Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Moore BR, Reed SM, Robertson JT.Seventy-three horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy underwent cervical vertebral interbody fusion (n = 63) or dorsal laminectomy (n = 10). Neurologic function improved in 77% of horses, and 46% of horses achieved athletic function (racing, race training, or pleasure riding) after cervical vertebral interbody fusion for static and dynamic spinal cord compressive lesions. Neurologic status improved in 4 of 10 horses after dorsal decompression for static compressive spinal cord lesions. The duration of clinical signs prior to surgical intervention was shorter for horses that achieved athletic ...
Fletcher JE, Erwin K, Beech J.Previous studies have demonstrated that phenytoin decreases the levels of triacylglycerols in several tissues other than skeletal muscle. Since phenytoin is clinically effective in several skeletal muscle disorders, triacylglycerol metabolism in skeletal muscle from four normal Quarter horses and four Quarter horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis was examined. The horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis had low levels of 18:3 in the phospholipids, low levels of 16:0, 16:1 and 18:3 in the free fatty acids and low levels of 20:4 in triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerol levels were increase...
Wood JL, Burrell MH, Roberts CA, Chanter N, Shaw Y.The likelihood of finding evidence of inflammation in 551 tracheal washes collected endoscopically from 278 Thoroughbred racehorses increased with the number of bacterial colony forming units (cfu) per ml of wash (P < 0.001). The aerobic bacteria Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Pasteurella/Actinobacillus-like species and Streptococcus pneumoniae were significantly associated with lower airway inflammation whereas coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., alpha-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-haemolytic Streptococcus spp...
Kobluk CN.Lateral luxation of the patella in four femoropatellar joints of three foals was repaired by recession sulcoplasty and medial imbrication of the joint. One foal was euthanatized because of septic arthritis caused by incisional dehiscence, and the other two foals were normal 2 years after surgery. Recession sulcoplasty combined with medial imbrication of the joint capsule resulted in a functional femoropatellar joint and should be considered in foals affected with lateral patellar luxation.
Bell BT, Baker GJ, Foreman JH, Abbott LC.The frequency of communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints was investigated in 27 horses and 12 ponies. After the injection of diluted latex into the tarsometatarsal joints using the plantarolateral approach, the horses and ponies were walked for 200 meters. Latex was found in the distal intertarsal joints of 19 of 73 tarsi (26% communication) at necropsy. In 3 tarsi, latex was also found in the proximal intertarsal and tarsocrural joints.
Rikihisa Y, Wada R, Reed SM, Yamamoto S.The role of the humoral immune response in ehrlichial infection is unknown. Development of neutralizing antibodies during a course of Ehrlichia risticii infection in a pony was examined in vitro by determining the inhibition of E. risticii infection of P388D1 cells in the presence of the sera. The pony experimentally infected with E. risticii developed significant neutralizing activity in the sera by 15 days postinfection when parasitemia started to decline. Neutralizing activity continued to rise after recovery from the disease up to 34 days postinfection at which time the experiment was term...
Ball BA, Brinsko SP, Thomas PG, Miller PG, Ellington JE.Development of 1- to 2-cell in vivo fertilized equine embryos cultured with or without uterine tubal epithelial cells (UTEC) was studied. One- to 2-cell embryos (n = 26) were collected surgically from the uterine tubes of pony mares 1 day after ovulation. Four- to 8-cell embryos (n = 9) were collected 2 days after ovulation. Presumptive zygotes and 2-cell embryos were cultured with (n = 17) or without (n = 9) UTEC, and all 4- to 8-cell embryos were cocultured with UTEC as positive controls. Uterine tubal epithelial cells were used as cell suspensions within 2 weeks after initiation of cultures...
Caron JP, Toppin DS, Block JA.Middle carpal cartilage explants from 4 horses with mild osteoarthritis involving that joint were maintained in tissue culture to test the effects of a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) on proteoglycan synthesis and degradation. Cultures were exposed to 0.025 or 25 mg of PSGAG/ml for 48 hours, after which the medium was replaced with medium containing similar doses of PSGAG and 35S. Subsequently, the sulfated proteoglycan content of the medium and extracts of the explants was measured. Gel filtration chromatography was used to estimate the size and to purify the principal, large proteogly...
Trostle SS, Dubielzig RR, Beck KA.Nine horses with clinical and radiographic findings of cervical vertebral malformation that were necropsied and examined using frozen cervical spinal cord cross sections were reviewed. Only cases with actual distortion of the spinal cord due to compression were selected. The goal of the study was to determine the morphologic features responsible for narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the spinal cord. In individual cases, bony changes are associated with osteochondrosis and osteomyelitis of the dorsal articular facets and osteosclerosis of the dorsal cervical lamina. Soft tissue p...
Hubbell JA, Muir WW, Gaynor JS.Six horses scheduled for euthanasia were instrumented for the measurement of blood flow by thermodilution, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and arterial blood pressures and collection of arterial blood for pH and blood gas analysis. The horses were anaesthetised with intravenous (iv) thiamylal sodium (10 mg/kg) and placed in right lateral recumbency. After euthanasia with an overdose of pentobarbitone sodium (100 mg/kg, iv) and loss of the electrocardiogram and arterial pulse pressure, thoracic compression at rates of 40, 60 and 80 compressions/min was instituted. Thoracic compression was acco...
Todhunter RJ, Altman NS, Kallfelz FA, Nersesian P, Lust G.Combined blood pool and delayed images produced by use of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (99mTcMDP) were evaluated as an objective measurement of the response of equine joints with osteochondral defects to postoperative exercise and intra-articularly administered polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG). Osteochondral defects (approx 2.4 x 0.9 cm) were induced arthroscopically in the dorsodistal radial carpal bones of 18 ponies. These ponies were randomized (while balancing for age [range 2 to 15; median, 5.0; mean, 5.1 years]) to 2 treatment groups. Nine ponies were assigned to be exercised, and...
Vanderwall DK, Woods GL, Freeman DA, Weber JA, Rock RW, Tester DF.The objectives of this study were: 1) to document age-related ovulation failure in mares and 2) to contrast the number of ovarian follicles, occurrence of ovulations, and postovulatory concentrations of progesterone in aged versus young mares. In Experiment 1, 4 of 10 aged (25- to 33-years-old) mares were anovulatory between July 1 and September 1, 1989. In Experiment 2, two of 25 aged (20- to 30-years-old) and none of 21 young (3- to 12-years-old) mares were anovulatory between February 1 and June 30, 1990. The average (+/- SEM) day of the first ovulation was later (P<0.05) for aged versus...
Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Ruoff WW, Brumbaugh GW, Schmitz DG, Kuesis BS.Saline or glucose solution was infused for approximately 4 hours into six healthy mares in two separate experiments to determine the effect of infusion of crystalloid solutions on fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), ratio of urinary creatinine to serum creatinine (UCr/SCr), and ratio of urinary osmolality to serum osmolality (Uosm/Sosm). After intravenous infusion of either saline or glucose solution, FENa, FECl and FEP were significantly increased, whereas UCr/SCr and Uosm/Sosm were significantly decreased. In addition, FEK was significa...
Casey PJ, Hillman RB, Robertson KR, Yudin AI, Liu IK, Drobnis EZ.An acrosomal staining technique that can differentiate between living and dead sperm was developed for equine sperm. The fluoresceinated lectin Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) was used to identify the presence or absence of acrosomal contents, while the supravital nuclear dye Hoechst 33258 (H258) was used to assess viability. The accuracy of the FITC-PSA acrosomal stain was tested by comparing the percentage of sperm that had lost their acrosomal contents, detected by the staining method, with that detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Following capacitation in vitro, the acr...
Scudamore CL, Pemberton A, Watson ED, Miller HR.Studies have demonstrated that as a result of proteolytic inactivation or complex formation (with neutrophil elastase), human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (API) becomes a potent chemoattractant for human neutrophils. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro chemotactic response of equine neutrophils to an equivalent complex of equine API and neutrophil elastase. No evidence of neutrophil migration was observed towards purified complex derived from equine neutrophil elastase and the Spi 1 isoform of equine API, or to crude mixtures of porcine pancreatic elastase and unseparated equin...
Turner TA, Brown CA, Wilson JH, Roth L, Rosenstein DS, Schweizer CM, Woodaman KA.A 14-year-old Arabian gelding was examined for colic. An exploratory celiotomy was subsequently performed and the left lobe of the liver was found to be twisted. The lobe was resected using a TA-90 surgical stapling instrument. Histologic examination of the resected liver indicated portal vein and sinusoid dilation and congestion with blood. There were focal areas of necrosis and bacterial cocci and rods throughout the section. The histologic findings were consistent with hepatic lobe torsion. After surgery, the horse was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, hepari...
Beech J, Lindborg S, Braund KG.Potassium concentrations were measured in semimembranosus muscle, plasma and erythrocytes, and the urinary fractional excretion determined in normal horses and those that had chronic intermittent exercise-associated rhabdomyolysis. Muscle from the rhabdomyolysis horses was also evaluated microscopically. The horses with rhabdomyolysis had a lower muscle potassium concentration on a dry weight basis. Although the wet weight potassium content was also lower, the difference was not significant. Urinary fractional excretion of potassium (and also sodium and chloride) did not differ significantly b...
McGorum BC, Dixon PM.Local transendoscopic endobronchial antigen challenge, which has proved to be a valuable clinical and research technique in the study of human pulmonary hypersensitivity, was evaluated in control and asymptomatic COPD--affected horses. Transendoscopic endobronchial challenges with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Micropolyspora faeni extract at 60 and 600 micrograms/ml and mouldy hay extract elicited neutrophilic airway inflammatory responses in control (N = 5-7) and asymptomatic COPD-affected (N = 5-7) horses, as determined by cytological examinations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) ha...
Iversson LB, Silva RA, da Rosa AP, Barros VL.Neutralizing antibodies to EEE (6.7%), WEE (1.2%), ILH (26.6%), MAG (28.2%) and TCM (15.7%) viruses were found in sera of 432 equines of the Brazilian Pantanal, area where undiagnosed horse deaths are frequently observed. A 4-fold rise in CF titer to EEE virus was detected in acute and convalescent sera of an encephalitis horse sacrificed in 1992. Antibodies to EEE, ILH, MAG and TCM viruses were detected in horses less than 2 years old indicating recent circulation of these viruses in the Pantanal. The evidence of recent equine encephalitis associated with rising CF titer to EEE warrants a mor...
Divers TJ, Schappel KA, Sweeney RW, Tennant BC.Persistent hyperbilirubinemia and icterus are described in a healthy 4-year-old Thoroughbred horse. Hyperbilirubinemia was not related to food intake and was not associated with evidence of increased hemolysis or with acquired hepatic disease. The hyperbilirubinemia was thought to be a result of inappropriate conjugation of bilirubin rather than any abnormality in bilirubin uptake or excretion. The bilirubinemia in this horse appears most similar to a human syndrome, caused by a familial deficiency of bilirubin-uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase.
Holyoak GR, Little TV, McCollam WH, Timoney PJ.The relationship between stage of reproductive tract maturity and susceptibility to the experimental establishment of persistent infection with equine arteritis virus (EAV) was investigated in 21 prepubertal and 15 peripubertal colts. Five of six prepubertal colts inoculated intranasally remained infected in the reproductive tract from post-challenge day 28 to 93 and two of six from post-challenge day 120 to 180. No virus was detected in five of these animals killed on post-challenge day 210. Each of two peripubertal colts remained infected in the reproductive tract at post-challenge day 60 an...
Hope E, Johnston SD, Hegstad RL, Geor RJ, Murphy MJ.A commercially available radioimmunoassay kit for measurement of human osteocalcin was validated for use in horses. For accurate measurement of equine serum osteocalcin, blood samples may be collected at a temperature between 20 and 25 C, then centrifuged within 90 minutes; serum may be stored at -20 C in plastic tubes for up to 26 weeks. Serum may be thawed and refrozen up to 5 times without significant change in measured equine serum osteocalcin concentration. Assay sensitivity was 0.16 ng/ml. Recovery of bovine osteocalcin standard added to equine serum was linear. Intra-assay coefficient o...
Schumacher J, Ford TS, Brumbaugh GW, Honnas CM.Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (4 cm diameter) were created on metacarpi and metatarsi of 5 horses. On day 6, all 4 wounds on each horse received a stored autogenous split-thickness sheet graft. Grafts were obtained from the horse's ventrolateral thorax with a pneumatic dermatome at the time the cutaneous wounds were created. Grafts were coapted to the granulation bed of 2 wounds of each horse with fibrin glue. Grafts were coapted to the cutaneous margin of all 4 wounds of each horse with cyanoacrylate glue. Bandages were changed daily until the study ended at 14 d. When the bandag...
Lepeule J, Bareille N, Valette JP, Seegers H, Jacquet S, Denoix JM, Robert C.Developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD) affects all breeds and is a common cause of pain and lameness for horses in sports. A thorough knowledge of between-breed variations for the prevalence of DOD, for its distribution among the various joints and for its severity at earlier stages in the disease process is needed in order to improve the relevance and the cost-effectiveness of DOD screening protocols. However, no prevalence study for DOD simultaneously performed on several breeds with similar farming systems and based on radiographic findings (RF) on quite a large number of joints and views,...
Moroz LA, Comerford TA, Guttman RD.Serum sickness followed the administration of anti-lymphocyte globulin to a patient with multiple sclerosis. In addition to other characteristic features of this syndrome, there was hypocomplementemia and transient renal dysfunction similar to that observed in the 'one-shot' experimental model of serum sickness. Cryoglobulinemia was transiently demonstrable at the height of the inflammatory response. Analysis of the purified cryoprecipitate revealed the presence of human IgG and IgA, and, in addition, equine IgG. This demonstration of a well-defined exagenous antigen in the cryoprecipitate pro...
Stoppini R, Tassan S, Barachetti L.An 8-year-old Hanoverian mare was presented for chronic mucopurulent discharge in the left eye, which was responsive to topical antibiotic therapy. Results: The nasolacrimal orifice was absent in the left nasal meatum, and anterograde irrigation of left nasolacrimal duct was not possible. Dacryocystorhinography was performed and revealed about 4-6 cm of distal nasolacrimal duct atresia. Unassigned: A novel technique was attempted with the horse under standing sedation using an urinary catheter and a 980 nm diode laser with a 600 μm diameter flexible bare quartz fiber. A nasolacrimal orifice w...
Fielding CL, Stolba DN.Changes in arterial pressure due to respiratory phases have been used to predict fluid responsiveness in a number of species and pulse pressure variation (PPV) and systolic pressure variation (SPV) are commonly used. The relationship between PPV and SPV has not been described in horses. Objective: To describe and compare PPV and SPV values of horses under general anesthesia. Methods: Twenty-six horses undergoing general anesthesia and receiving mechanical ventilation were enrolled in the study. Recordings of maximal and minimal values of pulse pressure and systolic pressure were calculated eve...
Brady HA, James CR, Dendy DW, Irwin TA, Thompson LD, Camp TM.This study examined the effects of 15 sessions of hippotherapy (HPOT) on gross motor skills in children (aged 2-3 years) with gross motor developmental delay (DD) (n = 11) in comparison with age-based controls without DD (n = 6). Gross motor skills in both groups were assessed with the Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd Edition, and gait parameters were measured using a computerized gait analysis system prestudy and poststudy. The DD group took part in 15 sessions of HPOT, and the control (CON) group did not participate in any equine activities. The statistical analysis examined preinterv...
Salco R, Bowers J, Hernandez V, Barnum S, Pusterla N.This study aimed to determine if the administration of a modified live equine influenza virus vaccine (FluAvert) to foals would positively impact their health and reduce colonization of their upper airways with equine herpesviruses (EHV) during the weaning period. A single dose of FluAvert was given to 20 healthy foals 7 days prior to being weaned; 20 healthy foals served as unvaccinated controls. Nasal secretions and blood were collected before vaccination, the day of weaning, and weekly thereafter for 3 weeks. Nasal secretions were tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for ...
Schauvliege S, Van den Eede A, Duchateau L, Pille F, Vlaminck L, Gasthuys F.To compare cardiac output () measurements using lithium dilution (LiDCO) and pulse contour analysis (PulseCO) techniques in isoflurane-anaesthetized ponies before and during the administration of different inotropic/vasoactive drugs. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental cross-over trial. Methods: Six ponies aged 5.0 +/- 1.6 (4-6.5) years and weighing 286 +/- 53 (212-368) kg. Methods: After sedation (romifidine) and induction (midazolam + ketamine), anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. After 90 minutes (= T0), one of four treatments was administered: saline 0.1 mL kg(-1...
Merlo B, Mari G, Iacono E.The increase in demand for in vitro produced horse embryos is fostering the development of commercial laboratories for this purpose. Nevertheless, blastocyst production after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is still not as great as desired in most of these laboratories. In relation to horse oocyte classification, both expanded and compact cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) are used for in vitro embryo production. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro embryo developmental capacity of COCs from horses including those with only the corona radiata, frequently collected after aspiratio...
Beetson SA, Hilbert BJ, Mills JN.The effectiveness of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) in detecting failure to acquire colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foals was investigated. This was achieved by comparing and correlating results from the GCT with those obtained by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) of equine IgG. The GCT was found to be a practical, inexpensive, semiquantitative test with a high specificity and sensitivity at critical IgG levels.
Costa D, Leiva M, Naranjo C, Ríos J, Peña MT.To evaluate microbiological, histological, and ultrastructural characteristics of short-term cryopreserved (STC) equine corneoscleral tissue (7 years). Methods: Thirty-four healthy equine globes. Methods: After a decontamination protocol, globes were enucleated and stored at -20°C in broad-spectrum antibiotics. Corneoscleral tissue was evaluated at different storage periods: 1 month-1 year (20 eyes) and 7-9 years (12 eyes). Two eyes were used as controls. Microbiologic study included direct (blood, McConkey, and Sabouraud agars) and enrichment (brain-heart infusion broth) cultures. Cryopr...
Sassot LN, Ragle CA, Farnsworth KD, Lund CM.The major objective of this study was to describe the use of morcellation for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in 30 client-owned horses. A second objective was to describe a laparoscopic-assisted standing scrotal technique for removal of a descended testis in unilateral cryptorchids. Morcellation for extraction of abdominal testes is effective, efficient, and well-tolerated. Morcellation enabled safe and straightforward extraction of testes from the abdomen through an approximately 13- to 20-mm incision using a 2-portal technique. No incisional or morcellator-related complications occu...
Andersen S, Fogh J.During a 5 months' period from January to May 1981 faecal samples of 176 donkeys from 59 herds all over the country were examined at the Institute of internal medicine, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. In addition, the investigation also included 106 horses from 30 of the donkey herds and 34 horses hospitalized with symptoms of dyspnoea and chronic coughing. In all, 87.5% of the donkeys were shown to excrete D. arnfieldi larvae, often in very high numbers, and the larval excretion was the only symptom of lungworm infection. There was no significant correlation betw...
Orsini JA, Dikes N, Ruggles A, Charlton C, Perry R.Esophageal obstruction of 1 week's duration in a gelding was diagnosed by contrast radiography and esophagoscopy. A food bolus was found at the junction of the caudal thoracic portion of the esophagus and the cardia. A gastrotomy was performed through a cranial abdominal incision and a phytobezoar was manually broken down and removed. The gelding was started on complete pellet food and water on the fifth day after surgery. The horse remained clinically normal more than 1 year after surgery.
French DA, Fretz PB.A retrospective study was conducted on 35 equine patients with lower leg wounds that were managed utilizing skin graft procedures. Two pinch graft, five punch graft, seven tunnel graft, eight split-thickness mesh graft and thirteen full-thickness mesh expansion graft procedures were performed in the initial treatment. The average wound size was 188 cm(2). Twentyfour cases had pregrafting complications: 10 wounds developed sequestra; three wounds were grossly contaminated and infected; and 11 cases developed granulation tissue complications prior to grafting. Graft failure following the initial...
Trump M, Kircher PR, Fürst A.Two fillies with hindlimb lameness and a tentative diagnosis of a pelvic fracture involving the acetabulum were examined using computed tomography (CT). The use of CT for these two cases revealed the exact course of the fractures and fissures, as well as the size and position of fragments, thus allowing for definitive diagnosis.
Rossano MG, Schott HC, Kaneene JB, Murphy AJ, Kruttlin EA, Hines MT, Sellon DC, Patterson JS, Elsheikha HM, Dubey JP, Mansfield LS.To determine whether daily administration of pyrantel tartrate can prevent infection in horses experimentally challenged with Sarcocystis neurona. Methods: 24 mixed-breed specific-pathogen-free weanling horses, 10 adult horses, 1 opossum, and 6 mice. Methods: Sarcocystis neurona-naïve weanling horses were randomly allocated to 2 groups. Group A received pyrantel tartrate at the labeled dose, and group B received a nonmedicated pellet. Both groups were orally inoculated with 100 sporocysts/d for 28 days, 500 sporocysts/d for 28 days, and 1000 sporocysts/d for 56 days. Blood samples were collec...
Gieche JM.This article serves as a template for equine veterinarians to become proficient in basic intraoral premolar and molar extraction techniques of Equidae. Indications, equipment, and methodology are described. Numerous photos and videos are included to achieve a more immersive learning experience than can be accomplished with the written word alone. Clinicians performing these techniques will continue to improve their skillsets to achieve positive outcomes as case specifics become more challenging.
Bidwell LA, Wilson DV, Caron JP.To measure concentrations of lidocaine serum after application of two 5% patches on horses. Methods: Prospective experimental trial Methods: Six client-owned, systemically healthy horses. Methods: The hair was clipped on the medial aspect above the carpus of both fore limbs and 2 patches of 5% lidocaine were applied within 30 minutes of jugular catheter placement and the area was then bandaged. Venous blood was drawn from a jugular vein catheter that was inserted using lidocaine as a local block. Samples were drawn immediately before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after patch application. The...
Gomez-Cuetara C, Flores JM, Sanchez J, Rodriguez A, Sanchez MA.An histological study of the postpartum period in 29 mares was carried out. Uterine biopsies were taken daily during the first 10 days postpartum in a total of 87 samples. At day 0, equine endometrium was characterized in the surface by the presence of regularly ordered microcaruncles; the stratum spongiosum was oedematous and contained distended and scarce glands. Degenerative changes in microcaruncles and endometrial glands were present on day 1 postpartum. The epithelium of the microcaruncles from 2 to 5 days postpartum showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, karyorrhexis and an inflammatory reac...
Oberhaus EL, Thompson DL, Foster BA, Pinto CR.This experiment assessed the hormonal production, secretory aspects, and changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor gene expression of early induced ovulatory-sized follicles relative to the first ovulatory-sized follicles occurring naturally in the spring. Anovulatory mares were treated on January 21 with (1) 50 mg of estradiol cypionate (ECP, n = 8) alone or (2) with ECP followed by two 3-g sulpiride injections (n = 8), 5 and 12 days later. Half of each group also received complete follicle ablation via transvaginal aspiration before ECP treatment. Ovaries were scanned regularly until ...
Gahne S, Gånheim A, Malmgren L.Different insemination doses have been used for artificial insemination(AI) in horses. Since the insemination dose can affect the pregnancy rate, it is important to ensure that an adequate dose be used regardless of the type of inseminationprotocol used. The aim of this study was to find out if it is possible to decrease the insemination dose from 500 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa to 300 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa and still maintain an acceptable pregnancy rate when using extended fresh semen. Thirteen stallions of known fertility and a well-defined group of 64 mares w...
