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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of nandrolone and/or its metabolites after intramuscular injection of nandrolone phenylpropionate to horses. A radioimmunological method was used as a screening procedure to determine the period of detection or "clearance time", for the horse, of therapeutic doses of the synthetic anabolic steroid nandrolone phenylpropionate. Seven horses, either at rest or being exercised, were given a course of weekly intramuscular injections of the steroid. On the separate occasion, some of the horses were given a single intramuscular injection of the same compound. The weekly injections maintained a high plasma concentration of nandrolone and/or metabolites. The mean (+/- sd) period of detection in plasma of thes...
Variable-interval responding in the horse: a sensitive method of quantitating effects of centrally acting drugs. An operant conditioning apparatus for studies in equine pharmacology was constructed. Horses interacted with this apparatus by breaking a light beam and were rewarded with 30 ml of oats. Horses readily learned to use this apparatus and were trained to respond on a variable-interval-60 schedule. With this schedule, there was no direct relationship between the rate of light beam breaking and the reward. Horses thus developed their own individual response rates (ie, light-beam breaking rates), and these rates remained stable at between 5 and 35 responses/min for each horse over a period of months...
Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach of the horse. Six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach in horses seen at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine are compared with 15 similar cases reported previously. Clinical signs included anorexia in all cases, emaciation, fever, anaemia and/or palpable abdominal masses in 3, colic in 2 and dysphagia in one case. Haematological studies revealed normochromic, normocytic anaemia in 3 and absolute neutrophilia in 5 cases. Peritoneal fluid analysis was performed in 4 cases and revealed slightly to moderately elevated total protein concentrations in 3 and a markedly elevated number of w...
Human, bovine, and equine growth hormone antibodies in patients treated with human growth hormone. The immunological behavior of sera from hypopituitary patients treated with human GH (hGH) has been studied by homologous and heterologous RIAs using 125I-labeled hormones. Along with antibodies against hGH, antibodies exhibiting antibovine and antiequine GH (anti-bGH and anti-eGH, respectively) activities were also found. Displacement experiments showed that hGH was an effective competitor of 125 I-labeled hGH, whereas bGH and eGH were quite inefficient. Conversely, when the tracer was 125I-labeled bGH, both bGH and eGH were good displacers, while the human hormone was poor. The values of the...
The anion gap as a prognostic indicator in horses with abdominal pain. The anion gap was calculated for each of 90 horses with signs of abdominal pain, using laboratory data obtained shortly after admission. The anion gap was defined as the difference between the sodium concentration (mEq/L) and the sum of the chloride and bicarbonate concentrations. To evaluate the use of the anion gap as a prognostic indicator, the survival rates were calculated for horses whose anion gap concentrations were within various ranges. It was found that the probability of survival decreased as the anion gap progressively increased about 20 mEq/L. The survival rates for increasing ra...
Occlusion of the digital arteries — A model for pathogenesis of navicular disease. The digital arteries of 10 horses suffering from navicular disease, and 7 horses from a control group, were examined angiographically. The horses from the disease group showed complete or partial occlusion of the digital arteries in all cases. In the control group of 7 healthy horses, isolated vessel obstructions were also found but these were limited to narrowing of part of an artery only. Histological investigations showed that total occlusion of a vessel involved an organised thrombus but that partial occlusion generally involved changes to the vascular wall, similar to those caused by enda...
Isolation of acholeplasmas from horse feces. Acholeplasmas were detected in five of 96 feces samples from clinically normal horses. Three of the five strains isolated were identified as A. equifetale, one as A. hippikon, and one was serologically identical with the Acholeplasma strain 881.
Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (1) resting animal. The effects of 7 weekly injections of the anabolic steroid nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) were investigated in 4 healthy, mature geldings. Measurement of body weight, nitrogen retention and plasma urea failed to demonstrate a consistent anabolic effects. Examination of biopsies from the semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles showed no alteration in water content or glycogen concentration with treatment. Similarly no changes were found in the activities of 6 muscle enzymes. However, a significant increase in the proportion of fast twitch low oxidative fibres of the biceps femoris was o...
Hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) in conscious ponies. The infusion (IV) of prostacyclin (PGI2) into conscious ponies resulted in systemic arterial hypotension and tachycardia. Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 mm of Hg to 88.5 mm of Hg when 125 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 102.0 beats/minute. When 208 ng of PGI2/kg/minute was infused, mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 to 78.0 mm of Hg and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 109.3 beats/minute. There were no significant alterations in pulmonary arterial pressure, lactate, PCV, total WBC count, platelet count, serum lact...
Lymphocytes from ponies experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1: subpopulation dynamics and their response to mitogens. Six pony foals, free of detectable serum neutralization (SN) antibody against equine herpesvirus type 1 by the standard virus-neutralization (VN) test, were inoculated with equine herpesvirus type 1. The ponies showed typical clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and developed a transient leukopenia, involving lymphocytes as well as neutrophils. The leukopenia reached its lowest point on postinoculation days (PID) 3 to 5 and then returned to base-line values by PID 8 to 10. On quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations, T and B lymphocytes were decreased during the onset of leukopenia and...
Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (2) general effects in animals undergoing training. The effect of 11 weekly injections of nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) was investigated by a crossover trial (2 training periods) in 6 Thoroughbred geldings undergoing training. A decrease in body weight and flank measurement occurred only during the first training period and was not modified by the anabolic steroid. Urinary nitrogen excretion was lower in the anabolic treated animals only in the first training period. Neither training nor training plus nandrolone phenylpropionate administration caused any marked alteration in blood biochemistry or haematology. A significant decrease in pl...
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Thoroughbred horses (n = 191) were examined with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing, 41 (38.3%) had evidence of EIPH. One horse (2.4%) of this group had blood at the nostrils. Statistical analysis of frequency data showed that a relationship existed between EIPH and the horse's age or distance raced or breezed. Relationship did not exist between EIPH and sex or finishing posi...
Bioavailability of phenylbutazone preparations in the horse. Plasma phenylbutazone concentrations were determined for up to 12 h in 6 horses following intravenous and oral phenylbutazone administration. To evaluate the bioavailability of different oral preparations, phenylbutazone was administered in a paste as well as the traditional powder form. The effect of the state of stomach contents on the absorption of phenylbutazone was investigated by administering the paste before and after feeding; the powder was given in a small bran mash and a full feed of lucerne chaff, wheaten chaff and bran. Despite great variability among individual horses both the pa...
Glucose utilization in the horse. 1. Total entry, irreversible loss and recycling rates of glucose were measured in four non-pregnant female Shetland ponies before and after a 24 h fast by the continuous intravenous infusion of a mixture of [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose. 2. The post-fasting fall in the concentration of glucose and the rise in the concentration of ketones in plasma were not significant. 3. After fasting the total entry rate fell from 1.44 +/- 0.11 (n4) to 1.19 +/- 0.12 mg/min per kg body-weight (P less than 0.01) and irreversible loss fell from 1.36 +/- 0.10 (n4) to 1.05 +/- 0.10 mg/min per kg body-weight (P...
Effects of nandrolone phenylpropionate in the horse: (3) skeletal muscle composition in the exercising animal. The effect of 11 weekly injections of nandrolone phenylpropionate (400 mg) on some skeletal muscle parameters was investigated in 6 Thoroughbred geldings undergoing training. Three muscles were sampled, the middle gluteal, the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. Training alone produced increases in the percentage of fast twitch high oxidative fibres (FTH), glycogen content and the activities of citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacl CoA dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. In contrast the training programme did not alter water content, total protein content, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase...
Histological study of navicular bone disease. A histological investigation of navicular bones from 8 horses with navicular disease was carried out to investigate the aetiology of the radiological findings. Two of the horses were double labelled with tetracycline before slaughter in order to assess the vitality of the diseased navicular bone. The examinations revealed no evidence of loss of vitality in the diseased bone areas or in surrounding tissues. A very high rate of remodelling indicated by resorption and formation of bone was present in all cases. This was shown microscopically by the high number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts prese...
Cholelithiasis in four horses. Four cases of cholelithiasis in horses were reviewed. Two horses were examined because of recurrent abdominal pain. Clinical laboratory data, results of physical examination, and history indicated biliary obstruction. In 1 case, B-mode ultrasonography aided in the diagnosis, which was confirmed at necropsy. In 2 horses, the biliary calculi were incidental necropsy findings.
The equine electrocardiogram with standardized body and limb positions. Eleven-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 50 Thoroughbred (TB) and 50 Standard bred (SB) horses at rest with 40 tracings being selected from each group for more complete analysis. Incomplete atrioventricular block with dropped beats commonly reported in mature horses was recorded only in the TB (15%), while wandering of the atrial pacemaker (WAP) thought also to be associated with variations in tone of the autonomic nervous system was detected almost equally in both breeds (30%). In some horses (12.5%), the initial component of the P wave (P1) did not vary as seen with WAP but h...
Quantitative ultrastructural anatomy of esophagus in different regions in the horse: effects of alternate methods of tissue processing. A qualitative and quantitative study was made of 2 adult horses to determine the effect of specimen preparation and the influence of anatomically separate regions on the microscopic structure of the esophagus. The effects of 3 fixative solutions (formalin, Bouin's fixative and Karnovsky's fixative) and 4 histologic staining procedures (hematoxylin and eosin, Gomori's trichrome, Laidlow's reticulum, and orcein-elastin) were compared. Density-dependent image analysis was used to compare the relative contributions of elastic and reticular fibers in esophageal connective tissue for each region. Cr...
