Topic:Animal Study
Animal studies involving horses encompass a wide range of research activities aimed at understanding various aspects of equine biology, behavior, health, and management. These studies can include investigations into equine physiology, nutrition, reproduction, and disease processes. Research often involves controlled experiments or observational studies to gather data on how horses respond to different interventions, environments, or management practices. This topic includes peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore methodologies, findings, and implications of animal studies in equine science, contributing to the broader understanding of horse welfare and management.
Factors influencing the ingestion of Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae by Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Culicoides variipennis were fed under controlled conditions on two ponies that exhibited seasonal changes in Onchocerca cervicalis microfilarial (mf) skin density and skin distribution. The seasonal changes did not radically affect mf ingestion. Flies were fed on the umbilicus of infected ponies by two methods: individual feeding in consecutive order at the same site, or by mass feeding. Linear regression analysis indicated that ingestion of microfilaria was independent of feeding time and engorged weight. In the individual feeding data, there was a trend toward an increased ingestion of mf as...
A technique for catheterization of the equine antebrachiocarpal joint. A 2.5-cm long, 0.8 mm in diameter catheter was placed percutaneously into the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint in 6 clinically normal horses. The catheter was affixed in place for 72 hours. Cytologic analysis was performed on synovial fluid specimens obtained through the catheter at postcatheterization hours (PCH) 0, 24, and 72. The horses were euthanatized at PCH 72, and macroscopic and microscopic examinations were performed on the dorsal portion of the joint capsule and the palmarolateral pouch of the catheterized and contralateral (noncatheterized) joint. Clinical, synov...
Equine Colic: Seventy-six Cases Resulting from Incarceration of the Large Colon by the Suspensory Ligament of the Spleen. Incarceration of the large colon by the suspensory ligament of the spleen was diagnosed and surgically corrected on exploratory celiotomy in 76 horses exhibiting abdominal pain. The condition was diagnosed most frequently during the winter months in mature males of mean age 4.7 years. Clinical signs progressed slowly and included mild to moderate abdominal pain and distension with moderate tachycardia. The mean duration of colic prior to surgical intervention was 20.7 hours. The mild nature of the colic, the findings on palpation per rectum, and the continued passage of feces in 40% of horses,...
Reconstituted and native iron-cores of bacterioferritin and ferritin. The structural and magnetic properties of the iron-cores of reconstituted horse spleen ferritin and Azotobacter vinelandii bacterioferritin have been investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The structural properties of native horse spleen ferritin, native Az. vinelandii, and native and reconstituted Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterioferritins have also been determined. Reconstitution in the absence of inorganic phosphate at pH 7.0 showed sigmoidal behaviour in each protein but was approximately 30% faster in initial rate f...
Qualitative aspects of the incorporation of equine cancellous bone grafts. The incorporation of autogenous cancellous bone graft was studied in eight yearling ponies. The site for the defect to be grafted was chosen so that the effect on the graft, of both the host cortical and trabecular bone, could be assessed. To obtain information concerning the vitality of the graft and the dynamic aspects of the modelling and remodelling processes of graft incorporation, a double and treble tetracycline intravital labelling technique was used. Radiographs of the graft and host tissues of all ponies were obtained regularly, but were of little assistance in assessing graft incorp...
Effects of chronic administration of a monoclonal antibody against human renin in the marmoset. In this study, the hypotensive efficacy of R-3-36-16, a monoclonal antibody against human kidney renin, was investigated during chronic administration to a primate. R-3-36-16 was given by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with osmotic minipumps to normotensive marmosets fed a low-sodium diet in doses of 30 or 300 micrograms/kg/day for 14 days. The lower dose had no effect on blood pressure (BP) or plasma renin activity (PRA). After two days of treatment, the higher dose reduced PRA by 57% and lowered BP by 13 +/- 7 mm Hg. Although the hypotensive response persisted after 14 days of treatment...
Kidney function in rats with corticomedullary nephrocalcinosis: effects of alterations in dietary calcium and magnesium. Single-nephron and whole-kidney function were studied in female rats with corticomedullary nephrocalcinosis, and in animals where the lesion had been prevented either by a dietary magnesium supplement or by using a diet with a calcium:phosphorus ratio in excess of 1. At the single-nephron level, rats with nephrocalcinosis had prolonged tubular fluid transit times. Proximal transit time was 19.42 +/- 1.98 (mean +/- S.E. of mean) vs. 11.58 +/- 0.19 s for controls; distal transit time was 62.64 +/- 9.16 vs. 31.50 +/- 1.03 s for controls. Although single-nephron function is altered in nephrocalcin...
Purification of a sialic acid-specific lectin from the Indian scorpion Heterometrus granulomanus. A sialic acid-specific lectin, scorpin, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the Indian scorpion Heterometrus granulomanus by affinity chromatography on equine submandibular gland glycopeptides linked to Sepharose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The lectin has a molecular mass of 500 000 Da and was dissociated into single polypeptide chains of 15 000 Da, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Scorpin is a glycoprotein containing 2.8% sugars. Its specificity was investigated by the inhibition of hemagglutination with various derivatives of...
Fenbendazole in equids: further controlled tests with emphasis on activity of multiple doses against naturally occurring infections of migratory large strongyles. Two controlled tests (experiments D and E) were done to evaluate a fenbendazole (FBZ) paste dosage regimen (10 mg/kg once a day for 5 days) for activity against naturally occurring infections of migrating Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus in the mesenteric arteries and ventral abdominal wall, respectively. Data were also obtained on other internal parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and eyes in experiment E. Eight pony yearlings were used in experiment D (4 treated and 4 nontreated) and 6 horse weanlings were used in experiment E (3 treated and 3 nontreated). Intervals, expressed as days...
The effect of altrenogest, an oral progestin, on hematologic and biochemical parameters in mares. Twenty mares were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: no altrenogest; altrenogest at 0.044 mg/kg BW; altrenogest at 0.132 mg/kg BW; or altrenogest at 0.220 mg/kg BW. Treatment was administered daily for 86 days. No signs of illness attributable to feeding altrenogest were observed during the trial. Treatment had no effect (P greater than .05) on the following parameters: WBC, differential WBC, platelet number, creatinine, LDH, CPK, total bilirubin, cholesterol, globulin, BSP, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. When comparing values over time with pretreatment means or among treatment groups, there wer...
Use of schizont and piroplasm antigens of Babesia equi in the indirect fluorescent antibody and complement fixation tests. Eight ponies infected with Babesia equi were investigated for their serological response to B. equi schizont and piroplasm antigen with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). Piroplasm antigen was prepared from an infected splenectomized pony, while schizont antigen was produced from cultured lymphoid cells which contained B. equi macroschizonts. The IFAT detected a rise in antibody titres to schizont antigen as well as to piroplasm antigen, but differences were obtained in the duration of antibody detection. Significant antibody titres to piroplasm a...
Prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris and Parascaris equorum in Kentucky thoroughbreds at necropsy. At necropsy of 49 Thoroughbreds from farms with generally good parasite control programs in central Kentucky, examination was specifically made for presence of Strongylus vulgaris in all of the horses and of Parascaris equorum in 21 of them. None of the deaths of the horses was caused by infections of internal parasites. Visceral arteries were examined for specimens of S vulgaris and lesions related to migrating stages of this parasite. Contents of the small intestines were examined for P equorum. Specimens of S vulgaris were recovered from 19 (39%) horses, and arterial lesions were observed i...
Enema in the horse. Distribution and rehydrating effect. In the first series of experiments enema containing a water soluble marker was given to two groups of horses fasted for 1 and 18 hours, respectively. The marker was only in 1 out of 14 experiments found orally of the pelvic flexure (Table II). Fasting seemed to facilitate the flow in oral direction. The results were discussed with the possible significance in the treatment of large intestinal impactions. In the second series the effect of enemas on water, electrolyte and acid-base status in the acute furosemide-dehydrated horse was studied. Moderate acidifying and hypokalemic effect was encoun...
Pathologic changes and pathogenesis of Parascaris equorum infection in parasite-free pony foals. Parasite-free pony foals (n = 10) were infected orally with 1000,000 Parascaris equorum embryonated eggs. One pony foal each was euthanatized on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 16, 23, 27, 42, or 80 after infection. Foals infected for more than 7 days showed signs of coughing, anorexia, rough coat, and weight loss. Cellular changes in the blood were mild anemia, marked eosinophilia, and leukopenia. Gross postmortem lesions included hemorrhage, edema, and white-to-yellow necrotic foci (0.5 to 1.00 mm) in lungs, liver, and bronchial and hepatic lymph nodes. Microscopically, the liver was hemorrhagic and ha...
Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. It has been found that NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of dimethylaniline, aniline, p- and o-nitroanisol and lipid peroxidation is inhibited by the tyrosine-copper (II) complex (low molecular weight analog of superoxide dismutase), which is indicative of a possibility of superoxide radicals formation in these reactions. The inhibition of the above-mentioned reactions with Tyr2-Cu2+ is less pronounced or absent, if cumole hydroperoxide is used as cosubstrate instead of NADPH. Differences in the Tyr2-Cu2+ complex effects on the cumule hydroperoxide-dependent xenobiotics hydroxylation and lipid per...
Evidence of the presence of equine encephalomyelitis virus in Philippine animals. No abstract available
PARAMENINGOCOCCUS AND ITS ANTISERUM. The parameningococci of Dopter are culturally indistinguishable from true or normal meningococci, but serologically they exhibit differences as regards agglutination, opsonization, and complement deviation. Because of the variations and irregularities of serum reactions existing among otherwise normal strains of meningococci it does not seem either possible or desirable to separate the parameningococci into a strictly definite class. It appears desirable to consider them as constituting a special strain among meningococci not, however, wholly consistent in itself. The distinctions in serum rea...