Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Vaccination
Vaccination in horses involves the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an immune response, providing protection against specific infectious diseases. This process is a key component of preventive equine healthcare, aiming to reduce the incidence and severity of illnesses such as equine influenza, tetanus, and West Nile virus. Vaccines can be administered via various routes and may contain live attenuated, inactivated, or subunit components. The immune response elicited by vaccination helps in the development of immunological memory, enabling horses to respond more effectively upon exposure to the actual pathogen. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, efficacy, and safety of vaccines in equine populations.
Immunity and potential of vaccination. This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
Foetal and neonatal foal losses on equine herpesvirus type 1(EHV-1) infected farms before and after EHV-1 vaccination was introduced. On 6 farms with a history of EHV-1 abortions the overall prevalence of losses due to abortion, stillbirth and neonatal foal mortality during 5 foaling seasons preceding the introduction of vaccination against EHV-1 were compared with corresponding data for 8 subsequent seasons in which all horses were immunized with a modified live EHV-1 vaccine. Although both sporadic and epizootic EHV-1 abortions occurred in immunized mares, the numbers of foetal and neonatal foal losses decreased significantly (chi 2 = 15.75; p less than 0.001) from 11.8% (343 of 2897 pregnancies) during the seasons 1969-19...
Serum bactericidal responses to Streptococcus equi of horses following infection or vaccination. An indirect test based on horse blood was used to study bactericidal responses of the horse to Streptococcus equi following infection or vaccination. Bactericidal antibody appeared in convalescent sera between two and four weeks and high titres were usually attained by eight weeks. Infection without clinical evidence of abscessation was also effective in eliciting strong bactericidal responses. Serum bactericidal activity of horses either recovered from strangles or immunised with commercial bacterin had declined eight months after vaccination. However, horses that developed strangles eight to...
Antibodies against equine herpesvirus 1 in the cerebrospinal fluid in the horse. Neutralizing antibodies against equine herpesvirus 1 were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 16 horses and ponies from a closed herd both before and after vaccination with modified live equine herpesvirus 1. These titers were also measured in 22 neurologically normal and 15 neurologically abnormal horses at a teaching hospital. Animals from the closed herd had prevaccination serum titers up to 1:8 and postvaccination serum titers up to 1:128. Horses from the teaching hospital had serum titers up to 1:64. Cerebrospinal fluid titers were not detected in the vaccinated horses or the neu...
An outbreak of equine influenza at a harness horse racetrack. An outbreak of an influenza-like illness affected approximately 1/3 of the 1050 race horses stabled at a standardbred racetrack and resulted in a 3-day suspension of racing. A/Equi-2 influenza virus was isolated from 1 affected horse and 8 of 10 horses sampled seroconverted. Threshold protective levels of HI antibody against A/Equi-2 influenza virus were not demonstrated in unaffected horses. Resistance in unaffected horses was assumed to result from other factors following previous exposure. Few of the horses had been vaccinated against equine influenza. It was felt that an outbreak of this m...
Trials of an inactivated equid herpesvirus 1 vaccine: challenge with a subtype 1 virus. Vaccinated yearlings , two-year-old and in-foal pony mares with appropriate controls were exposed to aerosols of a subtype 1 virus one to two months after two or three vaccinations; all became infected. No obvious differences in the febrile responses, clinical signs and subsequent abortions were found between vaccinated and control mares. All vaccinated yearlings and two-year-old ponies developed a febrile respiratory disease but this was less severe than that suffered by the controls and the amounts and duration of virus shedding were reduced.
The pathology of experimental Corynebacterium equi infection in foals following intrabronchial challenge. Six foals were inoculated intrabronchially with a suspension of Corynebacterium equi. Six weeks before this challenge, three foals were vaccinated with a C. equi bacterin. Three foals were unvaccinated controls. All foals developed a severe bronchopneumonia in the inoculated lung, indicating that vaccination was not protective. Three foals (two vaccinated, one control) were killed eight to nine days after infection. One control died on day 9 with lesions of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The remaining two foals (one vaccinated, one control) were killed on day 17. C. equi was cultured ...
Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine. Serological responses to three bivalent aqueous equine influenza vaccines of different potency and an adjuvanted bivalent vaccine containing inactivated A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses, were examined in seronegative ponies. Potencies of the vaccines, measured by single-radial-diffusion tests, ranged from 4 to 56 micrograms of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity/virus strain per dose. Serological responses to vaccination were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests. Four weeks after a primary dose, HI responses to bo...
Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 2. Protection against experimental infection with influenza virus A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8). Forty ponies immunized with inactivated virus vaccine containing A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) virus and six unvaccinated, seronegative ponies were experimentally challenged with a representative of recent equine H3N8 virus isolates, A/equine/Newmarket/79. All unvaccinated ponies became infected as judged by virus excretion, febrile responses and antibody responses, but only two of the vaccinated ponies were fully protected. Pre-challenge antibody levels to A/Newmarket/79 virus detected by single radial haemolysis (SRH) correlated well with the degree of clinical protection but the levels required ...
Analysis of antigenic variation in equine 2 influenza A viruses. Influenza outbreaks involving viruses of the H3N8 subtype (equine 2) often occur in vaccinated horses. For this reason, a series of influenza viruses of the H3N8 subtype were examined to determine if antigenic variation could be detected in isolates during the period 1963-81. Antigenic analyses with post-infection ferret sera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the haemagglutinins of recent isolates were antigenically distinguishable from the prototype A/eq/Miami/1/63 and that antigenically distinguishable groups of equine 2 viruses co-circulate in the horse population. Based on these studie...
In vitro blastogenesis of equine lymphocytes by inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 antigen. An inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV1) vaccine was administered to 4 horses. The horses had virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody titers before they were vaccinated, but developed higher VN antibody titers in response to vaccination. Nonvaccinated control horses did not show increases in VN antibody during the study, indicating that any increase in antibody titer in vaccinated horses was a result of vaccination and not due to an EAdV1 epizootic during the study. Specific EAdV1 in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) was evaluated, using lymphocytes from 4 vaccinated and 2 control horses. Ho...
Irradiated larval vaccination of ponies against strongylus vulgaris. Nonimmune pony foals 9 to 12 mo of age were vaccinated with third-stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae (L3) irradiated with 70, 100, or 130 Kr of gamma radiation. Ponies receiving per os inoculations of L3 irradiated with 70 or 100 Kr were protected from the clinical disease and lesions associated with challenge infections of 4,300 L3, when compared to nonvaccinated controls. Similarly, the numbers of worms from the challenging population recovered from successfully vaccinated animals were significantly lower than from nonvaccinated controls. The degree of resistance that develops in individuals c...
Mortality from tetanus neonatorum in Punjab (Pakistan). Researchers conducted a survey study of 59,598 households in 3 major socioeconomic groups (urban slums, rural agricultural areas, and rural cattle and horse raising areas) in the Punjab province of Pakistan to estimate mortality from neonatal tetanus and to develop a strategy for its control. The investigators learned of 13,831 live births. 724 of these died in the 1st month of life with 432 (60%) dying from neonatal tetanus. Village untrained "dai" or trained midwives delivered all infants in all 3 areas. Often these deliverers placed cow dung on the stump of the severed umbilical cord and us...
Antibody responses of horses to equine influenza viruses during a postepizootic period in Japan. The antibody responses to equine influenza viruses were investigated during a postepizootic period of the disease. Serum samples were collected from a total of 128 horses on three occasions during the years 1967-77. No significant increase of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers to subtypes 1 and 2 of equine influenza virus were detected in any of the sera tested. The maternal hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers of foals decreased over a four month interval. A marked increase of the titers was recognized in only the equine influenza virus vaccinated horses. These findings sugges...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and measurement of antibody titer in horse serum. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies against a serologically common antigen (original endotoxin protein), protease, and elastase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The P aeruginosa antibody in horse sera was measured, using ELISA. Horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-horse IgM and IgG antibodies were used for enzyme-labeled antibody conjugate. 5-Aminosalicylic acid and H2O2 were used for substrate. Sera collected from a vaccinated horse, a newborn foal, and 72 healthy racehorses were investigated for antibodies against P aer...
Application of a chemically inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine to control abortigenic infection of mares by equine herpesvirus I. A chemically inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine prepared from a virulent strain of Equine herpesvirus I (EHV-I) was used to immunize pregnant Thoroughbred broodmares during a five-year field test designed to determine its safety and efficacy. Each mare in the vaccinated groups received 3 intramuscular injections of vaccine beginning immediately prior to and during the last half of pregnancy. Vaccine was injected at approximately 60-day intervals. The accumulated incidence of EHV-I abortions among vaccinated mares during the field trial period was 1.6/1000 as compared with an incidence of 6.8/1000...
Active immunisation of horses against tetanus including the booster dose and its application. Successful active immunisation of horses against tetanus is dependent on a number of factors of which the toxoid preparation used, its method of application and the ability of the individual horse to respond are fundamental. Two immunisation schedules using an aluminium-based toxoid preparation were examined and the protection determined by monitoring the level of antitoxin afforded by each schedule. The results obtained demonstrated that 2 doses of this toxoid are necessary to ensure 12 months protection in all horses. These results are discussed in relation to the factors involved in active ...
The serological response of foals to vaccination against strangles. A group of 100 foals was given either a commercial bacterin or an autogenous vaccine consisting of whole cells and an acid extract of Streptococcus equi. During the study, some of the foals developed clinical strangles. Various sets of sera were collected from these foals prevaccination, during vaccination, postvaccination and postinfection. The serological response of these foals was measured by passive haemagglutination and long chain tests. In foals which remained healthy, the highest titres were reached within one to two months postvaccination with a passive haemagglutination 10 x log2 mea...
[Inactivated vaccines against rhinopneumonitis in horses]. Attempts were made to produce inactivated vaccines against horse Herpes virus 1, using various inactivating agents and adjuvants, Best results were obtained with vaccine No 3 (glutaraldehide inactivator and "CTC" adjuvant). Used were two strains of the virus (St. Karaja and Varna). isolated in this country in cell cultures of a sucking pig kidney. Vaccine No 3 showed good immunogenic properties. Its application resulted in the full cease of abortions and respiratory diseases on the base of infection with the horse Herpes virus 1. The vaccination protects newborn colts from rhinopneumonitis if ...
Case report: An outbreak of herpesvirus myeloencephalitis in vaccinated horses. In the foaling season of 1977, five vaccinated horses in a Standardbred breeding stable were affected with herpesvirus myeloencephalitis. Respiratory and abortigenic forms also occurred in other individuals on the premises. Equine herpesvirus type 1 was isolated from the brain of one case of myeloencephalitis and from lungs of two aborted fetuses. Twelve of 16 horses demonstrated fourfold or greater increases in titres to equine herpesvirus type 1.
