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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
[A horse with grass sickness]. A three year old warm-blood gelding with severe colic was referred to a veterinary clinic. The history revealed that the horse was found early in the morning with severe colic, and laying in the pasture. On arrival the clinical examination showed a complete wet horse with a pulse rate of 92/min, a respiratory rate of 24/min., a pcv of 0.50 L.L.-1, a T. of 38.0 degrees C, and no gastric reflux. Rectal examination revealed a sticky rectal mucous membrane and a colonic impaction together with displacement of the large colon. A diagnostic laparotomy showed an impaction as is seen in horses with Gr...
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in a stallion. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma found in a 6-year-old Anglo-Arabian stallion was investigated histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. The animal showed a large mediastinal mass and generalized lymph node involvement. The neoplastic cells were in various differentiation stages of small lymphocyte, centrocyte, centroblast, immunoblast and plasma cell. Some neoplastic cells showed positive cytoplasmic reactivity for mu and lambda chains. There were well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi complexes in plasmacytoid cells, and slightly developed RER or a few long s...
Relationship of serum total calcium to serum albumin in dogs, cats, horses and cattle. A retrospective study was performed in order to assess the relationship between serum calcium and serum albumin concentrations in domestic animals. Results of 9041 canine, 1564 feline, 2917 equine, and 613 bovine serum samples from hospitalized patients were examined by regression analysis. Subpopulations of cases with concurrent elevations in creatinine or that were less than six months of age were evaluated separately. Statistically significant linear relationships between calcium and albumin concentrations were established for each species (p <0.05). The coefficients of determination (r(...
Clinical and pathological features of thoracic neoplasia in the horse. Thirty-eight horses with confirmed thoracic neoplasia included 28 (37.7%) with lymphosarcoma, 4 (10.5%) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 2 (5.3%) with primary lung carcinoma, 2 (5.3%) with secondary squamous cell carcinoma from the stomach, 1 (2.6%) with pleural mesothelioma, and 1 (2.6%) with malignant melanoma. The major clinical features included weight loss, inappetence, dyspnoea and coughing, but in cases of lung metastases, they related more to the primary site of tumour formation. Haematological and serum biochemical abnormalities were non-specific. Specific pre-mortem diagnosis wa...
Instrumentation of exercising thoroughbreds to determine blood gas tensions and acid-base status. A device was constructed of easily obtained medical supplies, and hardware and could be used to obtain multiple arterial samples when manually triggered. The right carotid arteries in five normal horses were surgically elevated, thereby permitting percutaneous cannulation. Each horse was galloped on a 1.6-km test track at approximately 500 m/min, and the rider triggered the mechanism at each 0.4-km mark. Each horse underwent 10 test gallops, and a mean and standard error was determined for each sampling mark including preexercise and postexercise samples. The results indicated that horses ridd...
Clinical effects of detomidine with or without atropine used for arthrocentesis in horses. The effectiveness of detomidine with or without atropine sulfate premedication in producing sedation and analgesia for arthrocentesis was studied in 12 horses. The effects were evaluated by monitoring heart and respiratory rates, borborygmi, distance from the lower lip to the floor, systolic blood pressure, and response to needle insertion. Either atropine or saline (as a placebo) was administered immediately prior to detomidine. All drugs were administered intravenously. Measurements were taken prior to drug injection and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes posti...
Blood gas tensions, acid-base status, heart rates, and venous profiles in exercising horses with laryngeal hemiplegia before and after corrective surgery. The physiologic effects of exercise were studied in four horses with complete laryngeal hemiplegia. Right carotid arteries were surgically elevated to a subcutaneous position for percutaneous catheterization. Each horse was fitted with a device designed to obtain multiple arterial samples while the horse was exercised over a 1.6-km course. After each horse completed 10 test gallops, the laryngeal hemiplegia was treated using a laryngeal prothesis and ventriculectomy. The horses were then reconditioned, and the exercise test and sampling were repeated. Horses with laryngeal hemiplegia became ac...
A liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of yohimbine in equine serum and urine. A standardbred mare was dosed with 40 mg yohimbine intravenously. Serum and urine samples were collected and analyzed for yohimbine using solvent extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Maximum yohimbine concentrations of 45 and 18 ng/mL were observed in serum and urine samples, respectively. Elimination was rapid, with half-lives of approximately 20 and 53 min observed for serum and urine, respectively. The presence of yohimbine in these samples was confirmed by liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS).
Proceedings of the John P. Hughes International Workshop on Equine Endometritis. Davis, California, August 1992. The paper is a report from a workshop discussing equine endometritis, a condition affecting horse fertility. The event was held in honor of Professor John Hughes and his significant contributions […]
Morphologic characterization of castor oil-induced colitis in ponies. Ten ponies (160-250 kg, ages 17 months to 20 years) developed severe diarrhea within 24 hours of castor oil administration (2.5 ml/kg orally). The diarrhea was most severe between 24 and 48 hours post-dosing and subsided by 72 hours. Ponies were euthanatized at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-dosing and intestine was evaluated histologically and ultrastructurally. Twenty-four hours after dosing, the mucosa of the cecum and ventral colon had extensive superficial epithelial erosion and neutrophil infiltration. In the ileum, the epithelium of villous tips was separated from the lamina propria. Scannin...
Plasma constituents during incremental treadmill exercise in intact and splenectomised horses. Six intact and 6 splenectomised mares were given an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to examine the fluid and electrolyte changes associated with exercise and the role of the spleen in these changes. Blood samples were obtained at rest and at the end of each 1-min step of the test. Exercise at 7 m/sec caused significant (P 0.05) in either group (intact = 2.7%; splenectomised, = 3.5%). This appears to be the first record of substantial changes of these constituents during short-term exercise, even before the onset of visible sweat losses. The changes in the concentration of plasma prot...
Use of flow-volume loops to evaluate upper airway obstruction in exercising standardbreds. Flow-volume loops generated from 6 Standardbreds at rest and during treadmill exercise were evaluated for their use in detecting upper airway obstruction. Tidal breathing flow-volume loops (TBFVL) were obtained from horses at rest and exercising at speeds corresponding to 75% of maximal heart rate and at maximal heart rate. The TBFVL were evaluated, using a pulmonary function computer; calculated indices describing airflow rate and expiratory-to-inspiratory airflow ratio for individual loops were determined. In addition to TBFVL indices, standard variables of upper airway function also were me...
Clinical syndrome and diagnosis of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in quarter horses. Of the 16 horses studied, 14 belonged to a family previously shown to be susceptible to hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP), and 8 were shown to have HPP. Diagnosis of HPP by electromyographic detection of myotonic discharges or by oral administration of KCl to induce clinical signs and hyperkalaemia had similar reliability and gave the same result in 80% of cases. KCl had to be administered at doses up to 0.2 g/kg bodyweight to produce signs in some horses. KCl challenge testing was more time consuming than EMG and resulted in one fatality. Overall, electromyography and potassium challenge...
Clinical signs and radiographic diagnosis of a portosystemic shunt in a foal. A three-month-old native pony foal had a history of recurrent episodes of bizarre neurological behaviour. The results of clinical examinations were non-specific but clinicopathological investigations indicated hepatic encephalopathy. A percutaneous, needle liver biopsy revealed histopathological changes consistent with a portosystemic shunt, which was later identified by operative mesenteric portovenography, and confirmed at post mortem.
Hypercoagulable state associated with a deficiency of protein C in a thoroughbred colt. Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease with anticoagulant and profibrinolytic activity which is synthesized in the liver. Decreased protein C activity was detected in a Thoroughbred colt with clinical and histopathologic evidence of recurrent venous thrombosis. Although protein C activity was reduced, protein C antigen concentration was normal. Consumptive coagulopathies produce a decrease in both the functional and antigenic concentrations of protein C, thus a defect in protein C synthesis was suspected. Inhibition of gamma-carboxylation secondary to vitamin K antagonism results i...
Focal exocytosis by eosinophils–compound exocytosis and cumulative fusion. We have investigated the granule fusion events during exocytosis in horse eosinophils by time-resolved patch-clamp capacitance measurements. Stimulation with intracellular GTP gamma S leads to a stepwise capacitance increase by 4.0 +/- 0.9 pF. At GTP gamma S concentrations < 20 microM the step size distribution is in agreement with the granule size distribution in resting cells. Above 80 microM the number of steps is reduced and very large steps occur. The total capacitance increase, however, is unaffected. These results show that at high GTP gamma S concentrations granule--granule fusion o...
A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals. Fourteen mares and their foals were attended at parturition. After mare-foal bonding, 8 colostrum-deprived (CD) foals were removed from their dams, deprived of colostrum, and provided with an alternative milk source for the first 24 h of life. The mares were milked out every 2-4 h during this period to remove colostrum, after which the CD foals were returned to their mares and allowed to nurse. Six colostrum-fed (CF) foals were allowed to suck colostrum in the normal manner. Foal serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion (means, CD = 0 mg/dl; CF = 1,508 mg/dl). Ac...
Plasma cell myeloma in the horse. A case report and literature review. Plasma cell myelomas in horses have been reported infrequently. Data from 10 cases, 9 from the literature and 1 new case, are used to characterize the disease in the horse. Hot-blooded horses (7/10), specifically Quarter Horses (4/10), were most often affected. Median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 3 mo-22 yr) and both male (5) and female horses (5) were represented equally. Clinical findings included weight loss (6/8), anorexia (4/8), fever (4/8), limb edema (4/8), pneumonia (3/8), rear leg paresis/ataxia (3/8), epistaxis (3/8), palpable lymphadenopathy (2/8), and bone pain (2/8). Anem...
Immunoaffinity chromatography combined with gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the confirmation of flumethasone abuse in the equine. Immunoaffinity chromatography using a synthesised immunosorbent was used to extract tritiated dexamethasone (with dexamethasone carrier) from equine urine at a recovery of 81.7 +/- 8.4% (mean +/- S.D.). A method utilising this procedure coupled to cool on-column injection gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry is also described for the confirmation of low levels of flumethasone in equine urine samples.
Radiographic examination of the equine head. Radiographic examinations of the equine head can be performed with portable x-ray machines. The views comprising the examination depend on the area of the head being examined. With a knowledge of radiographic anatomy and radiographic signs of disease, valuable diagnostic information can be obtained from the radiographic examination. In addition, the radiographic information can also be used to develop a prognosis and determine the most appropriate therapy.
