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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Right atrial-related structures in horses of interest during electrophysiological studies. Arrhythmias are common in horses, but catheter-based minimally invasive electrophysiological studies and therapeutic interventions have been poorly explored in equine medicine, partly due to the lack of detailed anatomical knowledge of the equine heart. Objective: To describe the dimensions and anatomical features of some electrophysiologically important landmarks of the right atrium in detail and assess their correlation with bodyweight and aortic diameter. Methods: Ex vivo cadaveric study. Methods: Twenty-one hearts of Warmblood horses, subjected to euthanasia for noncardiovascular reasons, ...
Variations in haematological and biochemical parameters in healthy ponies. Breed specific reference ranges for selected blood parameters are recommended for proper interpretation of blood tests, but there are only few reports dealing with ponies. The purpose of this study was to investigate if blood parameters differ among ponies' classes and to check if general normal values for equine species are applicable to ponies. Results: All, except total protein concentration, biochemical parameter significantly (p < 0.05) differed among ponies' classes. The most pronounced difference was noted in blood lactate concentrations, higher (p < 0.001) in the sma...
Comparison of chlorhexidine and alcohol-based antisepsis of the distal limbs of horses. An alcohol-based rub has been confirmed effective at reducing bacterial counts on equine skin. Skin sites with expected high bacterial burden have not been tested or has a comparison to a common protocol been performed. Objective: To determine if ethanol-based antisepsis reduces bacterial counts on the equine distal limb comparable to a current chlorhexidine scrub method and determine the most effective application technique for the product. Methods: Randomised trial. Methods: Forty-one horses were used in the study. By horse, each limb was randomly assigned to a treatment group: 5min scrub us...
Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progres...
Validation of standing cone beam computed tomography for diagnosing subchondral fetlock pathology in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Subchondral bone pathology is common in Thoroughbred racehorses and believed to precede more serious injury. Early identification of pathology is critical to allow for intervention. Objective: To determine interobserver variability of fetlock subchondral bone lesions using cone beam and fan beam computed tomography (CBCT, FBCT) and to validate a robotics-controlled CBCT to identify fetlock subchondral bone pathology in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: FBCT and CBCT images were acquired of 25 metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints of Thoroughbred racehorses...
Optimisation and validation of immunohistochemical axonal markers for morphological and functional characterisation of equine peripheral nerves. Horses are affected by various peripheral nerve disorders but defining their aetiology and pathophysiology is hampered by limited understanding of associated morphological and pathological changes and involvement of specific axonal types. Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that selected antibody markers, used in conjunction with various tissue processing methods, would enable identification of axons with different functional modalities within a range of equine peripheral nerves. Methods: Optimisation and validation study. Methods: A range of antibodies were evaluated immunohistochemicall...
Commercial amniotic membrane extract for treatment of corneal ulcers in adult horses. Amniotic membrane extract enhances the rate of epithelialisation after corneal ulceration in several species but has not been studied in the equine cornea. Objective: To evaluate the effect of amniotic membrane extract on re-epithelialisation of equine corneal ulcers compared with ulcers treated with antibiotic, antifungal and mydriatic medical therapy alone, and to evaluate equine corneal healing after experimentally induced superficial ulceration. Methods: Masked, randomised, controlled experimental trial. Methods: Superficial, 8 mm corneal ulcers were created bilaterally in each horse. One...
Clinical Factors Associated With Survival Outcomes in Starved Equids: A Retrospective Case Series. Each year in the United States, unwanted horses may become neglected, starved, or abandoned. Recovery therapies include refeeding and veterinary care, often requiring substantial time and financial investments. To better understand the likelihood for starved horses to successfully survive the first 100 days after initial evaluation, a retrospective case series was performed using hospital records of starved horses at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. A body condition score (BCS) of 3 or less and a malnourished diagnosis were utilized to select case records from an 11...
Practical protocols for timed artificial insemination of jennies using cooled or frozen donkey semen. With the expansion of the donkey industry, timed artificial insemination (TAI) is becoming increasingly important in the reproductive management of jennies, however, TAI has not been widely investigated in donkeys. Objective: To develop efficient TAI protocols for cooled or frozen semen in jennies, based around ovulation induction with a GnRH analogue. Methods: Experimental exploratory study. Results: In experiment 1, the effects of different GnRH analogue (deslorelin) doses, follicle diameter (FD) at induction, repeated use of a GnRH analogue, and the influence of season on induction efficien...
A Scoping Review of the Evidence for the Medicinal Use of Natural Honey in Animals. Honey has a history of medicinal use that predates written records. In recent decades, there has been renewed interest in the use of honey in human medicine, particularly for the treatment of burns and other wounds. Several recent systematic reviews in the human literature have demonstrated the efficacy of honey in the treatment of a number of conditions, including burns, wounds and oral mucositis. The goal of this scoping review was to describe the nature and extent of the current body of evidence addressing the medicinal use of natural honey and/or its derivatives in animals. Although the fo...
The contraceptive efficacy of a self-assembling intra-uterine device in domestic mares. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the contraceptive efficacy of a self-assembling uterine device (iUPOD™) in the mare. In addition, the effects of iUPODs on oestrous cyclicity, uterine health and circulating concentrations of cortisol were evaluated. Methods: Domestic mares underwent oestrous monitoring and artificial insemination. After subsequent ovulation, mares underwent either placement (n = 7) or sham placement (n = 7; controls) of an iUPOD device. Devices were left in place for at least 3 months. Pregnancy diagnoses were carried out 14 days post-ovulation, with any pr...
Effects of Leaving Amputated Ovaries Intra-Abdominally during Elective Bilateral Standing Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Equids. There is risk of dropping an amputated ovary within the abdomen during standing laparoscopic ovariectomies in mares. If the ovary can no longer be directly visualized with the laparoscope, the procedure is then converted to a flank laparotomy for manual retrieval of the ovary which negates the minimally invasive nature of the laparoscopic procedure. The objective was to identify if ovaries left in the abdomen after amputation would atrophy or if they re-vascularize. Standing bilateral ovariectomies were performed in mature mares, but after transection of the ovarian pedicle, the ovaries were i...
Clinical Observations After Prebreeding Intrauterine Plasma Infusion in 18 Mares Inseminated With Thawed Frozen Semen. The use of autologous blood processing tools including platelet-rich plasma (PRP) devices is increasingly widespread in veterinary medicine. In equine reproduction, a number of studies have explored the effects of intrauterine infusion of PRP on persistent mating-induced endometritis. Artificial insemination with thawed frozen semen incites an intrauterine inflammatory response and we sought to extend the applications of intrauterine PRP to normal mares being inseminated with frozen semen. We investigated a subset of our normal breeding population to observe the clinical effects of prebreeding...
Influence of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on Biochemical Values of Equine Plasma Subjected to Physical Exertion. Veterinarians can recommend milk thistle for the treatment of equine liver disease and laminitis. Milk thistle seed cakes were fed in the range of normal feed doses in this study. The milk thistle seed cakes were fed (twice a day) to the experimental group of the horses ( = 5) and biochemical blood markers (TP, Albumin, ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase), Bilirubin, Cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), TAG (triacylglycerol), BHB (beta-hydroxybutyric acid), NEFA (non-esterif...
The effects of an alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist, antagonist, and their combination on the blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon concentrations in insulin sensitive and dysregulated horses. Alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists are sedatives that can cause fluctuations in serum insulin and blood glucose (BG) concentrations in horses. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of detomidine and vatinoxan on BG, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in horses with and without insulin dysregulation (ID). In a blinded cross-over design, eight horses with ID and eight horses without ID were assigned to each of four treatments: detomidine (0.02 mg/kg; DET), vatinoxan (0.2 mg/kg; VAT), detomidine + vatinoxan (DET + VAT), and saline control (SAL). Blood samples were taken at 0, ...
Intraincisional medical grade honey decreases the prevalence of incisional infection in horses undergoing colic surgery: A prospective randomised controlled study. Medical grade honey has previously been described as a prophylactic treatment for wounds. Local prophylactic treatment may be valuable in preventing post-operative incisional infections in horses undergoing colic surgery but has not been evaluated. Objective: To establish whether medical grade honey gel, applied on the linea alba intraoperatively, decreases the prevalence of incisional infections in horses undergoing colic surgery with no associated adverse effects. Methods: Prospective blinded randomised controlled clinical study. Methods: Horses older than 4 months that underwent colic surg...
Detecting acute kidney injury in horses by measuring the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine in serum. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses may develop as a complication of a primary disease or following the administration of nephrotoxic drugs, and may pose a diagnostic challenge. Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations and diagnostic significance of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and conventional renal dysfunction biomarkers in healthy horses, horses at risk of developing AKI, and horses with clinically evident AKI. A second aim was to assess how gastrointestinal disease and exposure to potentially nephrotoxic drugs affected SDMA levels. Thirty health...
Experimental evaluation of cortical screw placement in lag fashion into the distal phalanx in standing horses. The objectives of this in vivo experimental study were to evaluate the feasibility of cortical screw insertion into the intact distal phalanx in standing sedated horses and to document potential postoperative complications. One cortical screw was randomly inserted in lag fashion into each distal phalanx in 9 horses. The second surgery on the contralateral limbs was performed 2-3 weeks after the first operation, when a 4.5-mm cortical screw was inserted in lag fashion into the distal phalanx of sedated horses following perineural analgesia. Following surgery, the drill hole was filled with an a...
Assessment of clinical and microbiota responses to fecal microbial transplantation in adult horses with diarrhea. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is empirically implemented in horses with colitis to facilitate resolution of diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to assess FMT as a clinical treatment and modulator of fecal microbiota in hospitalized horses with colitis. A total of 22 horses with moderate to severe diarrhea, consistent with a diagnosis of colitis, were enrolled at two referral hospitals (L1: n = 12; L2: n = 10). FMT was performed in all 12 patients on 3 consecutive days at L1, while treatment at L2 consisted of standard care without FMT. Manure was collected once daily for 4 days fro...
Importance of broth-enrichment culture in equine endometritis diagnosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the standard microbiological protocol to assure the evaluation of bacterial endometritis in the equine clinical practice. Four hundred fifty-two equine uterine swabs were seeded on different types of agar plates and then in a broth-enrichment (Brain Heart Infusion Broth) before plating by using the same media the day after. The prevalence of positivity was 33.7% following direct plating and 66.3% following use of added enrichment-broth phase before seeding on solid media. Furthermore, the prevalence of isolated bacteria ...
Intrauterine infusion of killed semen adversely affects uterine blood flow and endometrial gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis. Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is a leading cause of infertility in mares. The objective of the study was to assess genital perfusion and endometrial gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in mares classified as susceptible (n = 5) or resistant (n = 5) to PBIE. Ten mares were examined daily during estrus until 6 d after hCG-induced ovulation for two estrous cycles. Twenty-four hours after application of 1500 IU hCG, 4 mL of killed (by repeated freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing at 50 °C) deep-frozen semen or sterile saline was instilled into the uterine body an...
Use of Hausdorff Distance and Computer Modelling to Evaluate Virtual Surgical Plans with Three-Dimensional Printed Guides against Freehand Techniques for Navicular Bone Repair in Equine Orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical execution of a virtual surgical plan (VSP) with three-dimensional (3D) guides against a freehand approach in the equine navicular bone using an automated computer analysis technique. Methods: Eight pairs of cadaveric forelimb specimens of adult horses were used in an experimental study design with modelling. Limbs received either a 3.5 mm cortical screw according to a VSP or using an aiming device. Using computed tomography and computer segmentation, a comparison was made between the executed screw and the planned screw using the Ha...
A Review of Methods for Detecting Soreness in Horses During the last century and today, the Tennessee walking horse has been used primarily for pleasure and show competition. Unique and natural to the breed is a smooth four-beat “running walk” gait. In the 1950s the accentuated or exaggerated running walk, known as the “big lick” became popular at high-level competitions. The combination of exaggerated high-action step in front and long stride behind is still considered desirable in today's horse show competitions, and it is often achieved through soring. Soring is the practice of applying a substance or mechanical device to the lower li...
Evaluation of Overground Endoscopy Findings in Colombian Criollo Paso Horses. The dynamic upper airway functional (URT) problems of Colombian paso horses (CPH) have not been investigated in literature up to date. These horses perform special walking gaits with high poll flexion of the neck. Our goal is to evaluate the upper airway mechanics in CPH, showing abnormal respiratory sounds and poor performance during exercise. Resting and overground endoscopy was performed in 40 CPHs. Statistical analyses were performed using the sciPy package. One-tailed Fisher exact tests were used to check for positive contingency between each pair of upper respiratory tract disorder (P < ...
Questionnaire on the process of recovering horses from general anesthesia and associated personnel injury in equine practice. To collect data about the current practice of recovering horses from general anesthesia and recovery personnel safety. Methods: Online survey. Methods: An online questionnaire, including questions on general demographic data, recovery drugs, modality and characteristics of equine recovery and morbidity and mortality, was designed and distributed via e-mail to equine practitioners worldwide. Results: Practitioners from 22 countries completed 373 questionnaires; 53% of the participants were board-certified equine surgeons, and the remainder were board-certified anesthesiologists (18%), large ani...
Successful vitrification of manually punctured equine embryos. Successful vitrification of equine expanded blastocysts requires collapse of the blastocoele cavity using a micromanipulator-mounted biopsy pipette on an inverted microscope. Such equipment is expensive and requires user skill. Objective: To develop a manual method of blastocoele collapse prior to vitrification using commercial products. Methods: In vivo experiment. Methods: Seventy-nine Day 7 or 8 embryos were measured and graded. Twenty were vitrified following micromanipulator-assisted puncture and aspiration before being used to validate commercial human vitrification and warming kits cont...
Relationship between atrial fibrillatory rate based on analysis of a modified base-apex surface electrocardiogram analysis and the results of transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses with spontaneous atrial fibrillation. To compare the atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR) derived from a local right atrial intracardiac recording (RA-FR) and from a single-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during atrial fibrillation (AF) and to evaluate the correlation with transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) threshold (in Joules), number of shocks and cardioversion success rate in horses. Methods: ECGs and clinical records of horses with AF treated by TVEC. Horses were included if a simultaneous recording of the right atrial intracardiac electrogram and a modified base-apex ECG were available. Methods: Clinical records of h...
Safe and effective aerosolization of in vitro transcribed mRNA to the respiratory tract epithelium of horses without a transfection agent. Vaccines and therapeutics using in vitro transcribed mRNA hold enormous potential for human and veterinary medicine. Transfection agents are widely considered to be necessary to protect mRNA and enhance transfection, but they add expense and raise concerns regarding quality control and safety. We found that such complex mRNA delivery systems can be avoided when transfecting epithelial cells by aerosolizing the mRNA into micron-sized droplets. In an equine in vivo model, we demonstrated that the translation of mRNA into a functional protein did not depend on the addition of a polyethylenimine (...
Equine-assisted activities and therapies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by problems of inattention and impulsive hyperactivity in children. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAATs) have been used as alternative non-pharmacological intervention option in patients with ADHD. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Nowadays, more studies of high methodological quality are needed to determine whether EAAT is an effective intervention for the treatment in children with ADHD. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Between 15 and 40 min of rising horses, 8...
