Topic:Antibodies
Antibodies in horses are specialized proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances, known as antigens. These substances can include pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Antibodies function by recognizing and binding to specific antigens, thereby neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. In equine health, antibodies are integral to both natural immune responses and those induced by vaccinations. The study of antibodies in horses encompasses their production, diversity, and role in disease resistance and management. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the generation, function, and implications of antibodies in equine immunology and disease control.
Nature of the heterogenetic hapten reacting with hemagglutinins in horse serum sickness. 1. From beef stroma pretreated at room temperature with acetone and alcohol, a fraction was isolated with boiling 100% alcohol which, in a dilution of 1:500,000, combines with the sheep blood agglutinin of human serum produced during serum sickness. Using the terminology of Schiff, this fraction corresponds to the heterogenetic serum sickness antigen; it could be separated to a large extent from the heterogenetic mononucleosis antigen which also occurs in beef stroma.
2. The so-called serum sickness antigen also occurs heterogenetically in guinea pig kidney and it could also be isolated from ...
Antiproteins in Horse Sera: III. Antibodies to Rabbit Serum Albumin and Their Reaction with Antigen. 1. Two horses were injected subcutaneously with alum-precipitated rabbit serum albumin. 2. The resulting antibody resembled diphtheria antitoxin and anti-egg albumin in the horse in giving a sharp zone of flocculation with antigen, in being water-soluble, in reactivity toward an anti-antibody rabbit serum, and in its electrophoretic properties. 3. The effect of continued immunization, and of variation in volume and temperature on the reactivity of the antibody are discussed. 4. Intravenous injection of the same antigen into horses did not give rise to detectable amounts of antibody of the same...
A Study of the Inhibition of Streptococcal Proteinase by Sera of Normal and Immune Animals and of Patients Infected with Group A Hemolytic Streptococci. Antiproteinase sera were prepared by immunizing horses with filtrates from a selected strain of group A streptococcus. This strain, which produced high titred proteinase but no erythrogenic toxin, was selected from forty-two strains of group A streptococci which produced varying amounts of proteinase. A few strains belonging to groups B, C, and G were also tested; they were all proteinase-negative. Methods are described for titrating streptococcal proteinase in crude culture filtrates and for measuring the antiproteinase activity of serum. The antiproteinase titres of sera from immunized horse...
Intraperitoneal and Intracerebral Routes in Serum Protection Tests with the Virus of Equine Encephalomyelitis: I. A Comparison of the Two Routes in Protection Tests. Young (12 to 15 day old) mice are approximately as susceptible to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, Eastern or Western strain, when it is given intraperitoneally as are adult mice when the virus is injected intracerebrally. With this susceptibility by the intraperitoneal route as a basis, the injection of immune serum-virus mixtures intraperitoneally was found to result in protection in dilutions which give rise to infection after intracerebral inoculation. The difference of protective power by the two indicated routes was shown not to depend on the amount of inoculum nor on the age of th...
THE PRODUCTION AND TITRATION OF POTENT HORSE ANTIPNEUMOTOXIN. 1. The serum of horses immunized with increasing doses of certain anaerobically produced autolysates of pneumococci contain potent neutralizing antibodies for the pneumotoxin. 2. The method for the in vitro titration of these horse antipneumotoxic serums is given.
The Precipitin Reaction of Antipneumococcus Sera: II. The Ratio of Precipitin to Protective Antibody. The precipitin indices for a number of monovalent and polyvalent antipneumococcus sera were determined under known conditions, and found to vary as did the number of protective units. The ratio precipitin index/protective units in monovalent sera was found to lie between 2.8 and 4.8 for Type I and to be about ten times greater for Type III. Lower values were found in polyvalent horses and when mixing heterologous monovalent sera with each other. The influence of the duration of treatment upon the quotient was studied. Several refined and concentrated preparations showed a relative increase in ...
A Study of Pneumococci Isolated from Horses Undergoing Pneumococcus Immunization. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE PNEUMOCOCCUS MULTIPLYING IN THE TISSUES OF THE IMMUNIZED ANIMAL (HORSE) BECOMES ATTENUATED: loses, in varying degrees, its virulence, capacity of capsule formation, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and type specificity. The antigenic activity as an immunizing agent and the production of "soluble specific substance" are also altered. In some instances, the typical pneumococcus characteristics may be quickly restored by one or two passages through a susceptible animal (mouse). In others, virulence is not recovered and the organism remains atypical. Whether these changes...
A Specific Flocculation Reaction Occurring Between Alcoholic Extracts of Pneumococci and Antipneumococcus Serum. 1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum. 2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts. 3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month. 4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger numbe...
Toxins and Antitoxins of Bacillus Dysenteriae Shiga. With the methods which have been described we have separated an exotoxin and an endotoxin from cultures of the Shiga dysenteric bacillus. The study of the nature and effect of the poison of this microorganism is thus simplified. The two toxins are physically and biologically distinct. The exotoxin is relatively heat-labile, arises in the early period of growth, and yields an antiexotoxic immune serum. The endotoxin, on the other hand, is heat-stable, is formed in the later period of growth, and is not neutralized by the antiexotoxic serum. The exotoxin exhibits a specific affinity for the cent...