Equids are members of the family Equidae, which includes modern horses, donkeys, and zebras, as well as extinct species. Equids are characterized by their long limbs, single-toed hooves, and herbivorous diet, which is primarily composed of grasses. Horses, specifically, have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played significant roles in agriculture, transportation, and sport. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equids and horses, including their evolution, physiology, behavior, and interactions with humans. The collected works provide insights into the genetic diversity, adaptive traits, and conservation efforts related to equid species.
Sherman GB, Lund LA, Bunick D, Winn RJ.The luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunit gene is expressed in the pituitary glands of all mammals, whereas the closely related chorionic gonadotropin (CG) beta subunit genes have been identified only in primates and equids, and are expressed in placenta. In the case of horses, there is a single-copy equine (e) luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta subunit gene (eLH/CGbeta) that (1) is expressed in both pituitary gland and placenta, (2) encodes a characteristic carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP) extension, and (3) transcribes an atypically elongated 5'-untranslated region (UTR) ...
Dart AJ, Hodgson DR, Snyder JR.To review the breed, age, gender, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of horses with caecal disease presented to a referral centre. Methods: Retrospective study of 96 cases. Methods: The breed, age, and gender of the study population were compared with the corresponding hospital population for the same period. The means (+/- SD) for clinical and laboratory findings were recorded for each caecal disorder. Treatment was categorised as medical or surgical, and outcome was recorded. Results: Caecal diseases included impaction (40% of total cases), rupture associated with concur...
Murphy D, Love S.Nine pony breed foals were reared indoors, then allocated to one of three groups infected with either 3.9 million (Group A) or 3.15 million (Group B) cold-conditioned third stage cyathostome larvae or kept as uninfected controls (Group C). The larvae were administered as a 'trickle' infection of 150000 larvae per dose, three times weekly. Blood biochemical and haematological analyses were performed weekly and faecal worm egg counts bi-weekly. Complete parasitological examinations were performed on all ponies at various times post-initial infection (PI): one infected animal at 9 weeks PI, four ...
Glaser AL, Chirnside ED, Horzinek MC, de Vries AA.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a small, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus, in the family Arteriviridae , W.H.ich can infect both horses and donkeys. While the majority of EAV infections are asymptomatic, acutely infected animals may develop a wide range of clinical signs, including pyrexia, limb and ventral edema, depression, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. The virus may cause abortion and has caused mortality in neonates. After natural EAV infection, most horses develop a solid, long-term immunity to the disease. Marzz and geldings eliminate the virus within 60 days, but 30 to 60% of acut...
Pellegrini MG, Corda EM, Manca L, Olianas A, Sanna MT, Fais A, Masala B.A study was made of the Hb phenotype of the Sardinian dwarfhorse (Equus caballus jara), one of the last surviving wild horse species in Europe. Hb haplotypes and their frequencies were found to be similar to those described in the Arabian horse (BI = 0.551, BII = 0.389, A = 0.036, V = 0.015), which suggests possible introduction onto the island from North Africa. The oxygen binding properties of the whole hemolysates and of the four different horse Hbs, separated by ion-exchange chromatography, were considered with regard to the effect of chloride, 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and lactate. Results ...
Vagedes K.The bone finds from the neolithic settlement in Pestenacker (near Landsberg am Lech) date back to the second half of the 4th millennium BC (Altheim). Like in any other late neolithic horse bones, the question we have to deal with is whether they represent the remains of wild horse or early domestic horse, as we do not know for certain yet the date of the earliest domestic horses' occurrence in Middle Europe. The post pleistocene distribution of the wild horse is described. For a long time people thought that hardly any wild horses existed in post pleistocene Middle Europe any longer, due to th...
Wilson DG, Hendrickson DA, Cooley AJ, Degrave-Madigan E.To evaluate 2 laparoscopic techniques for castration of horses. Methods: Prospective, randomized trial. Methods: 6 sexually intact male ponies. Methods: Ponies were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency. By means of restricted randomization, 1 testis in each pony was selected to undergo in situ destruction (i.e., vascular cauterization and ligation with the testis left in situ); the other testis was pulled back into the abdomen and removed. Baseline and stimulated testosterone concentrations were determined preoperatively and postoperatively. After euthanasia, the in situ testes were ex...
Sandmann D, Boycott BB, Peichl L.The morphology of horizontal cells chiefly of the horse, but also of asses, mules, and a zebra, has been examined by Lucifer yellow injections into lightly fixed retinae and by immunocytochemistry. In common with other mammals, equids have a B-type horizontal cell, i.e., a cell with dendrites synapsing with cones and possessing a single axon synapsing with rods. Most mammalian retinae have a further type of horizontal cell, the A-type, also synapsing with cones but without an axon. The second type of horizontal cell in equids also has no axon; otherwise, it is most unusual. Compared with other...
Patterson JS, Maes RK, Mullaney TP, Benson CL.An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. All cases of EEE diagnosed at the Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated. The diagnosis was based on histopathologic examination of the brain and confirmatory virus, isolation. Sections of cerebrum from 26 equids and 5 birds were assessed by IHC. Histologically normal brain tissues from 2 horses and 1 pheasant and brain tissues from 2 cases of equine neurologic diseas...
Sarasola P, McKellar QA.Bacampicillin hydrochloride is an ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It was administered intragastrically at a dose rate of 13.5 mg/kg of body weight to ponies and horses, and was highly bioavailable (F = 41.0%), compared with other penicillins in adult horses. The high peak ampicillin plasma concentration of 6.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml achieved and persistence of the antibiotic at concentration of 0.3 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml 6 hours after its intragastric administration, suggest that bacampicillin hydrochloride may reach suitable ba...
Stewart F, Charleston B, Crossett B, Barker PJ, Allen WR.An apparently unique protein produced in large quantities by the endometrium of the mare which adheres to, or is incorporated into, the acellular capsule that surrounds the equine conceptus in early pregnancy, has been characterized and partially sequenced. It has a molecular mass of approximately 18 kDa on SDS-PAGE gels and is nonglycosylated as assessed by a sensitive carbohydrate detection kit. Comparison of its first 24 amino-terminal amino acids with all entries in the databases failed to show any significant identity with any other protein sequence. Secretion of the protein appears to be...
Ishida N, Oyunsuren T, Mashima S, Mukoyama H, Saitou N.The noncoding region between tRNAPro and the large conserved sequence block is the most variable region in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This variable region (ca. 270 bp) of four species of Equus, including Mongolian and Japanese native domestic horses as well as Przewalskii's (or Mongolian) wild horse, were sequenced. These data were compared with our recently published Thoroughbred horse mitochondrial DNA sequences. The evolutionary rate of this region among the four species of Equus was estimated to be 2-4 x 10(-8) per site per year. Phylogenetic trees of Equus species demo...
Yoshida S, Yamanouchi K, Hasegawa T, Ikeda A, Suzuki M, Chang KT, Matsuyama S, Nishihara M, Takahashi M.cDNAs encoding equine inhibin/activin beta A subunit were isolated from an equine follicle cDNA library and characterized. Using primers based on the rat inhibin/activin beta A subunit cDNA sequence, a RT-PCR was performed to generate the probe for screening. Four positive clones were isolated. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of these clones revealed that two pairs of identical clones were present, Eq-beta A-1 (0.9 kb) and Eq-beta A-2 (1.5 kb). Eq-beta A-2 clone contained a complete open reading frame encoding 426 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine inhibin/activin beta ...
Skelton MS, Kremer DE, Smith EW, Gladden LB.Transport of lactate across the erythrocyte membrane proceeds by three distinct pathways: 1) nonionic diffusion of lactic acid, 2) inorganic anion exchange (band 3), and 3) a monocarboxylate-specific (MC) carrier mechanism. This study determined the contributions of these three pathways in the red blood cells (RBCs) of "athletic" and "nonathletic" species. Blood samples were obtained from four male animals of each species: 1) Canis familiaris (dogs), 2) Capra hircus (goats), 3) Equus caballus (horses), and 4) Bos taurus (cattle). Contribution of each pathway to total lactate influx was determi...
Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Stamper S, Drudge JH, Granstrom DE, Collins SS.Praziquantel injectable formulation was administered at 0.5 mg k-1 per os to 24 equids naturally infected with 1-183 (average 40) Anoplocephala perfoliata. Drug activity was evaluated by a modified critical test method with necropsy 24 h after treatment. There was variable efficacy of 0-100% (aggregate average 85%); for 18 equids, 93-100%, for three equids, 70-85%, and for three equids, 0-20%.
Nasir L, Reid SW.The evolutionary conserved region of the equine homologue of the p53 gene from the donkey genome was PCR amplified and cloned. The 1380 bp fragment consisted of exons 5 to 9 and the intervening introns. The exonic and intronic DNA sequences showed a variable but high level of homology with previously published human sequences. The aminoacid sequences corresponding to the evolutionary conserved domains II, III, and V were identical to the human regions, whilst domain IV was 96% homologous.
Xu X, Arnason U.The sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the horse (Equus caballus) was determined. The length of the sequence presented is 16,660 bp. This figure, however, is not absolute due to pronounced heteroplasmy caused by variable numbers of the motif GTGCACCT in the control region of different molecules. Boundaries of the 13 peptide-coding genes were determined by the presence of start and stop codons, and by analogy with other eutherian mtDNAs. Three genes (COIII, NADH3 and NADH4) were not terminated by a stop codon. Comparison among the peptide-coding genes of the horse and eight other mammals...
Fernandes MD, Ribeiro GSN, Joaquim JGF, Ferraz SM, Fonteque JH.In equine husbandry, oral cavity procedures are commonly performed and may be associated with complications, including extraoral diseases, potentially resulting from bacterial contamination and inadequate antisepsis. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a major issue for healthcare professionals, including veterinarians that may misuse these pharmaceuticals. Therefore, developing novel methods for antisepsis is desirable. This study aims to test the effectiveness of a 100 µg/ml ozonized injectable water solution versus 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Fifty adult equines had swab samples...
Faugier C, Snyder LBC, Hyun M, Schroeder C.To evaluate sedation in horses following pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 (GV-24) compared to aquapuncture at GV-24 or an equivalent dose of dexmedetomidine administered via IV or SC routes. Unassigned: 10 adult mares received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover design: (1) dexmedetomidine administered at GV-24 (DexmedGV24; 1 μg/kg); (2) saline administered at GV-24 (SalineGV24; 1.5 mL); (3) dexmedetomidine administered SC on the lateral neck (DexmedSC; 1 μg/kg); or (4) dexmedetomidine administered IV (DexmedIV; 1 μg/kg). Sedation scores (fa...
Rissi DR, Mendes RE.Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common ocular and periocular neoplasm of horses, typically arising from the limbus, third eyelid mucosa or mucocutaneous junctions of the upper and lower eyelids. Tumours are locally invasive, prone to recurrence and may rarely metastasize. Histological evaluation is required for definitive diagnosis and atypical SCC subtypes may be diagnostically challenging. Here we describe a clear cell SCC in the third eyelid of a 16-year-old female Quarter Horse. The red and invasive mass was surgically excised for histological evaluation. The lesion consisted of ...
Dao TTH, Szűts T, Duong NN, Troung DTQ, Solymosi N, Takács N, Hornok S, Farkas R.Equine piroplasmosis, caused by , and , significantly impacts on the veterinary and economic aspects of the global horse industry. However, many countries, including Vietnam, have not yet conducted epidemiological surveys to determine the prevalence of these haemoparasites. This study aimed to detect and/or infections in horses and to identify their genotypes. Blood samples were collected from 154 apparently healthy horses in eight districts of Hanoi, Thai Nguyen, and Son La provinces located in the northern part of the country. Twenty-four horses (15.58%, 95%CI: 10.70–22.14%) were found ...
Dos Santos TS, Dillmann JB, Giovelli M, Elias GO, Lima RK, Cescon S, Stainki DR, Dos Santos RC, Corrêa C, Monteiro SG.This study reports the successful use of maggot therapy in four horses with traumatic wounds caused by wire fences, treated in veterinary clinics and under field conditions in southern Brazil. All lesions showed tissue necrosis, purulent discharge, and foul odor, indicating infection and delayed healing. Sterile Lucilia cuprina larvae (L1 stage) were applied directly to the wounds for 48 hours. Rapid improvement was observed, with marked reduction of necrotic tissue, exudate, and odor, and stimulation of granulation tissue in three cases. Complete wound closure occurred between 10 and 60 days ...
Böckmann S, Trzebiatowski L, Georgiev P, Büttner K, Wehrend A.Immunoglobulins ingested via colostrum must remain intact to be absorbed by the neonate. Equine colostrum contains antitrypsin activity, which likely protects these proteins from proteolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Objective: To quantify antitrypsin activity in equine colostrum and milk, describe its temporal changes during the first five days after parturition, compare actitvity between left and right mammary glands, evaluate differences between nulliparous and pluriparous mares, and examine associations with immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and mare age. Methods: This retrospecti...
Healy SR, Yaffy D, Miller HG.Setaria equina is a species of filarial nematode parasite transmitted by mosquitoes, which infects horses and other equids. Adult worms reside in the abdominal cavity with apparently little pathogenic significance, but larvae can migrate to other regions of the body with resulting clinical disease. Cases in the UK are rare, with the last published report in 2001. A recent case of S. equina infection was detected in a 13-year-old, UK-resident mare during postmortem examination in Hertfordshire, UK. Adult worms were collected from the abdominal cavity, their DNA extracted and subjected to PCR an...
Kim T, Lee S, Seo JP.Foot diseases are common causes of lameness in horses. Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable tool for diagnosing musculoskeletal lesions in horses and providing a detailed evaluation of foot diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish reference ranges related to the feet of normal Jeju horses by measuring the angles and length of the hoof, and the Hounsfield Unit (HU) value of soft tissues in the foot. Methods: Sixteen normal Jeju horses (mean age: 4.25 years; mean body weight: 282.06 kg) without lameness were examined using CT. After CT scanning, the angles and lengths ...
Cardoso TL, Wozeak DR, Pereira IL, da Silva Ribeiro LD, Rodrigues RO, Hartwig DD.Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonosis that affects both humans and animals, with being the main causative agent. In horses, the disease is associated with considerable economic losses. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is the reference test for diagnosis but has limitations, emphasizing the need for effective diagnostic alternatives. In this study, was evaluated the use of a recombinant chimera, composed of ErpY-like and LemA proteins, as an antigen for ELISA-based detection of equine leptospirosis. The chimera was successfully expressed, purified and tested on 915 horse ser...
Cortez JV, Cervi D, Ruiz AJ, Grupen CG.Nicotinic acid (NA) treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) has been shown to elevate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels and improve oocyte developmental competence. Suboptimal equine oocyte IVM systems currently limit the efficiency of viable embryo in vitro production. This study evaluated NA supplementation during IVM for cloned equine embryo production, using oocytes from abattoir-sourced ovaries and live mares via ovum pick-up (OPU). Abattoir-derived oocytes (n = 694) were treated without or with 50 or 200 μM NA during the 18 h holding period (Pre-IVM). Next, OPU-deriv...
Strootmann T, Peter VG, Körner J.Anatomical variations of the caudal ventral lamina of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6), referred to as equine caudal cervical morphologic variations (ECCMV), and radiographic modelling of the caudal cervical articular process joints (APJ) are commonly identified in sport horses, yet their interrelationship and relevance for athletic performance remain controversial. This retrospective observational study aimed to determine the prevalence of ECCMV and APJ modelling in a clinically sound warmblood sport horse population, to evaluate a potential association and to assess if ECCMV affects competit...
Nocera I, Cingottini D, Di Franco C, Sala G, Bindi F, Spadari A, Rinnovati R, Vitale V, Jose-Cunilleras E, Sgorbini M.Several studies investigated risk and prognostic parameters for horses with colic; however, the consensus is still debated. The present work aimed to investigate colic outcomes and to identify risk factors in horses referred for colic. In this multicenter retrospective study, 236 clinical records of equids referred for colic at three different equine centers were reviewed. The following data were collected: history, signalment, physical examination at the time of admission, hematological and biochemical analysis, diagnosis, SIRS status and 0-6 point-scale SIRS score, colic type, treatment atte...
Castillo JDCR, Forte L, Elghandour MMMY, Maggiolino A, De Palo P, Ponce-Covarrubias JL, Salem AZM.Parasitic infections remain a major constraint to equine health and performance, and the worldwide rise of anthelmintic resistance is forcing a shift toward integrated parasite management and new complementary tools. Caesalpinia coriaria (Divi-divi) pods are exceptionally rich in tannins and have been proposed as a potential source of antiparasitic phytochemicals. This review summarizes the current evidence on C. coriaria, focusing on its relevance to equine gastrointestinal helminths. Most available data come from in vitro screening against ruminant nematode models (mainly Haemonchus contortu...
Gerow SL, Clegg SR, Cooke AS.In the UK, fireworks are common during several celebratory events throughout the year. Previous evidence has shown the adverse effects of fireworks on domestic companion animals. However, there has been little focus on equids. An online survey was developed to understand the impact of fireworks on horses and donkeys, how owners attempt to mitigate these impacts, and the owners' views on fireworks. A total of 1,234 horse owners and 232 donkey owners responded. The majority (77%) advocated tighter regulations surrounding the use of fireworks, including reduction in the maximum noise produced, an...
Bish-Jones AR, Papich MG, Orsini JA.This study describes the pharmacokinetics of ertapenem, a carbapenem antimicrobial that has not been previously studied in equids. Administered as a 30 mg/kg intravenous bolus to six healthy horses, serial blood and synovial samples were obtained over 8 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and synovial fluid was performed. In plasma, the AUC was 353.10 h × μg/mL (CV = 49.02%), Vss 79.34 mL/kg (CV = 22.85%), CL 84.96 mL/h/kg (CV = 31.31%) and t1/2 2.03 h (CV = 15.32%). In synovial fluid, the AUC was 524.10 h × μg/mL (CV = 16.03...
Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Ebisuda Y, Sugiyama F, Yoshida T, Miyata H.This study tested the hypothesis that 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would induce greater physiological adaptations than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in Thoroughbred horses. Seven untrained horses completed two distance-matched treadmill training protocols (three sessions per week) in a randomized crossover design, separated by a three-month washout: MICT (6 min at 70% ) and HIIT (6 × [30 s at 100% with 30 s at 30% ]). Incremental exercise tests were conducted at weeks 0, 3, and 6 to assess exercise performance and physiological responses. M...
Aimonetti E, Genton M, Lischer CJ, Rossignol F.To determine the benefit of using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed titanium aiming device for placing two 5.5-mm transarticular screws during proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in equine species. Methods: Ex vivo study. Methods: A total of 40 cadaveric forelimbs from adult horses. Methods: A senior surgeon and a first-year resident each performed 20 constructs: 10 using the device and 10 using a freehand technique. Procedure duration and number of intraoperative radiographs were recorded. Final radiographs were evaluated by an ECVS-certified surgeon unaware of treatment group, b...
Bramall LM, Hinnigan GJ, Wattam AD, Owen KR.This case report describes the successful hemithyroidectomy of the largest equine solid follicular adenoma described in the veterinary literature to date. A 19-year-old thoroughbred mare was referred to Oakhill Veterinary Centre for the surgical removal of a large, left-sided thyroid gland measuring 26cm in diameter. Pre-operative considerations, the hemithyroidectomy surgical technique as well as the intra- and post-operative complications encountered, are discussed. Following surgery the horse had no long-term complications and continues to thrive four and a half years post-operatively.
Nixon W, Buckley P, Butler R.There is a lack of information on horse parasite management practices currently used by individual horse owners in Australia. A voluntary, anonymous online survey was developed for and distributed by Pony Club Australia to its members seeking information on horse population; housing; paddock, manure and parasite management; and owner attitudes. From a total of 98 completed responses, 95/98 of participants indicated their horses spent time in paddocks, 91/98 administered anthelmintics, 42/98 guessed their horse's body weight for dosing, 78/98 recalled the dewormer brand or active ingredient las...
Dundjerovic I, Sneddon LU.Animal welfare concerns both the physical and mental wellbeing of animals so the assessment of animals kept in captivity, for example zoos, is important and necessary both legally and ethically. Good welfare is especially vital when breeding endangered species as stress impairs reproductive investment. As zoos often have high numbers of visitors, it is important to know if humans and the associated noise might influence the animals' welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of visitors and activities offered to the visitors caused a stress response in horses housed...
Cifuentes V, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Vargas-Muñoz LJ, Estrada-Gómez S.Albumin is one of the most abundant and physiologically important blood protein in horses due to its ability to regulate vascular volume and transport blood metabolites or drugs. Despite the importance of this protein, in Colombia there is no previous reference of the use of equine albumin in horses as a pharmacological therapy and there is no available any pharmaceutical preparation of this protein to be administrated in horses. This study aims to evaluate for first time the preliminary clinical response of healthy adult Colombian Creole horses after the intravenous administration of an equin...
Strugava L, Serighelli-Júnior G, Stadler LM, Flores LADS, Minozzo GA, Dornbusch LPTC, Moreno JCD, Dornbusch PT.Rectal amputation is a surgical approach indicated for the management of severe rectal lacerations or extensive rectal prolapse when transmural compromise or primary repair is unfeasible. These conditions, although uncommon, present substantial challenges in equine practice due to the anatomical complexity of the pelvic region and the potential for life-threatening complications if not adequately addressed. This study aimed to describe and standardize a reproducible surgical technique for rectal amputation in horse cadavers. Six equine cadavers (mean body mass, 441.83± 66.84 kg) were position...
DeBel NA, Yalavarthi G, Johnson JR, Simoneau AT, Sweeney B, Stearns G, Saliceti A, Rutstein H, Amalaradjou MA, Govoni KE, McBride ZG, Moore TE....Strongyles are nematode parasites that affect the large intestine and cecum of the horse, with symptoms ranging from poor hair coat to colic. This can influence gut health, nutrient absorption, and overall body condition. Objective: Determine the effects of parasitic load, breed, age, housing, and season on skin and hair coat conditions. We hypothesized that horses with low fecal egg counts would have better hair and skin coat condition compared with those with high fecal egg counts. Methods: A total of forty-five Morgan and 11 Thoroughbred horses were included in this study. We tested the eff...
Tsopp E, Kilk K, Gambini A, Tvrdà E, Viljaste-Seera A, Tuppits U, Jaakma Ü.Equine in vitro embryo production (IVP) via ovum pick-up (OPU) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has gained prominence in sport-horse breeding due to high success rates, efficient semen utilization, and year-round embryo production, including from mares with fertility challenges or postmortem. However, assessing viability of early-stage ICSI-produced equine embryos remains challenging due to subjective morphological evaluations and limited visibility of developmental features. Non-invasive metabolomic analysis of culture media offers a promising alternative to enhance embryo selectio...
Mendes RP, Gonzaga MS, Matheus MM, Bittar MJ, Doria RGS, Corrêa RR.Developmental and eruption abnormalities are common and can result in progressive dental diseases. Ectopic eruption of the affected tooth may be the result of these processes. This study aims to report the occurrence of a permanent mandibular tooth in a horizontal position, with retention of the corresponding deciduous tooth, in a miniature horse. A 2-year-old female miniature horse was admitted to the veterinary hospital with a hard swelling on the left mandibular ramus, which had been growing continuously for three months. After a complete evaluation, it was concluded that the swelling was t...
Auvinen JRE, Kritchevsky JE, Reinhart JM, Gochenauer AE, Jannasch AS, Han-Hallett Y.Manipulation of forms of rectally administered metronidazole to improve bioavailability in horses has not been reported. Objective: Evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 3 rectal metronidazole preparations compared to nasogastric (NG) administration. Methods: Seven healthy horses. Methods: Phase 1A was a randomized, 3-way crossover, single-dose pharmacokinetic study, and Phases 1B and 2 were non-randomized, single-dose follow-up studies. Metronidazole (20 mg/kg) was administered NG and rectally in water (RW20), as a rectal gel (RG), and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Metronidazole (80 mg/kg) was a...
Semik-Gurgul E, Ocłoń E, Zubel-Łojek J, Pędziwiatr R, Pawlina-Tyszko K.Sarcoids are locally invasive skin tumors in equids, associated with bovine papillomavirus. Objective: Address potential applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in veterinary medicine. We evaluated the response of equine sarcoid cells to CBD in vitro, focusing on viability, invasiveness, and matrix remodeling. Methods: Three primary sarcoid cell lines. Methods: Cells were treated with CBD (20, 6.75, 2.25, 0.75 μM) and incubated for 6, 24, 48, 72 hours. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis were assessed using the ApoTox-Glo Assay. Based on these results, further analyses were performed for ...
Bindi F, de Marchi L, Elias-Cortajarena A, Sala G, Vitale V, Spadari A, Rinnovati R, Bonelli F, Sgorbini M.Colic is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, with oxidative stress implicated in its pathophysiology. Objective: Evaluate biomarkers (BIOs) of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in healthy horses and those with non-strangulating colic (NSC) and strangulating colic (SC) and assess correlations with survival. Methods: Seventy-one adult horses: 10 healthy and 61 colic-affected (42 NSC, 19 SC) admitted to 3 veterinary teaching hospitals. Methods: Prospective, multicenter cohort study. Blood samples were collected at admission (T0) and up to 96 h post-admission. Biomarkers me...
Gordon S, Pusterla N, Finno CJ, Young A, Martínez-López B.Equine alphaherpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is a highly contagious virus that can cause the neurological form, equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Understanding transmission-related risk factors is crucial for improving prevention strategies and guiding effective control measures. In this study, we collected data from 63 horses that had previously participated in the February 2022 winter horse show season at the Desert International Horse Park (DIHP) (26 cases and 37 controls) to identify host and management factors associated with EHV-1 infection and/or EHM development during the February 202...
Barreira AP, Moreira T, Silva R, Nunes L, Lioi A, Kraus E, Altheman V, Ribeiro M, Leite C, Silva A, Almeida F, Santos Junior G, Lessa D, Alves AL.Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects humans and animals worldwide. Its early diagnosis remains challenging due to subtle clinical signs and late radiographic changes. This study aimed to explore candidate biomarkers associated with spontaneous OA and to investigate their correlation with ultrasonographic scores to support early diagnosis. Clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic evaluations were performed on 52 equine metacarpophalangeal joints, with and without OA, allowing joint scoring and classification into osteoarthritis (OAG) and control groups. Synovial ...
