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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy findings in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. A clinical study was performed to determine whether clinical, endoscopic, radiographic, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytological, and pulmonary biopsy findings could be correlated in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) compared with controls. Racing standardbred horses were selected as either EIPH (n = 10) or control (n = 10), based on repeated postexertional endoscopy of the lower airways. Complete physical and respiratory examinations were performed and blood samples were submitted for arterial blood gas analysis, hematologic study, and fibrinogen determination. Bilatera...
Changes in fibre type composition of gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscles of Dutch Warmblood foals and the effect of exercise during the first year postpartum. In order to obtain broader insights into the equine musculoskeletal system, we studied the fibre type composition of 2 locomotory muscles in biopsies from Dutch Warmblood foals taken at 3 different ages in the first year postpartum. The muscle fibre types were determined histochemically as well as immunohistochemically. ATPase-characterised IIB fibres appear to express either IId or type lIa plus IId myosin heavy chain (MHC). A high percentage of fibres classified as IIA with ATPase expressed both fast types of MHC. The type I classification by the 2 methods matched almost completely. There wa...
Continuous measurement of caffeine and two metabolites in blood and skeletal muscle of unrestrained adult horses by semi-automated in vivo microdialysis. Concentrations of caffeine (CA) and two metabolites were measured simultaneously in venous blood and splenius muscle of adult horses using a semi-automated in vivo microdialysis sampling technique. Dialysates from muscle and jugular vein were collected continuously for 48 h and drug levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following i.v. injection, CA (3 mg/kg) attained a peak blood level of nearly 5400 +/- 600 ng/mL and decreased with a half-life of 15.3 +/- 0.7 h. Pharmacokinetic and statistical comparisons between CA concentrations in jugular dialysates and p...
Oxidative monensin metabolism and cytochrome P450 3A content and functions in liver microsomes from horses, pigs, broiler chicks, cattle and rats. The oxidative metabolism of monensin, an ionophore antibiotic extensively used in veterinary practice as a coccidiostat and a growth promoter, was studied in hepatic microsomal preparations from horses, pigs, broiler chicks, cattle and rats. As assayed by the measurement of the amount of the released formaldehyde, the rate of monensin O-demethylation was nearly of the same order of magnitude in all species, but total monensin metabolism, which was estimated by measuring the rate of substrate disappearance by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, was highest in cattle, interme...
The use of magnetic motor evoked potentials in horses with cervical spinal cord disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of magnetic motor evoked potentials as an ancillary diagnostic test in horses with cervical cord lesions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed in 12 ataxic horses and the results of the evoked responses were compared to those found in normal horses. The latency and peak-to-peak amplitude of the potentials in the 12 ataxic horses were significantly different from those measured in normal horses. The configuration of the abnormal potentials was also polyphasic. Normalisation of the evoked potentials occurred in none of the horses, prese...
Cultivation and characterisation of primary and subcultured equine keratinocytes. We describe the establishment and characterisation of equine keratinocyte cultures with maintenance of a high proliferative capacity up to the second passage. Improved attachment and growth were obtained by seeding primary cells on equine feeder layers. Subcultured keratinocytes showed optimal growth when seeded on collagen type I. The proliferation rate of cells on this substrate exceeded that seen for cells seeded on equine feeder layers. By immunohistochemistry, epithelial origin and state of differentiation of the equine keratinocytes were determined. They expressed keratin and desmoplakin...
Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection and identification of Pythium insidiosum. Pythium insidiosum is an important cause of cutaneous and gastrointestinal disease in horses and dogs in the southeastern United States. Culture-based diagnosis of pythiosis is rarely definitive because production and identification of reproductive structures is difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for the identification of P insidiosum. Genomic DNA was extracted from 3 clinical isolates of P insidiosum and I isolate each of Pythium graminicola and Pythium arrhenomanes. The ITS I region of the ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate was a...
Sero types, phage types and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from horses in The Netherlands from 1993 to 2000. We studied 232 Salmonella strains from horses with salmonellosis in The Netherlands, isolated in the period from 1993 to 2000 in order to provide insight in the dynamics of sero-, phage types (pt) and antibiotic susceptibilities over time. The strains were tested for susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents using the agar diffusion method. In addition, the isolates were sero typed and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Typhimurium and Enteritidis strains were further phage typed. S. Typhimurium strains of phage type 506 and 401 (both classified as DT 104 in the English phage typing sy...
Mechanistic basis for the gas exchange threshold in Thoroughbred horses. The exercising Thoroughbred horse (TB) is capable of exceptional cardiopulmonary performance. However, because the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (VE/VO2) does not increase above the gas exchange threshold (Tge), hypercapnia and hypoxemia accompany intense exercise in the TB compared with humans, in whom VE/VO2 increases during supra-Tge work, which both removes the CO2 produced by the HCO buffering of lactic acid and prevents arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) from rising. We used breath-by-breath techniques to analyze the relationship between CO2 output (VCO2) and VO2 [V-slope lactate t...
H1-receptor antagonist, tripelennamine, does not affect arterial hypoxemia in exercising Thoroughbreds. It has been suggested that pulmonary injury and inflammation-induced histamine release from airway mast cells may contribute to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH). Because stress failure of pulmonary capillaries and EIAH are routinely observed in exercising horses, we examined whether preexercise administration of an H1-receptor antagonist may mitigate EIAH. Two sets of experiments, placebo (saline) and antihistaminic (tripelennamine HCl at 1.10 mg/kg iv, 15 min preexercise) studies, were carried out on seven healthy, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses in random order 7 days apart. A...
Detection of antibodies to Borna disease virus (BDV) in Turkish horse sera using recombinant p40. Brief report. The nucleoprotein of Borna disease virus (BDV-p40) was produced in a Baculovirus expression system using sf9 cells. The purity and specificity of the recombinant p40 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The recombinant p40 was used in an ELISA to screen horse sera in Turkey. For this, 323 horses from selected cities in the Marmara region of Turkey were examined clinically and serum was collected from each. All horses were clinically healthy except for a few with wounds on the skin. Antibodies to BDV were detected in the sera of 82 (25%) of 323 horse sera. Six sera were selected that h...
[Successful direct transfer of a deep frozen-thawed equine embryo]. Embryos were flushed on day 7 after ovulation from two mares, and frozen using a conventional slow freezing procedure in phosphate buffered (PBS) saline supplemented with 10% FCS, 1.5 mol/L ethylene glycol and 0.25 mol/L sucrose. One of the two embryos was thawed after 10 months of storage in liquid nitrogen and transferred directly (without dilution of the cryoprotectant and quality examination) to a synchronized recipient. This transfer resulted in the birth of a live female foal. To our knowledge, this is the first live foal born after direct transfer of a frozen-thawed equine embryo.
Growth hormone response to a novel growth hormone-releasing tripeptide in horses: interaction with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and sulpiride. A series of experiments was performed to determine the factor(s) responsible for an apparent inhibition of GH secretion in mares administered the GH secretagogue EP51389 in combination with GnRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and sulpiride. Experiment 1 tested the repeatability of the original observation: 10 mares received EP51389 at 10 microg/kg BW; five received TRH (10 microg/kg BW), GnRH (1 microg/kg BW), and sulpiride (100 microg/kg BW) immediately before EP51389, and five received saline. The mixture of TRH, GnRH, and sulpiride reduced (P = 0.0034) the GH response to EP51389, con...
Echinococcus granulosus: regulation of leukocyte growth by living protoscoleces from horses, sheep, and cattle. To determine whether living hydatid tissue can, like hydatid fluid, regulate leukocyte growth, T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage lines were cocultured with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and their growth was compared with that of control cultures by thymidine uptake estimates and chemiluminescent assays of cell number. Protoscoleces supported mitosis of IL-1-deprived D10 T cells, but did not increase D10 count. The action of protoscoleces was affected by the species and organ of their origin and the length of time in culture. Unusually marked mitotic reaction, unaffected by parasite age...
Increased susceptibility of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to equine herpes virus type 1 infection upon mitogen stimulation: a role of the cell cycle and of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses, causing abortion and nervous system disorders, even in vaccinated animals. During the cell-associated viremia, EHV-1 is carried by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mainly lymphocytes. In vitro, monocytes are the most important fraction of PBMC in which EHV-1 replicates, however, mitogen stimulation prior to EHV-1 infection increases the percentage of infected lymphocytes. The role of the cell cycle in viral replication and the role of cluster formation in cell-to-cell transmission of the virus were examined in mitogen-s...
Construction of a 5000(rad) whole-genome radiation hybrid panel in the horse and generation of a comprehensive and comparative map for ECA11. A 5000(rad) whole-genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel was created for the horse. The usefulness of the panel for generating physically ordered maps of individual equine chromosomes was tested by typing 24 markers on horse Chromosome 11 (ECA11). The overall retention of markers on this chromosome was 43.6%. Almost complete retention of two of the typed markers--- CA062 and AHT44---clearly indicated the location of thymidine kinase gene on the short arm of ECA11. Seven of the typed markers were FISH mapped to align the RH and cytogenetic maps. With the RH-MAPPER approach, a physically ordered map...
Faecal oestrogens and progesterone metabolites in mares of different breeds during the last trimester of pregnancy. Non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis in mares by measuring faecal oestrogens has been performed over years with great accuracy. However, results have indicated breed-related differences in the amount of excreted steroids during late pregnancy. Therefore faecal samples were collected during the last 4 months of pregnancy of Thoroughbred (n = 10), New Forest pony (n = 9), Shetland pony (n = 10) and Iceland pony mares (n = 11). Concentrations of oestrogens, 20alpha-hydroxy- and 20-oxopregnanes were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Breed differences concerning both levels (though significant only i...
Kinematic characteristics of Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses: a comparative study. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematic trot characteristics of three different breeds of horse: Andalusian (AN, n = 15), Arabian (AR, n = 7) and Anglo-Arabian (AA, n = 5) using standard computer-assisted videography (25 Hz). Linear, temporal and angular parameters in fore- and hind limbs were analysed in six randomly selected strides per horse. Normalised angle-time diagrams along the complete stride were obtained for all joints angles in each breed and specific kinematic characteristics were detected graphically. AA horses displayed longer swing durations in both limbs ans a short...
A comparison of the mechanical strength of two stapled anastomosis techniques for equine small intestine. To compare bursting strength, time of construction, and cost of a closed one-stage, stapled functional end-to-end jejunojejunostomy (FEE) with a stapled side-to-side jejunojejunostomy (STS). Methods: Experimental, randomized block design. Methods: Seven adult horses without gastrointestinal disease. Methods: The jejunum was isolated, and three FEE, three STS, and three control segments were created in each horse using a randomized block design. Anastomosis time was recorded. The intraluminal pressure at failure and mode of failure were recorded. Length at failure was measured on digitized imag...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using electrosurgical instrumentation in standing horses. To describe a technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses using electrosurgical instrumentation. Methods: Retrospective clinical study. Methods: Ten horses, 1 to 7 years of age, with unilaterally or bilaterally retained testes. Methods: Food was withheld for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours. Horses were sedated using xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg) or detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and restrained in standing stocks. Three portal sites in the paralumbar fossae were locally desensitized using 2% mepivacaine. After trocar...
An evaluation of two autologous tendon grafting techniques in ponies. To compare the healing and mechanical strength of a multiple split autologous tendon graft (MG) to a whole autologous tendon graft (WG) in the deep digital flexor tendon of ponies. Methods: In vitro evaluation of two different tendon-grafting techniques. Methods: Six ponies of mixed gender and age. Methods: Tenotomies performed in forelimb deep digital flexor tendons (DDFT) distal to the insertion of the accessory ligament (AL-DDFT) were repaired with free autologous grafts from the hindlimb lateral digital extensor tendon (LDET). Grafts were either whole (WG) or split into three longitudinal ...
Free and conjugated estrogens and androgens in stallion semen. The steroid content of semen from a total of 11 mature fertile stallions was studied during two breeding seasons and one winter. The levels of free and conjugated substrates (testosterone and androstenedione), and products (estradiol and estrone), of aromatase were measured by radioimmunoassay with a validated method. The results were seasonally and monthly highly variable with characteristic peaks. The concentrations of free and conjugated estrogens were always higher in the gel-free ejaculate than in the gel except in one subfertile stallion used as comparison. Furthermore, the steroid produ...
Nd:YAG laser-assisted modified Forssell’s procedure for treatment of cribbing (crib-biting) in horses. To report an neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser-assisted modified Forssell's surgical technique and outcome for treatment of cribbing (crib-biting) in horses. Methods: Retrospective clinical study. Methods: Ten adult horses with stereotypic cribbing behavior. Methods: Data were obtained from medical records and telephone conversations with owners, trainers, and veterinarians. Surgical technique involved an approximately 34-cm ventral median skin incision starting rostral to the larynx and extending caudally. A 10-cm section of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve was ...
Influence of equine herpesvirus type 2 infection on monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 gene transcription in equine blood mononuclear cells. Representational difference analysis (RDA) was used to compare gene expression in equine mononuclear cells either infected with equine herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) or adsorbed with inactivated EHV-2. Seven clones identified in non-infected cells after three rounds of selective subtraction and enrichment for differentially expressed genes contained sequences homologous to equine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). This suggested that EHV-2 may down-regulate MCP-1 transcription in infected cells. These findings correlate well with similar findings described for human cytomegalovirus and support...
Functional expression and membrane fusion tropism of the envelope glycoproteins of Hendra virus. Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging paramyxovirus first isolated from cases of severe respiratory disease that fatally affected both horses and humans. Understanding the mechanisms of host cell infection and cross-species transmission is an important step in addressing the risk posed by such emerging pathogens. We have initiated studies to characterize the biological properties of the HeV envelope glycoproteins. Recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the HeV F and G open reading frames were generated and glycoprotein expression was verified by metabolic labeling and detection using specific antis...
Influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse. I. Development in utero. The interacting influences of maternal size and fetal genotype on placental and fetal development in the mare were assessed by comparing conventional within-breed Thoroughbred (Tb-in-Tb, n = 7) and Pony (P-in-P, n = 7) control pregnancies established by artificial insemination (AI) with between-breed (Tb-in-P, n = 8; deprived in utero condition and P-in-Tb, n = 7; luxurious in utero condition) experimental pregnancies established by embryo transfer. All foals were born spontaneously and the mean (+/- SEM) duration of gestation in the two groups of control mares was significantly different (P <...
