneal tendinitis, rupture of peroneus (...
Suspensory ligament desmitis. The gross and functional anatomy of the suspensory ligament (SL) and its ultrasonographic variability are described. Injuries of the suspensory apparatus are divided into lesions confined to the proximal one third of the metacarpus or metatarsus (proximal suspensory desmitis and avulsion fractures), lesions of the body, and branch lesions. Complete breakdown injuries are also discussed. In view of the close association of the SL, the second, third, and fourth metacarpal or metatarsal bones, and the proximal sesamoid bones, associated bony lesions are also considered.
Influence of endometrial cysts on conception rate of mares. A total of 259 normally fertile mares were examined gynecologically by means of rectal palpation and ultrasonography in order to record the presence of uterine cysts and pregnancy. The incidence of endometrial cysts was 22.4%. Of the 95 cysts observed during the trial, 87.4% were located in the middle and posterior segments of both uterine horns. The size of all endometrial cysts ranged between 3 and 48 mm. When all mares were assigned to three age groups, A 14 years (n = 26), a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the number of endometrial cysts was observed with advancing age (4.3%, 29.1% ...
Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis: long term results in 61 standardbred racehorses (1985-1992). Medical records and lifetime race results were obtained for 61 Standardbred racehorses treated consecutively from 1985 to 1992 with transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (AL-SDF) for tendinitis of one or both forelimbs. A clinical diagnosis of tendinitis was confirmed in all cases by ultrasonographic examination. After surgery, 50 (82%) horses raced and 42 (69%) completed 5 or more starts. Eight horses (13%) failed to start and/or complete 5 or more races due to a recurrence of tendinitis. Six (10%) horses did not start and/or complete 5 or more starts ...
