Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
McDonnell SM, Oristaglio Turner RM.Imipramine-induced ex copula ejaculates (11) and fractionated in copula ejaculates were collected from each of 5 pony stallions for freezing in 5-ml straws (6), using a modified Kenney glucose skim-milk extender (2). Initial post-thaw total and progressive motilities and daily post-thaw total and progressive motilities, as well as the number of days to reach 0 progressively motile spermatozoa, were also similar for the 2 methods of collection. The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa both before freezing and after thawing were also similar for in copula and ex copula ejaculates. Co...
Heiskanen ML, Huhtinen M, Pirhonen A, Mäenpää PH.Semen from 3 stallions was extended using 2 methods (Kenney extender and a modified Kenney extender), slowly cooled, and stored for 41 +/- 6 (s.d.) h before insemination. An insemination dose (40 ml) contained 1.5-2 billion spermatozoa. In the experiment, 26 mares were inseminated in 30 cycles. The pregnancy rate per cycle obtained with sperm stored in the Kenney extender was 87% (n = 15). When the semen was extended with the modified extender, centrifuged and stored, the pregnancy rate was 60% (n = 15). Inseminations were done every other day until ovulation was detected. If a mare ovulated m...
Wilkins PA, Vaala WE, Zivotofsky D, Twitchell ED.Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) affected 6 of 10 pleasure horses in adjacent paddocks at a boarding facility. Four of the 6 affected horses died or were euthanized. Two of 3 horses presented for treatment survived with complete resolution of clinical signs. Treatment was primarily supportive. Dimethyl sulfoxide, dexamethasone, flunixin meglumine and thiamine were administered as anti-inflammatory agents and to decrease or prevent cerebral edema. Fusarium monileforme was cultured from ear corn fed the affected horses. Fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 were isolated.
Montavon S.The aim of this review is to give the practitioner the ability to be familiar with the echographic exam of ovarian abnormalities. He should be able to recognize different stages of the development of these important structures and to estimate the effect that they can have on the normal cycle of the mare. Various specific criteria and details regarding the equine echography of ovarian abnormalities are reported and illustrated, using the last scientific data published on that particular topic.
Spiers S, May SA, Bennett D, Edwards GB.Isolated equine blood and articular cells were investigated for proteolytic enzyme production by means of gel filtration and analysis on 14C-acetylated collagen and casein substrates. Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were produced by cultured synoviocytes stimulated with equine interleukin 1, although large amounts of collagenase also originated from neutrophils.
Geyer H, Schulze J.The influence of dietary biotin in horses with brittle hoof horn and chipped hooves was investigated in a long-term study, which was performed over a period from one to six years. 97 horses received 5 mg of biotin per 100 to 150 kg of body weight, per os, daily; 11 horses were not supplemented with biotin and served as controls. The hooves of all horses were evaluated macroscopically every three to four months. Hoof horn specimens of the proximal wall were examined histologically and physically in 25 and 15 horses, respectively. The tensile strength of normal coronary horn was 60 N/mm2 or grea...
Niskanen R, Lindahl J, Mokka R, Korkala O.Horse-related injuries form a notable part of sports and leisure time accidents. 54% of the injured were female riders under the age of 20 years. The most serious injuries were upper extremity ones. Over one third of the riders had suffered previously from horse-related injuries.
Dik KJ, Boroffka S, Stolk P.Ultrasonography was used with 6 normal cadaver forelimbs of Dutch Warmblood horses to delineate the ultrasonographic anatomy of the palmar pastern region, with emphasis on the proximal digital annular ligament. Using a 5.5 MHz sector scanner, the thin proximal digital annular ligament was not visible on offset sonograms. Only if the digital sheath in the normal limb was distended was the distal border of this ligament outlined. In all normal limbs the palmarodistal thickness of the combined skin-proximal digital annular ligament layer in the mid-pastern region was 2 mm. The flexor tendons and ...
Manohar M, Hutchens E, Coney E.Catheter mounted micro-tip-manometers (the signals from which were matched with fluid-filled pressure signals from same cardiovascular sites and zeroed at the point of the shoulder), were used to study pulmonary haemodynamics in 8 healthy sound horses at rest and during exercise performed at 8, 10, 12 and 14 m/s on a treadmill. Measurements were made without frusemide (control) and 4 h after iv administration of 250 mg frusemide. Post-frusemide data were also obtained on a separate day, and these observations were not significantly different from those made on the same day as controls. Pre-fru...
Yu M, Wang Z, Robinson NE, Leblanc PH.The distribution of inhibitory nerves and the mediator of the inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (iN-ANC) nervous system were investigated in smooth muscle preparations from seven regions of equine airways. In tissues incubated with atropine and precontracted with histamine, electrical field stimulation produced frequency-dependent relaxation, and the magnitude of the relaxation decreased from trachea to central bronchi and was absent in peripheral airways. The degree of relaxation in bronchi was not simply a function of bronchial size or generation. Propranolol inhibited part of the rela...
Silver M.Placental progestagen production and metabolism during pregnancy, the changes which precede parturition and the extent of fetal involvement in the latter processes are compared in the sheep and the horse. Neither species requires the presence of a corpus luteum for maintenance of the latter part of pregnancy, but the mechanisms involved in placental progesterone/progestagen production are very different in the two species. In sheep the primary product is progesterone (P4), levels of which are high in the maternal but not the fetal circulations. By contrast, in the mare P4 is not detectable in ...
Maier FP, Wintzer HJ.In this paper the measurement technique pulse oximetry is examined in 25 halothane-anaesthetized horses. Furthermore measures are presented which lead to a successful sensor placement at the tongue of the horse. The hemoglobin saturation determined by the pulse oximeter (SaO2) correlated very well with the hemoglobin saturation calculated by blood gas analysis (sO2). Nevertheless in the range of low saturation the pulse oximeter increasingly overestimates sO2. Pulse oximetry is an important progress in equine patient monitoring. A decline of oxygen saturation in the blood is detected immediate...
Jones DL.Medical records were reviewed for 11 horses with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and/or pharynx. The average age at presentation was 15.3 years. No breed or sex predilection was present. At presentation, 6 of 11 horses were dyspneic and 4 horses had inspiratory stridor. Endoscopy was performed in all cases and was more useful in demonstrating a mass in the laryngopharyngeal region than laryngeal or guttural pouch radiography. Surgical excision was attempted in 3 horses and in 1 horse alleviated clinical signs for 4 months. Ten horses were euthanatized and 1 horse died. Results of this st...
Miyamoto A, Nishio A.The vasomotor effects of histamine on isolated bovine and equine basilar arteries were examined. Histamine induced contractions in both these preparations. The maximal response to and pEC50 value for histamine of the equine artery were larger than those of bovine tissue. Similar results were obtained with endothelium-denuded basilar arteries. Diphenhydramine (H1-receptor antagonist) inhibited histamine-induced contractions of the basilar arteries from both species in a concentration-dependent manner and its pA2 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 7.61 (7.39-7.83) and 8.15 (8.01-8.29) for ...
Braun J, Sakai M, Hochi S, Oguri N.The suitability of ejaculated and epididymal stallion spermatozoa for cooled storage (5 degrees C) and cryopreservation was examined in 5 ejaculates from each of 6 stallions and in spermatozoa recovered from the cauda epididymidis after castration of these stallions. The percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, examined by subjective estimation (cooled samples) or by computerized analysis (frozen-thawed samples), was used as parameter. In ejaculated semen samples containing 5 and 25% seminal plasma in a skim milk glucose extender, the lower amount of seminal plasma supported spermatozoa...
Hochi S, Fujimoto T, Braun J, Oguri N.The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo developmental abilities of equine embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. Twenty-eight embryos were recovered from Native pony and Thoroughbred mares at Days 5 to 7 by nonsurgical uterine flushing (detection of ovulation=Day 0). The vitrification solution contained 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll, and 0.3 M sucrose in PBS. The embryos were placed for 1 to 2 min in vitrification solution (Group 1) or following exposure to 20% ethylene glycol in PBS for 10 to 20 min (Groups 2 and 3). Single embryos were loaded in 0.25-ml str...
Fowden AL, Ralph MM, Silver M.Prostaglandins (PGs) are produced by a variety of uteroplacental tissues during pregnancy and are released into the fetal fluid sacs and both the uterine and umbilical circulations. Uterine PG output increases towards term and is enhanced by maternal undernutrition in pregnant ewes and mares. In both species, withdrawal of food but not water for 30-48 h increases uterine venous PG levels and the uterine venous arterial concentration differences in PGE and 13, 14, dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM), the stable metabolite of PGF2 alpha. The increments in uterine V-A concentration diff...
Ginther OJ, Griffin PG.The natural outcome of bilateral twins (one in each uterine horn) that were viable on Day 40 was studied in 15 pony mares. Fetuses were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography until the outcome was determinable. One fetus (2 mares) or both fetuses (8 mares) died (cessation of heartbeats) during Months 2 and 3. Loss of fetuses was externally observed in 4 additional mares during the late fetal stage (Months 8 to 11); 2 mares lost 1 fetus and 2 lost both fetuses. Birth of 2 live foals occurred in only 1 of 15 mares (7%) First day of detected apposition between portions of the 2 allantochorions ...
Montavon S.Because of the anatomical position of the Corpus luteum within the ovary, rectal palpation is of little value for identification and evaluation. The aim of this review is to familiarize the practitioner with the echographic examination of the Cl. He should be able to recognize different stages of this important structure and to correlate ovulation and the existence of the Cl. Various specific criteria and details regarding equine echography are reported and illustrated, using the the most recently published scientific data.
Curran JA, Argyle DJ, Cox P, Onions DE, Nicolson L.Interferon gamma, a cytokine produced by T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells, plays a central role in the modulation of the immune response, and its antiviral and antitumourigenic properties have made it a potential candidate for use in immunoprophylactic and therapeutic regimes. We have cloned the equine IFN gamma cDNA to facilitate production of this cytokine for clinical evaluation in the horse. The predicted equine IFN gamma amino acid sequence is 67% identical to that of the human equivalent and 78% to the bovine equivalent.
Furr M, Taylor L, Kronfeld D.Gastroendoscopic surveys have shown that horses in race training have a greater prevalence of gastric ulceration than sedentary horses. To determine if exercise affects gastric endocrine function the following experiment was performed. Four horses were fed total mixed ration of ground corn and chopped hay at 2% of their body weight, divided into 2 equal portions, daily. Horses were fasted overnight, and serum gastrin concentration was determined just before and 2 hours after feeding. The horses were then sprint trained on a high speed treadmill for 6 weeks. The response of serum gastrin to fee...
Arai T, Washizu T, Hamada S, Sako T, Takagi S, Yashiki K, Motoyoshi S.D-Glucose transport and cytosolic enzyme activities were measured in erythrocytes from 2-year-old thoroughbreds under continuous training exercise (race horses) and compared with those from untrained horses of various ages (sires, mares and untrained 2-year-old thoroughbreds). The activities of the glucose transport and glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, in the race horses' erythrocytes were elevated to 2-3.5 times above those of untrained horses. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, triglyceride or IRI concentrations between the horses in training and untr...
van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, Wensing T, Breukink HJ.The urinary corticoid:creatinine (c:c) ratio was determined in eight horses with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). The mean (+/- SD) urinary c:c ratio of the eight horses with HAC (29 +/- 14 x 10(-6)) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the ratio in seven control horses (11 +/- 4.3 x 10(-6)). The urinary concentration of corticoids in control horses (201 +/- 60.4 nmol litre-1) was significantly (P 0.05) between both groups. As both false negative and false positive cases were found, it is concluded that a measurement of the urinary c:c ratio in the horse should not be used as the sole test...
Brown MP, Pool RR.Braided carbon fiber sutures were used to repair surgically transected or lacerated digital flexor tendons of 20 mature horses (10 experimental and 10 clinical cases). In addition, 4 experimental horses had tenectomies that were not surgically repaired; these served as controls for the horses with carbon-implanted tendons. Six of the 10 clinically affected horses were returned to their intended use; 2 were euthanatized because of complications and 2 were still recuperating. The experimental horses were euthanatized at 12 days and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 months. Tendon scars were structurally and fu...
Chesen AB, Rakestraw PC.To identify indications for and short- and long-term outcome of permanent tracheostomy performed in standing horses. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 82 horses undergoing permanent tracheostomy. Methods: Data obtained from medical records included signalment, diagnosis, surgical technique, complications, use of the horse before and after surgery, and owner satisfaction. Follow-up information was obtained through a telephone questionnaire administered to owners. Results: Indications for permanent tracheostomy included nasopharyngeal cicatrix (n = 59), arytenoid chondropathy (55), an...
Hennessy SE, Fraser BS.Over a 3-year period between July 2008 and July 2011, 10 exploratory laparotomies were performed on foals in a Waikato referral facility in New Zealand. Results: Right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) was identified during four exploratory laparotomies in three foals that presented for mild-to-moderate colic that was non-responsive to medical management. One foal required a repeat laparotomy 7 weeks post initial surgery, and RDDLC was again diagnosed. Methods: Right dorsal displacement of the large colon in foals. Conclusions: Further investigation may identify risk factors or ma...
Turrentine MA, Sculley PW, Green EM, Johnson GS.Two sibling miniature horses, a male and a female, had a normal 1-stage prothrombin time and a prolonged activated-partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The addition of as little as 5% of a normal equine plasma pool to the plasma samples of both horses shortened their prolonged APTT to within normal limits. Coagulation factor analysis revealed deficiencies in factor XII (12 and 13 U/dl, control population 77 to 128 U/dl), when determined with a feline factor XII-deficient plasma substrate, but normal concentrations (119 and 96 U/dl) when a human factor XII-deficient plasma substrate was used. De...
Lima JJ.Serum protein binding of the basic enantiomers of disopyramide were studied in several animal species. (S)-(+)-Disopyramide was more highly bound than the (R)-(-)-enantiomer to serum protein in the man, gorilla, and pig. The reverse was true in cow serum, and in serum and albumin from sheep. Enantioselective differences in binding were due to differences in association constants. No enantioselective differences in binding were observed in serum protein from horse and goat, or in albumin from cow and pig. Disopyramide was highly bound to two sites on horse albumin. The association constant char...
Jenkinson DM, Loney C, Elder HY, Montgomery I, Mason DK.Histological studies of the sweat glands of anhidrotic horses in the Hong Kong summer and under conditions of reduced thermal stress, both natural and controlled, were undertaken to determine if glandular regeneration occurs. Clinical data were collected for comparison with the histological results in each instance. Horses were assigned to one of three categories on the basis of the resulting change in the number of thin glandular profiles in a cooler environment. Group 1, which was classed as normal, had a low initial value, which was maintained. Group 2, typical of mild and moderately affect...
Kloppe LH, Varner DD, Elmore RG, Bretzlaff KN, Shull JW.A breeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of insemination timing on the fertility of mares bred with frozen/thawed equine semen. One stallion and 60 reproductively sound, estrous-synchronized mares were included in the study. Mares were assigned to one of three groups (n = 20): 1) insemination with fresh semen every other day during estrus from detection of a 35-mm follicle until ovulation, 2) insemination with frozen/thawed semen every day during estrus from detection of a 35-mm follicle until ovulation or 3) insemination with frozen/thawed semen once, within 6 h after ovulation. ...
Gehlen H, Puhlmann J, Merle R, Thöne-Reineke C.Auxiliary reins are commonly used for the training of riders and horses as well as in daily training. They are often criticized when used incorrectly, as they will not help and can harm the horse by causing overwork, accidents, and injuries, which harm the horse in the long term. They also often conceal causal rider problems while trying to achieve quick success. The aim of this paper was to investigate, with an online horse-owner questionnaire, which and how often auxiliary reins were used and whether they were used appropriately. Only participants who were currently using auxiliary reins wer...
Noue P, Bernabé J, Rampin O, Vidament M, Dumas T, Palmer E, Magistrini M.The sexual behavior of 42 stallions from French national and private studs was examined in two contexts: semen collection for artificial insemination (AI) and in-hand natural service (NS). Each stallion was observed twice in the same context. Erection and ejaculation latencies, the number of mounts leading to ejaculation, dismount latency and total breeding time were measured and compared between AI and NS. Mount without erection was rare (6/83 observations). Erection latency was 89+/-11s, and was not different between NS (62+/-22s) and AI (100+/-13s, P=0.128). Stallions ejaculated after eithe...
Donnelly CG, Sones JL, Dockweiler JC, Norberg LA, Norberg LE, Cheong SH, Gilbert RO.OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of flunixin meglumine as a treatment to postpone ovulation in mares, mare fertility after flunixin meglumine treatment during estrous cycles, and effects of flunixin meglumine on function of the corpus luteum after ovulation. ANIMALS 13 healthy mares. PROCEDURES A single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) or lactated Ringer solution (placebo treatment) was administered for 2 days to mares with a dominant follicle (≥ 35 mm in diameter) and behavioral signs of estrus. Mares then were bred by artificia...
Carroll JF, Schmidtmann ET, Rice RM.One hundred ten white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were captured on horse farms in south-central Maryland, examined for ticks, and tested for specific antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of Potomac horse fever. Peromyscus leucopus were consistently infested with immature American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis), with monthly prevalences as high as 80%. Sera from all 97 P. leucopus tested for antibodies to E. risticii were negative. This indicates that P. leucopus is not a reservoir of E. risticii, and suggests that immature D. variabilis do not acquire E. risticii in ...
Varasano V, Marruchella G, Petrizzi L.The healing of wounds located on the equine distal limbs can often be impaired, which can result in exuberant granulation tissue and its associated aesthetic alteration and functional failures. Although a number of therapies have been developed and assessed, the treatment of these wounds still presents challenges. This report describes the treatment of exuberant granulation tissue in a horse using an intra-lesional injection of 4% formaldehyde solution. The successful outcome of this treatment suggests that further investigations are required in order to better evaluate its efficacy, as well a...
Koenig J, Hurtig M, Pearce S, Henderson J, Morris T.Prolonged postoperative recuperation time and restricted exercise were circumvented by using ballistic shock wave lithotripsy to break up an 8-cm diameter vesical calculus and by flushing out the sand-like residue under epidural anesthesia with the horse standing. Recovery was uneventful.
Francfort P, Schatzmann HJ.It is shown that the concentration of ouabain necessary for 50 per cent inhibition of the Na+K activated membrane ATPase of red cells is similar in man and horse. This is taken to indicate that the two species have similar sensitivity towards cardiac glycosides in general. In five adult healthy horses plasma digoxin concentration was measured with a radioimmunoassay technique after a single intravenous injection of 1 mg/100 kg body weight digoxin. The half time of elimination was 23 h and the apparent volume of distribution 7.3 litres/kg. An approximate estimate of plasma protein binding of di...
Lorga AD, Gomes ARC, Strugava L, Moreno JCD, Dornbusch PT.Thoracoscopy pericardiotomy consists of endoscopic access to the thoracic cavity to perform the opening of the pericardial sac, described in the equine species only through the intercostal access, and there are no studies addressing the singleport transdiaphragmatic access, so the objective was to develop the pericardiotomy technique by transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopy using a single port. The technique was performed using six cadavers of adult horses, positioned in dorsal decubitus, making it possible to initiate access with an incision in the region proximal to the xiphoid process, for the in...
Robert C, Valette JP, Jacquet S, Denoix JM.The relationship between osteoarticular status and future athletic capacity is commonly accepted in equine practice, but there is little to support this belief in Thoroughbreds. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) in Thoroughbred yearlings and to investigate the significance of these with regard to subsequent racing performance. The radiographic files from 328 Thoroughbred yearlings born in Normandy were assessed in a consistent manner and entered into a database together with racing records. Logistic regression models were used ...
Swain JM, Licka T, Rhind SM, Hudson NP.A seven-year-old standardbred gelding developed marked signs of colic associated with an acute small intestinal obstruction. Surgical exploration revealed three intramural, circumferential constricting lesions in the small intestine, the two most severe of which were in the jejunum and were resected. The horse was euthanased owing to postoperative complications. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic multifocal eosinophilic enteritis.
Kamerling SG.The recognition and alleviation of animal pain is a growing veterinary and public concern. Pain can be of an acute or chronic nature with different behavioral manifestations. Physiologically, pain is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that produces changes in the central and autonomic nervous systems as well as in the endocrine system. Horses and other animals appear to possess an endogenous pain-suppressing system involving the brainstem and spinal cord. This system can modulate pain perception and the responses to it. The recently discovered endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins and enkephali...
Álvarez C, Luño V, González N, Guerra P, Gil L.This study aimed to evaluate the addition of mare colostrum in stallion freezing extenders to improve sperm quality. First, colostrum samples were collected from four mares after the foal's birth and their composition was determined. Ejaculates were collected from nine fertile stallions. Sperm samples were pooled, diluted, and cryopreserved into three experimental extender groups: Lactose-based extender supplemented with mare colostrum (20%), lactose-based extender supplemented with egg yolk (20%), and BotuCrio. The quality of the post-thaw semen samples were evaluated assessing sperm motility...
de Arruda Coutinho LC, de Jesus AL, de Paiva Fontes KF, Coimbra EC, Mariz FC, de Freitas AC, de Cássia Carvalho Maia R, de Castro RS.Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a persistent lentivirus infection of horses which causes a chronic clinical condition with worldwide importance in veterinary medicine. The p26 protein is usually prepared for use as an antigen in serological tests for EIA diagnosis since it is a well-conserved gene sequence and very immunogenic. In view of the ability of yeast to make post-translational modifications of proteins, this study was carried out to allow Pichia pastoris to be used for the expression of a synthetic codon-optimized EIAV p26 gene. The gene was cloned into pPICZαA vector after appropr...
Wang J, Wen S, Zhao R, Qi J, Liu Z, Li W, An J, Wood C, Wang Y.The conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to the target protein, namely, SUMOylation, is involved in the regulation of many important biological events including host-pathogen interaction. Some viruses have evolved to exploit the host SUMOylation machinery to modify their own protein. Retroviral Gag protein plays critical roles in the viral life cycle. The HIV-1 p6 and the Moloney murine leukemia virus CA have been reported to be conjugated with SUMO. In this study, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, the covalent conjugation of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) G...
Kranenburg LC, van Ree HE, Calis AN, de Pater M, Buter GJ, van Maanen C, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaarn MM.Equine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis is an emerging disease of weanling foals and affects their growth and development. The prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in The Netherlands is not known. The aim of the study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses in The Netherlands. Blood samples were taken from healthy foals before and after weaning and from healthy yearlings and mature horses on farms throughout The Netherlands. These samples were analysed for the presence of Lawsonia intracellularis-specific antibodies with a block...
Loynachan AT.A 21-day-old Thoroughbred colt was euthanized following a history of recurrent colic. A 4.5 cm in diameter, occlusive, submucosal cyst was identified in the duodenum at necropsy. Histologically, the cyst was surrounded by a smooth muscle wall and was lined by both squamous and attenuated cuboidal to columnar epithelium. A diagnosis of an esophageal cyst was made based on the gross and histologic findings.
Stolz I, Anneken V, Froböse I.The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization (WHO) was established as an international framework for monitoring rehabilitation outcomes and the impacts of health interventions since, as the term "functioning" implies, it emphasizes a person's "lived health" in addition to their biological health status. Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) represents a holistic intervention approach that aims to improve both biomedical functioning and the patient's lived health in relation to performing activities and participating in social situations...
