Topic:Antibiotics
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections in horses. They work by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth, aiding the horse's immune system in overcoming the infection. Commonly used antibiotics in equine medicine include penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin. The selection of an antibiotic depends on factors such as the type of bacteria, the site of infection, and the horse's health status. Responsible use of antibiotics is essential to minimize the risk of resistance. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, administration, and impact of antibiotics on equine health.
Pulmonary disposition and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of chloramphenicol in healthy fasted adult horses. To describe and compare the pulmonary and plasma pharmacokinetics of different oral formulations of chloramphenicol administered as a single dose to healthy adult horses. Unassigned: A single dose of chloramphenicol was administered to 6 healthy, university-owned fasted adult horses IV (25 mg/kg), orally as commercial tablets (50 mg/kg), or orally or intragastrically as compounded suspension (50 mg/kg), according to a randomized crossover protocol. Plasma was collected 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage (B...
Emergence of MRSA ST612 in horses and of MSSA CC398 in cats in France. Staphylococcus aureus is an important zoonotic pathogen that has often been seen in animals through the prism of the MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398 in pigs and in-contact humans. The goal of this study was first to assess the prevalence of MRSA, and second to look for MSSA CC398 in cats, dogs and horses in France. Methods: Clinical S. aureus isolates (n = 479) were collected from 186 cats, 143 dogs and 150 horses during 2022-2023 all over the French territory. Antibiograms were performed on all isolates. MRSA and MSSA CC398 isolates were subject to WGS. Core genome (cg) MLST-based and SNP-ba...
Blood culture isolates and antimicrobial sensitivities from 1621 critically ill neonatal foals (2005-2022). Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. Administration of appropriate antimicrobials and early aggressive supportive treatment is central to the efficacious treatment of neonatal sepsis and has proven to positively influence outcomes. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate microorganism results and antimicrobial sensitivities of neonatal foals with a positive blood culture submitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) during 2005-2022. The secondary aim was to compare the results to those of a similar previous study performed at the same ICU during 1999-2004....
Companions in antimicrobial resistance: examining transmission of common antimicrobial-resistant organisms between people and their dogs, cats, and horses. SUMMARYNumerous questions persist regarding the role of companion animals as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant organisms that can infect humans. While relative antimicrobial usage in companion animals is lower than that in humans, certain antimicrobial-resistant pathogens have comparable colonization rates in companion animals and their human counterparts, which inevitably raises questions regarding potential antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission. Furthermore, the close contact between pets and their owners, as well as pets, veterinary professionals, and the veterinary clin...
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from necropsied horses in Kentucky. Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to global public health. It affects several animal species, including horses. Salmonella infections in horses can be either asymptomatic or cause severe clinical illness. Infections caused by Salmonella are presently controlled with antibiotics. Due to the formation of biofilms and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the treatment has become more complicated. Our study focused on investigating the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in necropsied horses, assessing the capability for biofilm formation, and motility, determi...
Disposition of enrofloxacin in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid, peritoneal fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy mares. To investigate the disposition of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), peritoneal fluid, and CSF in horses following IV administration of enrofloxacin at doses of 5 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. Unassigned: 6 healthy, mature mares were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of enrofloxacin at either 5 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg in a crossover design with a washout period of 10 days. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined in plasma, PELF, peritoneal fluid, and CSF. Unassigned: Both doses of enrofl...
Streptococcus hillyeri isolated from septic pleuritis in a horse. Here we report the isolation of Streptococcus hillyeri from a thoracic sample from a horse. A 17-y-old Hungarian Sport Horse mare was referred to the equine clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary, with suspected pleuritis. Upon arrival, the horse was febrile and had tachycardia, severe inspiratory dyspnea, and tachypnea. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed severe bilateral pleural effusion, and a large area of lung consolidation. After sampling of both hemithoraces, 66 L of turbid exudate were drained. Based on these findings, a tentative diagnosis of septic pleuritis ...
Effect of rapid and slow intravenous injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized horses during surgery. To determine the effects of rapid (1 minute) and slow (10 minutes) intravenous (IV) injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods: A group of 29 client-owned horses of various breeds, 1-20 years old, with body masses of 360-710 kg. Methods: General anesthesia was induced with a variety of anesthetic protocols and maintained with isoflurane under mechanical ventilation, with hourly doses of IV lidocaine and an infusion of dexmedetomidine. Horses were administered IV intraoperative penicillin every 2 hour...
Whole genome sequences of nine Taylorella equigenitalis strains isolated in the Czech Republic between 1982-2021: Molecular dating suggests a common ancestor at the time of Roman Empire. Taylorella equigenitalis is the causative agent of sexually transmitted contagious equine metritis. Infections manifest as cervicitis, vaginitis and endometritis and cause temporary infertility and miscarriages of mares. While previous studies have analyzed this organism for various parameters, the evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen, including the emergence of antibiotic resistance, remains unresolved. The aim of this study was to isolate contemporary strains, determine their genome sequences, evaluate their antibiotic resistance and compare them with other strains. We determined nine comp...
Survey of the approach to the diagnosis and management of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses by equine veterinarians. Bacterial pneumonia is a common disease in adult horses, but there are no guidelines for practitioners regarding risk factors, diagnosis, and management of the disease. The objectives of this study were to describe how a group of equine veterinarians diagnose and treat bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. A 22-question survey was distributed via multiple platforms to equine veterinarians asking questions regarding the frequency with which they identified specific clinical findings and used certain diagnostic modalities, and the approach to antimicrobial and adjunct therapy. Three hundred nine ...
Effects of orally administered clioquinol on the fecal microbiome of horses. Whereas restoration of fecal consistency after treatment with clioquinol for chronic diarrhea and free fecal water syndrome has been attributed to its antiprotozoal properties, actions of clioquinol on the colonic bacterial microbiota have not been investigated. Objective: Characterize the dynamics of fecal microbial diversity before, during, and after PO administration of clioquinol to healthy horses. Methods: Experimental prospective cohort study using a single horse group. Methods: Eight healthy adult horses received PO clioquinol (10 g, daily) for 7 days. Feces were obtained daily for ...
How to perform a transtracheal aspirate in horses for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract disease. To describe indications for and demonstrate the technique to perform a transtracheal aspirate in horses. Transtracheal aspirate is indicated to collect samples for cytology and bacteriologic culture in cases of suspected pneumonia or other lower respiratory tract disease. Methods: 1 healthy university-owned horse was used for demonstration purposes. Images of clinical case samples from the University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching Hospital are shown. Methods: The horse is restrained and sedated with detomidine or xylazine to facilitate restraint and butorphanol to minimize coughing. The ventr...
Distinct molecular epidemiology of resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems in Enterobacter hormaechei in cats and dogs versus horses in France. Enterobacter hormaechei is an important pathogen in humans and animals, which, in addition to its intrinsic AmpC, can acquire a wide variety of genes conferring resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and carbapenems (CPs). In France, human clinical outbreaks of E. hormaechei resistant to ESC or carbapenem were reported. Objective: To study E. hormaechei isolates from cats and dogs (=59) as well as from horses (n = 55) presenting a non-susceptible phenotype to beta-lactams in order to determine which clones, resistance genes and plasmids are circulating in France. Methods: E. ho...
[Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA): Case description and overview of the epidemiological situation with focus on Germany]. Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) is a tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum. In Central, Northern, Western, and Eastern Europe, ticks of the Ixodes (I.) ricinus/I. persulcatus complex, in Germany mainly I. ricinus, are considered as vectors. Ixodes ricinus ticks show peaks of activity during the spring and summer months, particularly April to July. Changing climatic conditions, however, have meanwhile led to a year-round risk of tick exposure and thus infections with A. phagocytophilum. The presented case report underlines the seasonal peak phase of the infection ri...
The first report of submandibular lymph node infection with Flavobacterium ceti in a horse and its complete genome sequence. This is the first report describing the isolation and genome sequence of Flavobacterium ceti (F. ceti IJFC025) from a draining submandibular lymph node abscess in a 6-year-old mixed-breed mare in Korea. Since F. ceti is not a usual infectious pathogen that causes equine health problems, this study presents the complete genome sequence of F. ceti isolated from a submandibular lymph node abscess sample in Jeju, South Korea, in 2022. The entire genome sequence of F. ceti IJFC025 consisted of a 3,144,426-bp chromosome with 35.6 % G + C content. Gene prediction revealed that this strain possesse...
Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduce established S. aureus and E. coli biofilm matrix in vitro. Biofilms reduce antibiotic efficacy and lead to complications and mortality in human and equine patients with orthopedic infections. Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) kill planktonic bacteria and prevent biofilm formation, but their ability to disrupt established orthopedic biofilms is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of MSC to reduce established S. aureus or E. coli biofilms in vitro. We hypothesized that MSC would reduce biofilm matrix and colony-forming units (CFU) compared to no treatment and that MSC combined with the antibiotic, amikacin sulfate...
bla SED-1 beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter sedlakii isolated from horses and genomic comparison with human-derived isolates. We aim to detect beta-lactamase-producing Citrobacter sedlakii from horses and compare the genomic characteristics with isolates from humans. Results: We characterized phenotypically and genotypically nine C. sedlakii isolates from the feces of horses and then compared them to human-derived isolates using whole genome sequencing and phylogenomic methods. Seven isolates (7/9) were ampicillin-resistant, while at least one isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, meropenem, and streptomycin. All nine isolates were carriers of the chromosomal-mediated blaSED-1 beta-lactamase gene, which...
Urinary incontinence and sabulous cystitis in mares: report of five cases. This report describes five cases of urinary incontinence in Quarter Horse mares associated with the development of sabulous cystitis. The animals in this study had a history of persistent urinary incontinence for eight months, with clinical signs of continuous dribbling urine during rest and movement. The initial treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was ineffective. Clinical examination revealed severe scalding in the perineal region and on the medial aspect of the hind limbs, along with neurological signs such as ataxia, hind limb paresis, and diminished perineal reflexes. T...
In vitro antimicrobial activity of non-traditional therapies for infectious endometritis in mares. Endometritis is the leading cause of subfertility in horses, and it is a clinical problem where historically antibiotics have not always been used with prudent justification. Because of this, alternative therapies to treat endometritis are necessary for the rational use of antibiotics. Objective: To assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of non-traditional therapies commonly used in clinical practice against microorganisms causing infectious endometritis in mares. Methods: In vitro experiments. Methods: A microdilution technique was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrati...
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from cattle and horses with salmonellosis in Hokkaido, Japan. In recent years, reported cases of salmonellosis in cattle and horses in Hokkaido, Japan, have increased. To optimize antimicrobial therapy, we assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from these animals. Among 112 bovine isolates, high resistance rates were observed for streptomycin (92.0%), ampicillin (88.4%), and tetracycline (79.5%), while resistance rates for kanamycin (8.9%), ciprofloxacin (1.8%), gentamicin (0.0%), and colistin (0.0%) were low. Additionally, 18.8% of the bovine isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, and all of these cefotaxime-resistant isolates ...
Preliminary in vivo investigation of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome as a novel treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in equine skin wounds. We aimed to study the antimicrobial and pro-healing potential of equine mesenchymal stromal cell secreted products (i.e. secretome), collected as conditioned media (mesenchymal stromal cell-conditioned media, MSC CM), in a novel in vivo model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-inoculated equine thorax wounds. Methods: Prospective in vivo study. Methods: Two Thoroughbred geldings. Methods: Six full-thickness cutaneous wounds were created bilaterally on the dorsal thorax of two horses (n = 12 wounds/horse). Wounds on the left thoraces were inoculated with MRSA on day 0. Al...
Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: a public health concern. The upsurge of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) among animals constitutes an emerging threat for humans and animals. This study investigated the burden of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing diarrheagenic E. coli among diarrheic foals and its potential public health implications. Rectal swabs were collected from 80 diarrheic foals. These swabs were processed to isolate and identify ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli using a selective culture medium, biochemical tests, phenotypic identification, and molecular identificati...
Prevalence, risk factors, and characterisation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in horses entering an equine hospital and description of longitudinal excretion. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) are important zoonotic pathogens that can cause serious clinical infections, also in horses. Preventing the spread of ESBL-E, especially in the equine hospital environment, is key to reducing the number of difficult-to-treat infections. Estimating the local prevalence of ESBL-E in horses is crucial to establish targeted infection control programs at equine hospitals. We conducted a prevalence and risk factor study in equine patients on admission to an equine teaching hospital in Finland through a rectal ESBL-E screening specim...
Diagnostic utility of acute phase proteins and their ability to guide antibiotic usage in pigs, horses, and cattle: a mapping review. To mitigate the use of antibiotics for many of the multifactorial diseases seen in pigs, horses and cattle, new diagnostic tools are needed. Acute phase protein (APP) measurements can, in humans, be used to guide antibiotic treatment initiation, evaluate treatment efficacy, and make a prognosis. The aim of this review is to collect evidence on the clinical functionality of APP measurements as a tool to guide antibiotic treatment in pigs, horses, and cattle. Literature was retrieved using Medline, CAB Abstracts and Google Scholar. The acute phase response has been investigated for a plethora of...
The circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between humans, horses and the environment at the equine clinic. We performed a retrospective analysis of MRSA isolates collected at the university equine clinic including clinical isolates from 2008 to 2021 and screening environmental, equine and personnel isolates from 2016. Screening and clinical samples were cultured on Brilliance MRSA 2 and Columbia agar (Oxoid), respectively, with enrichment for environmental samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion. All the isolates were characterized by spa typing. Eighteen selected isolates were subjected to WGS with subsequent wgMLST clonal analysis. Among 75 MRSA isolates, five spa typ...
Streptococcus equi subspecies equi from strangles suspected equines: molecular detection, antibiogram profiles and risk factors. Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, is a highly infectious disease of equines causing major health issues and financial losses. The aim of the study was to detect the presence of the SeM gene in Streptococcus equi isolated from equine suspected of having strangles. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from July to December 2022 in five districts of the central Gondar zone, Ethiopia. One-hundred sixty swab samples were taken from animals that had been clinically suspected. The SeM gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction, and the antimicrobial susceptibilit...
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus equi isolated from horses in Santa Catarina state, Southern Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus equi (S. equi subsp equi and S. equi subsp zooepidemicus) in the state of Santa Catarina and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. For this, 420 nasal swab samples were collected from randomly selected horses. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of the bacteria were performed by sowing on 5% sheep blood agar, followed by analysis of morphotinctorial characteristics and biochemical analysis. To differentiate the main beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in horses, the fermentation profiles of the sug...
Equine uterine sanitizer: in vitro inhibition of endometritis-causing microorganisms and its stability to dilute antibiotics. Endometritis is the leading cause of mare subfertility. Most mares respond to standard therapy, but alternative therapies have been developed for mares failing to respond. This study aimed to investigate a commercially available, yet unassessed, product labeled as a uterine sanitizer to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity against microorganisms associated with endometritis and its in vitro stability to dilute antibiotics. In experiment 1, the microdilution broth technique and antimicrobial effects were assessed against Escherichia sp, Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas s...
Bee-Inspired Healing: Apitherapy in Veterinary Medicine for Maintenance and Improvement Animal Health and Well-Being. This review aims to present current knowledge on the effects of honey bee products on animals based on in vivo studies, focusing on their application in clinical veterinary practice. Honey's best-proven effectiveness is in treating wounds, including those infected with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, as evidenced in horses, cats, dogs, mice, and rats. Propolis manifested a healing effect in numerous inflammatory and painful conditions in mice, rats, dogs, and pigs and also helped in oncological cases in mice and rats. Bee venom is best known for its effectiveness in treating neuropathy an...