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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Sero-epizootiological study of racehorses with pyrexia in the training centers of the Japan Racing Association. A sero-epizootiological study was conducted on horses which showed clinical pyrexia at two training centers, each of which maintained 1, 200 to 2, 100 racehorses for training, of the Japan Racing Association. It continued from 1980 to 1985 to clarify the cause of pyrexia, so that measures might be considered for the prevention of infectious disease. A total of 3, 849 horses were found to be affected with pyrexia for the 6 years. Of them, 2, 852 horses were tested to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), equine rhinovirus type 1 (ERhV-1), rotavirus and equine adenovirus (EAdV) by collecting paired...
Eumycotic mycetoma: review and report of a cutaneous lesion caused by Pseudallescheria boydii in a horse. A cutaneous mass (1.5 cm in diameter) was removed from the head of a horse and was diagnosed histologically as eumycotic mycetoma. Immunofluorescence, performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, identified Pseudallescheria boydii as the etiologic agent. Findings from earlier reports of eumycotic mycetoma were compared with those of this horse.
The laboratory as an aid to clinical diagnosis. The clinician may use the clinical pathology laboratory as a valuable aid to diagnosis and management, for the assessment of response to treatment, and in preventive medicine programs. Each "link in the chain," that is, sample selection, collection, handling, analysis, result reporting, and interpretation must be carefully and efficiently managed, using an informed combination of art and science, to provide a useful endpoint. This general introduction precedes more specific and detailed articles.
An investigation into the clinical pathological changes and serological response in horses experimentally infected with Babesia equi and Babesia caballi. Serologically negative horses, as determined with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA), were infected with Babesia equi and 60 days later with Babesia caballi. The only clinical signs of disease observed in these animals were a febrile reaction and slight icterus. Haematological changes included a drop in haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, as well as lowered platelet counts. The serum concentrations of albumin, iron and phosphorus were lowered. Mildly elevated serum bilirubin and fibrinogen concentrations were observed. Antibody titres were determined with the IFA and complemen...
[Isolation and purification of proteolytic enzymes on organo-silica sorbents with immobilized gramicidin S]. Biospecific sorbents for affinity chromatography of proteolytic enzymes have been synthesized by attaching cyclopeptide antibiotic gramicidin S to organo-silica supports. It is shown possible to attach gramicidin S to the organo-silica supports using glutaric aldehyde, p-benzoquinone, soluble and insoluble carbodiimides. The sorbents prepared by these methods were successfully applied for the purification of the crude pepsin from horse gastric juice and proteolytic complex produced by Acremonium chrysogenum.
Ileocolostomy. A technique for surgical management of equine cecal impaction. Several surgical alternatives have been described for the management of cecal impaction in the horse, but none has met with consistently successful results. This study was done to evaluate a surgical bypass of the cecum by anastomosis of the ileum to the right ventral colon (ileocolostomy). A ventral midline celiotomy was performed on nine adult ponies (155-350 kg) and a mechanically stapled 10 cm side-to-side ileocolostomy was created. In five ponies a complete cecal bypass (CCB) was created by transecting the ileum distal to the anastomosis. In the other four, an incomplete cecal bypass (ICB...
Imidocarb and parvaquone in the treatment of piroplasmosis (Babesia equi) in equids. The therapeutic efficacies of imidocarb and parvaquone were tested against Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and for induced acute infections in splenectomized ponies. Imidocarb, at a dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight, given IM at 72-hour intervals 4 times, was ineffective in eliminating B equi-carrier infection in 9 mature geldings. A single IM administration of 4 mg/kg was not therapeutic in acutely infected splenectomized ponies. When given at 3 different dosages and treatment schedules, parvaquone was ineffective in clearing carrier infection. Parvaquone given IM once at a d...
Prevention of intraabdominal adhesions in ponies by low-dose heparin therapy. An ischemic bowel model was used to stimulate adhesion formation in eight ponies. Heparin (40 USP u/kg) or saline was administered intravenously at surgery and was continued subcutaneously every 12 hours for 48 hours to evaluate the efficacy of heparin in preventing intraabdominal adhesions. Ponies were euthanatized after 6 weeks, and postmortem examinations were performed. A statistically significant difference was found between the heparin-treated and the control groups. Adhesions developed in three of four control ponies, and adhesions did not develop in three of four heparin-treated ponies...
Management of twin conceptuses by manual embryonic reduction: comparison of two techniques and three hormone treatments. One hundred mares carrying twin conceptuses between gestation days (GD) 12 and 30 were assigned to 4 groups. Group-1 mares (n = 20) were given a placebo (sterile saline solution, IV, and sesame oil, IM). Group-2 mares (n = 32) were given a single dose of progesterone (625 mg, IM) in sesame oil. Group-3 mares (n = 28) were given multiple progesterone treatments (625 mg, IM) at 6-day intervals until GD 42. Group-4 mares (n = 20) were given a single treatment of flunixin meglumine (500 mg, IV) and progesterone (625 mg, IM). Each group was further assigned to equal subgroups A and B according to t...
Effect of estradiol and progesterone on antistaphylococcal activity of neutrophils from ovariectomized mares. Neutrophils isolated from jugular blood of ovariectomized mares were studied for the effect of estradiol and progesterone on bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In experiment 1, neutrophils obtained from 4 mares were tested for bactericidal activity by adding estradiol (43 pg/ml) or progesterone (6.4 ng/ml) to the bactericidal assay. In experiment 2, 3 of the 4 ovariectomized mares were given 2 mg of estradiol, IM, daily for 3 days. Eighteen days after the initial estradiol injection, mares were given 300 mg of progesterone, IM, for 6 days. Neutrophils from these mares were te...
Diagonal paramedian approach for removal of ovarian tumors in the mare. A diagonal paramedian approach to the abdomen was used for unilateral ovariectomy in 15 mares. In each case, surgery was performed for removal of a granulosa cell tumor. All horses recovered from surgery with minimal complications. Surgical exposure of the affected ovary was adequate to allow exteriorization and ligation. Other advantages of this approach were ease of closure and lack of postsurgical complications.
Assessment of neutrophil migration, phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity in neonatal foals. Comparison of neutrophil function was made between 8 clinically normal pony foals (3 to 7 days of age), and their dams. Random migration, stimulated migration to zymosan-activated serum, bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity of neutrophils were determined in vitro. Random migration was greater (P less than 0.01) and stimulated migration was less (P less than 0.01) in foals than in their dams. Bacterial phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity of neutrophils were not different (P greater than 0.05) between foals and mares. Results of this study suggested that neonatal foals have altere...
Effects of semen fractionation and dilution ratio on equine spermatozoal motility parameters. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of semen fractionation and dilution ratio on motility parameters of stallion spermatozoa. In Experiment 1, three ejaculates from each of three stallions were divided into sperm-rich (SR) and sperm-poor (SP) fractions to determine the difference in sperm concentration. Mean sperm concentration in SR fractions (349.5 x 10(6)/ml) was greater (P < 0.001) than that of SP fractions (96.9 x 10(6)/ml). In Experiment 2, three ejaculates from each of two stallions were divided into SR and SP fractions. Fifty percent of the original volume of SR fract...
The relationship of air hygiene in stables to lower airway disease and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in two groups of Thoroughbred horses. The relationship between air hygiene within two types of identically managed horse housing and the incidence of covert respiratory disease (as revealed by endoscopic examination) of their inhabitants was assessed. The horses were all under the supervision of the same trainer. In one yard the design ensured the boxes were well ventilated in still air conditions. In the other yard the boxes were insulated and there was little provision for natural ventilation in still air conditions. There was heavy fungal and actinomycete contamination of wood shavings in the heavily insulated, poorly ventilate...
Vascular malformations and angiomatous lesions in horses: a review of 10 cases. Vascular malformations and angiomas are rather uncommon in horses and the literature concerning these lesions is reviewed. The pathology is described in 10 additional cases. These lesions were classified as arteriovenous malformation (one case), haemangiomas (six cases), 'proliferative angiomas' (two cases) and lymphangioma (one case). The haemangiomas and lymphangioma were probably hamartomatous in origin. Both cases of 'proliferative angioma' developed in aged animals and their pathogenesis was uncertain. More information is needed on the natural history and behaviour of lesions of this type...
Neuritis of the cauda equina in the horse. Ultrastructural lesions of the cranial nerves and their ganglia and the autonomic nervous system from 5 cases of neuritis of the cauda equina in the horse are described. They include lysosomal inclusions within the semilunar, geniculate and sympathetic chain ganglia, granulomatous involvement of the coeliaco-mesenteric ganglion and accumulation of axonal organelles in unmyelinated fibres of the great splanchnic nerve, sympathetic chain and oesophageal vagus.
Size referenced electronic leukocyte counting threshold and lysed leukocyte size distribution of common domestic animal species. Using a single channel electronic cell counter and attached particle size analyzer, leukocyte size distribution histograms were determined on canine, feline, bovine, and equine blood diluted with chloride-based diluent and treated with a conventional stromatolysin. Histograms were usually unimodal, but a few were bimodal. Mean values for mean lysed leukocyte particle volume were 49.2, 51.1, 55.4, and 65.0 fl for canine, feline, equine, and bovine blood, respectively. From inspection of histograms, a lower threshold of 30 fl referenced to latex spheres was interpreted to be appropriate for coun...
Equine paranasal sinus cysts: a report of 15 cases. The clinical and radiographic features of 15 cases of paranasal sinus cysts are described. Breed, sex and side frequency were unremarkable but two distinct categories of age incidence emerged. Onset of signs had occurred before one year of age in three cases, while all but two of the remaining 12 animals were older than nine years. The most common clinical signs were nasal airway obstruction, facial swelling and nasal discharge, often occurring in combination. Radiographic changes were recorded in all horses. Sinus opacification was a consistent finding and in several cases the bone surroundin...
The equine colonic mucosal granular cell: identification and X-ray microanalysis of apical granules and nuclear bodies. The granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron-dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X-ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X-ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell...
Observations on equine strongyle control in southern temperate USA. A program of rotational anthelmintic treatments at eight-week intervals had failed to provide satisfactory equine strongyle control at a stable in southern USA. Anthelmintic resistance had rendered benzimidazoles ineffective, and intervals between treatments with other drugs were too great to prevent environmental contamination with ova. Ivermectin treatments at eight week intervals or pyrantel pamoate treatments at four week intervals successfully reduced egg counts for the majority of the summer grazing period. In southern temperate USA, translation of strongyle ova to larvae was most effici...
