Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Goehring LS, van Winden SC, van Maanen C, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.Equine herpesvirus type 1(EHV-1)-associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a rare disease affecting the central nervous system and, in particular, the spinal cord of horses. Epidemiologic data are limited, and usually are restricted to the description of a single outbreak. During an observational period of 4 years, we evaluated 9 outbreaks of EHM in The Netherlands. A risk factor analysis was done on the data from 6 outbreaks. Findings were: regular appearance of EHM outbreaks in The Netherlands (2-3/y); strong association of EHM with season; and risk factors, such as breed, sex, age, and fever....
Hinrichs K, Choi YH, Love CC, Chung YG, Varner DD.We evaluated the effects of different donor cell treatments and activation methods on production of blastocysts after equine nuclear transfer. Nuclear transfer was performed by direct injection of donor cells, using a piezo drill, and standard activation was by injection of sperm factor followed by culture with 6-dimethylaminopurine. There was no difference in blastocyst development between embryos produced with roscovitine-treated or confluent donor cells (3.6% for either treatment). Addition of injection of roscovitine or culture with cycloheximide at the time of activation did not affect bl...
Rathi R, Honaramooz A, Zeng W, Turner R, Dobrinski I.Grafting of testis tissue from immature animals to immunodeficient mice results in complete spermatogenesis, albeit with varying efficiency in different species. The objectives of this study were to investigate if grafting of horse testis tissue would result in spermatogenesis, and to assess the effect of exogenous gonadotropins on xenograft development. Small fragments of testis tissue from 7 colts (2 week to 4 years of age) were grafted under the back skin of castrated male immunodeficient mice. For 2 donor animals, half of the mice were treated with gonadotropins. Xenografts were analyzed a...
MacLean YT.An 11-year-old Trakehner mare was presented with a firm moveable mass over the left maxilla. Radiography revealed a discrete opaque ovoid mass. Sialolithiasis of left parotid duct was diagnosed. The sialolith was excised by using a transoral approach and found to contain an organic nidus. The mare recovered without complications. Sialolithiase chronique chez une jument Trakehner. Une jument Trakehner âgée de 11 ans a été présentée pour une masse mobile ferme au dessus du maxillaire gauche. La radiographie a révélé une masse ovoïde opaque et discrète. Une sialolithiase du canal parot...
Hollis AR, Ousey JC, Palmer L, Stoneham SJ, Corley KT.Fenoldopam mesylate, a dopamine-1 receptor agonist, has dose- and species-dependent effects on hemodynamics and renal function. The effects of this drug in normotensive neonatal foals have not been reported. Objective: Two doses of fenoldopam would result in distinct changes in the systemic circulation, urine output, and creatinine clearance of neonatal foals. Methods: Six Thoroughbred foals. Methods: Each foal received 2 dosages of fenoldopam (low dose, 0.04 microg/kg/min; high dose, 0.4 microg/kg/min) and a control administration of saline, in a masked, placebo-controlled study. Results: Hig...
Peek SF, Semrad S, McGuirk SM, Riseberg A, Slack JA, Marques F, Coombs D, Lien L, Keuler N, Darien BJ.This prospective study compared survival rates of critically ill and septic foals receiving 1 of 2 different types of commercial equine plasma and analyzed admission variables as possible predictors of survival. Standardized clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and hemostatic admission data were collected and foals received either conventional commercially available hyperimmune equine plasma or equine plasma specifically rich in antiendotoxin antibodies in a double-blinded, coded fashion. Sepsis was defined as true bacteremia or sepsis score >11. Overall survival rate to discharge was 72% (4...
Martins EA, Silva LC, Baccarin RY.The objective of this study was to evaluate, through ultrasonography, the effect of medial patellar desmotomy. Middle patellar desmitis, enthesophytes in the patella, and irregularities in the cartilage of the femoral trochlear groove were observed. Medial patellar desmotomy leads to lesions in the stifle, and restriction of movement does not prevent these lesions from occurring. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer, par échographie, l’effet d’une desmotomie du ligament médial de la rotule. Une desmite du ligament médial de la rotule, des enthésophytes dans la rotule et de...
Sandersen CF, Detilleux J, de Moffarts B, Van Loon G, Amory H.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined atropine low-dose dobutamine stress test on left ventricular parameters in adult warmblood horses, to establish a potential protocol for pharmacological stress echocardiography. Seven healthy untrained warmblood horses aged 9 to 22 years were used. Heart rate (HR) and left ventricular B- and M-mode dimensions were recorded at baseline and during stress testing with 35 microg/kg atropine IV followed by incremental dobutamine infusion of 2 to 6 microg/kg/min. HR increased significantly (P < .05) during the pharmacological challen...
Bentz BG, Maxwell LK, Erkert RS, Royer CM, Davis MS, MacAllister CG, Clarke CR.The purpose of the study reported here was to describe the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration to horses. Six healthy adult horses were used in a randomized cross-over study with a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Three treatments were administered to each horse: 10 mg of injectable acyclovir/kg of body weight in 1 L of normal saline delivered as an infusion over 15 minutes; 10 mg of acyclovir/kg in tablets by nasogastric intubation; and 20 mg of acyclovir/kg in tablets by nasogastric intubation. A 2-week washout period was provided between eac...
Moodley Y, Baumgarten I, Harley EH.We investigated the applicability of microsatellite primers, designed in horses, for use in plains and mountain zebras. Fifteen of the 20 tested horse-isolated primer pairs reliably amplified polymorphic loci in two wild equid species. We used this information to assess whether levels of genetic variation and repeat size differed in species from which microsatellites were isolated and in closely related target species. Target equid species exhibited similar levels of genetic variation to the horse, the species from which primers were originally isolated. We show that ascertainment bias results...
Habacher G, Pittler MH, Ernst E.Acupuncture is a popular complementary treatment option in human medicine. Increasingly, owners also seek acupuncture for their animals. The aim of the systematic review reported here was to summarize and assess the clinical evidence for or against the effectiveness of acupuncture in veterinary medicine. Systematic searches were conducted on Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl, Japana Centra Revuo Medicina and Chikusan Bunken Kensaku. Hand-searches included conference proceedings, bibliographies, and contact with experts and veterinary acupuncture associations. There were no restrictions regarding t...
Gehlen H, Marnette S, Rohn K, Stadler P.The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of dobutamine and atropine causes cardiac stress equivalent to treadmill exercise. Therefore, electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed on 10 warmblood horses before, during, and after different cardiac stress tests. Stressors consisted of a standardized treadmill exercise and combined administration of dobutamine (7.5 microg/kg/min) and atropine (5 microg/kg). Maxima heart rates were achieved during the treadmill exercise (175 +/- 10 bpm). After exercise, a rapid decrease in heart rate was observed. Subsequently,...
Malisauskas M, Darinskas A, Zamotin VV, Gharibyan A, Kostanyan IA, Morozova-Roche LA.In the current study we investigated the molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity of amyloid oligomers of horse milk lysozyme. We have shown that lysozyme forms soluble amyloid oligomers and protofibrils during incubation at pH 2.0 and 4.5 and 57 degrees C. These structures bind the amyloid-specific dyes thioflavin T and Congo Red, and their morphology and size were analyzed by atomic force microscopy. Monomeric lysozyme and its fibrils did not affect the viability of three cell types used in our experiments including primary murine neurons and fibroblasts, as well as neuroblastoma cell line IMR-3...
Walther B, Friedrich AW, Brunnberg L, Wieler LH, Lübke-Becker A.The problem of nosocomial infections is of increasing importance in veterinary medicine. As an example, this review summarizes current knowledge regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a typical example, as these pathogens are the most important agents of nosocomial infections in human medicine worldwide and are being increasingly reported in veterinary medicine. MRSA are classified by their ability to be resistant against oxacillin/methicillin, this feature being confered by mecA, a gene which was acquired by horizontal gene transfer of the staphylococcal gene cassette...
Herszberg B, Ramos-Barbón D, Tamaoka M, Martin JG, Lavoie JP.Increased airway smooth muscle mass is a prominent feature of asthmatic airway remodeling. Airway smooth muscle hyperplasia occurs in rodent models of experimental asthma, but the relevance of such finding to spontaneously occurring disease in large mammals is unknown. Objective: We examined horses with heaves, a naturally occurring equine asthma related to sensitization and exposure to moldy hay. We hypothesized that airway remodeling occurs in heaves and shares disease mechanisms with asthma. Methods: We quantified the airway smooth muscle mass and the numbers of proliferating and apoptotic ...
Nogueira GP, Barnabe RC, Verreschi IT.We measured progesterone and estradiol levels from birth to the beginning of adult life in 10 Thoroughbred fillies from the Equilia Stud Farm in Avaré SP, Brasil. The animals were measured and weighed monthly for the determination of body development and of a possible correlation between the rate of weight and height gain and the onset of detectable sex hormone levels. Jugular blood was collected twice a week and stored at -20 degrees C until assay of progesterone by a solid phase RIA with a sensitivity of 0.32 nmol L and of estradiol by liquid phase RIA adapted to low levels (3.67 pmol L ). ...
Frazer G, Burba D, Paccamonti D, Blouin D, Leblanc M, Embertson R, Hance S.Abnormalities in peritoneal fluid are diagnostically useful for managing equine colic; however, their significance in post-dystocia mares is not known. This study was to determine what changes, if any, occurred following obstetrical manipulations. Peritoneal fluid samples were collected from 2 groups of foaling mares to establish control values, and from a third group that had developed clinical abnormalities (CAb,n = 14) or had made an uneventful recovery (CN,n = 36) following fetal extraction. In Group 1 mares, samples were collected before and after induced parturitions (n = 7), and althoug...
Johnson L, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Scrutchfield WL.Spermatogenesis is a process of division and differentiation by which spermatozoa are produced in seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubules are composed of somatic cells (myoid cells and Sertoli cells) and germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids). Activities of these three germ cells divide spermatogenesis into spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis, respectively. Spermatocytogenesis involves mitotic cell division to increase the yield of spermatogenesis and to produce stem cells and primary spermatocytes. Meiosis involves duplication and exchange of genetic materia...
Vidament M, Dupere AM, Julienne P, Evain A, Noue P, Palmer E.The freezability of stallion semen defined as the number of selected ejaculates/total number of ejaculates frozen from 161 different stallions was analyzed. Of the stallions, 19, 30, 27 and 24% had a freezability of 0%, 0 to 33%, 33 to 66%, over 66%, respectively In 85 different stallions, the correlation of freezability between first and second year was 0.60 (P < 0.001). The relationship between fertility with fresh and frozen semen and freezability was analyzed in 40 stallions whose freezability and fertility information was recorded during 5 years. There was a strong relationship between fe...
Ball BA, Fagnan MS, Dobrinski I.Acrosin amidase activity of spermatozoa has been been associated with in vitro fertilization success in humans and has been proposed as an additional method for assessing sperm function in vitro. In this study, acrosin amidase activity was determined in equine spermatozoa by the hydrolysis of an arginine amide substrate. This assay includes a detergent to release acrosomal enzymes into a medium of basic pH to activate proacrosin to acrosin, which subsequently hydrolyses N-alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine para-nitroanilide-HCl (BAPNA) to a chromogenic product. Spermatozoa (n = 3 ejaculates from each o...
Magistrini M, Guitton E, Levern Y, Nicolle JC, Vidament M, Kerboeuf D, Palmer E.New staining methods and automated instruments are now available to evaluate the sperm cell in vitro. Individual compartments of the sperm cell, such as the nucleus and the plasma and acrosomal membranes, may be investigated, as well as the cell function as shown by mitochondria activity and capacitation. Various probes are used and they can be analyzed by direct light or fluorescent microscopy or by flow cytometry. The automated instruments allow objective and accurate analysis and quantification as well as the ability to evaluate large population of cells in a shorter time, thus providing ac...
Peltier MM, Peltier MR, Sharp DC, Ott EA.The objective of this study was to determine whether supplemental beta-carotene would influence reproductive function in mares maintained on spring and summer pastures and to characterize plasma carotene concentrations during the estrous cycle. Carotene concentrations in plasma did not vary with day of estrous cycle (P = 0.7455). Mares receiving every other day injections of beta-carotene (400 mg; n = 4) or saline (10 ml; n = 4) during proestrus/estrus did not differ in plasma estradiol (E(2)) concentrations (P = 0.6313), follicle development (P = 0.8068), or plasma progesterone (P(4)) concent...
Katila T, Combes GB, Varner DD, Blanchard TL.Three containers commonly used to transport cooled equine semen (Equitainer, ExpectaFoal and a Swedish-designed semen-transport container, previously called the Salsbro Box and now called Equine Express) were compared, using four ejaculates from each of three stallions. Each ejaculate was diluted to a spermatozoal concentration of 25 x 10(6)/ml with a nonfat dry milk-glucose extender containing amikacin sulfate (1 mg/ml) and potassium penicillin G (1000 units/ml). Extended semen was divided into three 40-ml aliquots for placement in each of the three semen-transport containers. The extended se...
Björnsdóttir S, Sigvaldadóttir J, Broström H, Langvad B, Sigurdsson A.A cross sectional study was designed to estimate the prevalence of summer eczema (a chronic, recurrent seasonal dermatitis) in exported Icelandic horses and the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the development of the disease. Among 330 horses, which had been exported to Germany, Denmark and Sweden, 114 (34.5%) were found to have clinical signs of summer eczema. The prevalence was highest 2 years after export and the exposure to the biting midges Culicoides spp., was found to be the main risk factor for developing the disease. Genetic influence on the sensitivity for the diseas...
Marntell S, Nyman G, Funkquist P.The principal aim of this study was to evaluate dissociative anaesthesia for castration of colts during field conditions. Three dissociative anaesthetic protocols were evaluated during castration of colts in an animal hospital. The protocol considered to be the most suitable was thereafter evaluated during castration of colts under field conditions. Respiratory and haemodynamic parameters and the response to surgery were determined during anaesthesia. All horses breathed air spontaneously during anaesthesia. Under hospital conditions 26 colts were randomised to receive one of three anaesthetic...
Zdovc I, Ocepek M, Gruntar I, Pate M, Klobucar I, Krt B.The prevalence of Taylorella equigenitalis infection in Slovenia is unknown and methods used to refine identification in these stallions are required. Objective: In diagnosis of T. equigenitalis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would have advantages over culture methods, especially in cases where small numbers of causal agent or intensive contamination of genital swabs are involved. Methods: Culture method and PCR were used to examine a total of 980 genital swabs from the urethra and fossa urethralis of 245 stallions for the presence of the contagious equine metritis organism. Results: Among 2...
Szeredi L, Hornyák A, Dénes B, Rusvai M.A 4-days-old foal died after a short course of respiratory syndrome and fever. Large areas of the alveoli, bronchioles and bronchi were partly or completely filled by hyaline membranes. Pronounced oedema and mild interstitial pneumonia were present and, in the small muscular arteries, fibrinoid necrosis and vasculitis or perivasculitis could be seen. Vasculitis was found in several other organs, and it was most severe in the thymus. The virus was detected in the lung, kidney and spleen using virus isolation and in the lung and spleen using polymerase chain reaction. The virus was also detected...
Askarov A, Kuznetsova A, Gusmanov R, Askarova A, Kovshov V.There is a lack of reliable data in agribusiness regarding the economic efficiency of horse breeding, and this limits its further development. The purpose of this study was to create rational parameters for the development of productive horse breeding as an effective agricultural business, in particular, in relation to farms. Methods: The methods of investigation used were induction and deduction, as well as analytical, statistical, and economic-mathematical analysis. We also used the dynamics of time series, CVP analysis, direct costing, and microeconomic analysis. Data were taken from the Ru...
Klei TR, Chapman MR, Dennis VA.The adherence of equine leukocytes to Strongylus vulgaris infective larvae (L3) in the presence of normal and immune sera was examined in vitro. Immune sera promoted adherence of buffy coat cells from ponies with S. vulgaris-induced eosinophilia (eosinophilic ponies) to S. vulgaris L3. However, eosinophils in the buffy coat cells were the predominant adherent cell type. Studies using leukocyte populations enriched for eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells from eosinophilic ponies support the observations using buffy coat cells that eosinophils were the main effector cells. Adherent e...
SAVARD K.The urinary ketonic estrogens were studied at monthly intervals in five pregnant mares. Estrone and equilin appear to be the principal components and equilenin a minor constituent of the mares’ estrogens. The levels of equilin rise from the 4–5th months to equal and in some instances exceed those of estrone in the late months of pregnancy. A partition chromatographic method for the separation of the ketonic phenolic steroids of pregnant mares’ urine is described.
Reynolds S, Hedberg M, Herrin B, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ.Here, we report two complete and three partial mitochondrial genome sequences of Dermacentor variabilis specimens collected from horses in the United States. The complete genomes are 14,837 bp long and contain 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. The sequences have been deposited under GenBank accession numbers ON052120 to ON052124.
Segura D, Monreal L, Pérez-Pujol S, Alonso A, Díaz-Ricart M, Brugués R, Ordinas A, Escolar G.The aim of this study was to investigate whether etamsylate produces equine platelet activation. In vitro and in vivo studies were designed in which seven and eight adult healthy horses were included, respectively. In the in vitro study, citrated blood was incubated with different concentrations of etamsylate, and P-selectin expression and annexin V binding were determined by flow cytometry. In the in vivo study, blood was collected before and 1 and 2h after IV administration of etamsylate, and P-selectin expression was evaluated. In the in vitro study, a significant increase in P-selectin exp...
Richardson DW.Fifteen longitudinal fractures involving the medial condyle of the third metatarsal bone were diagnosed in racing Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Twelve were repaired surgically with lag screws placed through stab incisions. Two of the horses suffered catastrophic fracture of the third metatarsal bone during recovery from anesthesia, and 3 more sustained complete fractures within 4 days of the repair. Of 3 horses with fractures treated without surgery, 2 healed without complication. Preoperative radiography did not demonstrate a nonlongitudinal fracture component in any of the horses that sus...
Carluccio A, Zedda MT, Schiaffino GM, Pirino S, Pau S.Testicular biopsy is one of the supplementary examinations performed in the course
of andrological testing. In veterinary medicine, it is seldom used in low-fertility or
sterility testing, or in the investigation of suspected cancer. Biopsies are discouraged
in horses in particular, since they may result in testicular sclerosis and atrophy
(Galina, 1971; Smith, 1974; Marusi and Corradi, 1989; Varner, 1991; Del Vento et al.,
1992; Threlfall and Lopate, 1993; Roser, 2000). In humans (Foresta and Varotto,
1992; Foresta et al., 1992; Kessaris et al., 1995; Harrington et al., 1996) good resul...
Stewart F, Thomson JA, Leigh SE, Warwick JM.Several cDNA clones corresponding to mRNA for the alpha-subunit of the horse (Equus caballus) pituitary and placental (chorionic) gonadotrophic hormones have been isolated and sequenced. Polyadenylated mRNA was purified from horse pituitary glands (the source of FSH and LH) and horse placental tissues (the source of chorionic gonadotrophin; CG). The mRNA preparations were characterized by in-vitro translation and Northern hybridization techniques using human and ovine gonadotrophin cDNA clones as probes. Complementary DNA libraries were created from the pituitary and placental mRNAs and a huma...
Holdstock NB, Allen VL, Fowden AL.During the switch from parenteral to enteral nutrition at birth, endocrine glands such as the pancreas must assume a glucoregulatory role for the first time if the neonate is to survive the transition to extrauterine life. Objective: To determine the adaptations in pancreatic endocrine function during the neonatal period in term pony foals delivered by different methods. Methods: By measuring insulin and glucagon concentrations, pancreatic alpha and beta cell responses to exogenous glucose (0.5 g/kg bwt) and arginine (100 mg/kg bwt) and to endogenous muzzling for 90 min were determined periodi...
McKenzie EC, Di Concetto S, Payton ME, Mandsager RE, Arko M.To determine the effect of dantrolene premedication on various cardiovascular and biochemical variables and recovery in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: 6 healthy horses. Methods: Each horse was anesthetized twice with a 21- to 28-day washout period between anesthetic sessions. Food was not withheld from horses before either session. During each session, dantrolene (6 mg/kg in 2 L of water) or water (2 L) was administered via a nasogastric tube 1 hour before anesthesia was induced. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane for 90 minutes, during which blood gas analyses and lithium-dil...
Steiss JE, White NA, Bowen JM.Electroacupuncture was used to treat lameness in horses and ponies with chronic laminitis (n = 10) or navicular disease (n = 10). A clinical trial was conducted with random allocation of equal numbers of animals to control and treatment groups. Acupuncture was performed three times per week for four consecutive weeks. The degree of lameness was assessed by 1) a grading scheme, 2) measurement of stride lengths and 3) analysis of weight distribution using a force plate. Although seven out of ten animals with chronic laminitis improved clinically during the trial, there were no statistically sign...
Assal AN, Poulsen JS.The changes in pH, pCO2, pO2, BE, SBC, and lactic during storage of equine venous and arterial blood in 24 hours at different temperatures were measured (tables I, II), and illustrated (fig, 1, 2, 3). Correction tables (tables VI, VII) for determination of the initial acid-base data are constructed based on regression equations (tables IV, V) of the in vitro changes of the blood. The changes in the acid-base values of equine blood differ from that of bovine and canine blood (table III).
Khrabrova LA, Blohina NV, Bazaron BZ, Khamiruev TN.The Zabaikalskaya horse is an indigenous breed of horses from Siberia with diverse use. It is characterized by endurance and good adaptability to year-round herd maintenance in the harsh conditions of the Baikal steppes. To determine the genetic characteristics of the maternal lineage of the Zabaikalskaya horse breed based on mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms, we collected hair samples from 31 horses belonging to breeding farms in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Analysis of the 530 bp sequence of the mtDNA D-loop was performed using the maximum composite likelihood (MCL) model in combination with bo...
Cahalan SD, Perkins JD, Boehm I, Jones RA, Gillingwater TH, Piercy RJ.Morphological study of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a specialised peripheral synapse formed between a lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre, has significantly contributed to the understanding of synaptic biology and neuromuscular disease pathogenesis. Rodent NMJs are readily accessible, and research into conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has relied heavily on experimental work in these small mammals. However, given that nerve length dependency is an important feature of many peripheral neurop...
Simoens P, Muylle S, Lauwers H.Orbital and intrabulbar arteries were studied in 20 equine eyes by means of latex injections and methylmethacrylate casts. The orbital branches of the external ophthalmic artery arise far caudal to the posterior pole of the eyeball and present a variable topographic arrangement. The intrabulbar arteries are supplied by ciliary and choroidoretinal arteries. Dependent on their entrance into the eyeball, the ciliary arteries are subdivided into a posterior and an anterior group. The posterior ciliary arteries perforate the sclera post equatorially and consist of 4 major vessels that penetrate in ...
Douglas RH, Umphenour N.Routine measurement of estrogens, testosterone, T4, insulin, FSH, and LH at least four times per year (e.g., during each of the four seasons) may improve the efficiency of stallion management. Benefits may not be realized in the short term but will provide valuable historical data on individual stallions that, when added to other data, will improve ability of management personnel to initiate early treatment and delay or slow declining fertility. This ability will be greatly improved as more data and products become available. There appears to be a relationship between low total estrogen concen...
Dodman NH, Williams R, Court MH, Norman WM.Five horses that underwent prolonged anesthesia (greater than 3 hours) in dorsal recumbency for a surgical procedure were unable to stand after recovery and were euthanatized. A provisional diagnosis of postanesthetic myopathy was confirmed at necropsy in all 5 horses. However, distribution of affected muscles in these horses was atypical, because there was bilateral hind limb adductor muscle involvement.
Mazaheri-Khameneh R, Azizi S, Davoodi F, Gooran MM.One of the traumatic fractures occurring in the hindlimb of the foals is physeal fractures of the tibia. The most common type of proximal tibial fracture in foals is reported to be Salter-Harris type II. Methods: This case report describes the history, clinical signs, radiographic findings, and surgical management of a proximal physeal fracture of the tibia due to the kick trauma in a 2-weeks-old Kurdish female foal, with signs of left pelvic limb lameness, valgus deviation with non-weight-bearing, non-mobility in stifle region and crepitation in the affected area. In this case, radiography wa...
Pirie RS, Mayhew IG, Clarke CJ, Tremaine WH.Intraoperative brain ultrasonography is commonly used clinically
in human and canine neonates (Johnson and Rumack 1980;
Babock and Han 1981; Cappe and Lam 1985; Hudson et al. 1990,
1991) and a single report exists of its use to assist in defining
hydrocephalus in an equine neonate (Foreman et al. 1983). This
technique has also been reported to be clinically useful in human
adults (Rubenstein et al. 1984) and ultrasound-guided brain biopsy
has also been described in mature dogs (Thomas et al. 1993).
%ours of the central nervous system in the horse are
extremely rare, with the exception...
Te Moller NCR, Pitkänen M, Sarin JK, Väänänen S, Liukkonen J, Afara IO, Puhakka PH, Brommer H, Niemelä T, Tulamo RM, Argüelles Capilla D....Arthroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising tool for the detailed evaluation of articular cartilage injuries. However, OCT-based articular cartilage scoring still relies on the operator's visual estimation. Objective: To test the hypothesis that semi-automated International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scoring of chondral lesions seen in OCT images could enhance intra- and interobserver agreement of scoring and its accuracy. Methods: Validation study using equine cadaver tissue. Methods: Osteochondral samples (n = 99) were prepared from 18 equine metacarpophalangeal joint...
Podico G, Canisso IF, Ellerbrock RE, Dias NW, Mercadante VRG, Lima FS.The present study aimed to compare two methods of prostaglandin-induced abortion in mares by determining blood markers (progesterone, estradiol-17β, alpha-fetoprotein, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2α (PGFM)), B-mode ultrasonographic parameters, and time until loss of fetal heartbeat. It was hypothesized that intrauterine infusion of cloprostenol results in earlier fetal compromise than intramuscular administration. Ovarian structures (number and sizes of follicles and corpora lutea area), fetal heartbeat, and fetal mobility of thirteen singleton pregnancies were assessed daily by tra...
Okumura M, Asano M, Tagami M, Tsukiyama K, Fujinaga T.Serum concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (P), as well as antigenic ceruloplasmin (Cp) and oxidase activity as a functional index for copper metabolism, were measured in 10 foals (5 males and 5 females) and their dams. Samples were harvested from the foals within 1 wk after birth and monthly from 1 to 17 mo of age. Samples were collected from their dams in the perinatal period (monthly from 2 mo before delivery to 5 mo postpartum). Serum oxidase activity, antigenic Cp and Cu in foals were extremely low at 1 wk. Serum Cp had the lowest...
Bürki F, Nowotny N, Oulehla J, Schmehlik O, Möstl K, Pallan C, Rossmanith E.In a project lasting 4 years more than 300 Lipizzans, around 180 of them adults, were vaccinated systematically against Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and representative groups thereof were serologically controlled for their antibody responses. In part, vaccination intervals recommended on packing slips were followed, in part other intervals, implicated by intermediary results, were used. A live virus vaccine proved ineffective if humoral antibodies were present. An oil-adjuvanted vaccine proved of highest antiviral immunogenicity, but after repeated revaccinations caused severe local reactions ...
Chen J, Gollnick PD.Horses were subjected to treadmill running at 65% (submaximal) or 100% (maximal) VO2,max to examine the effects of exercise on subcellular distribution of hexokinase (HK) and on mitochondrial respiration. It is hypothesized that the fraction of HK bound to mitochondria will be reduced due to an elevation of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) concentration in the exercising muscle and that such release of HK from mitochondria will depress oxidative phosphorylation. Changes in muscle G-6-P concentration, pH, subcellular HK distribution, mitochondrial respiration and other metabolites were determined in...
Dickinson CE, Gould DH, Davidson AH, Avery PR, Legare ME, Hyatt DR, DebRoy C.A postpartum mare and foal were presented for evaluation of fever and lethargy in the mare. The mare was diagnosed with endometritis and initially responded well to treatment. On the second day of hospitalization, the mare developed renal insufficiency characterized by oliguria, azotemia, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia. Concurrently, the foal developed rapidly progressive central nervous system signs culminating in refractory seizures. Both animals failed to respond to treatment and were euthanized. Thrombotic microangiopathy involving glomeruli was evident on microscopic examination of the m...
Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Sato F, Kuroda T, Yamada M, Leung GN.In drug metabolism studies in horses, non-targeted analysis by means of liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry with data-dependent acquisition (DDA) has recently become increasingly popular for rapid identification of potential biomarkers in post-administration biological samples. However, the most commonly encountered problem is the presence of highly abundant interfering components that co-elute with the target substances, especially if the concentrations of these substances are relatively low. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of expanding DDA coverag...
Robles M, Hammer C, Staniar B, Chavatte-Palmer P.Forage availability should cover most needs for mares bred during spring and summer. Out-of-season breeding, lack of access to pasture, or good quality forage calls for nutritional supplementation. Current evaluations of broodmare needs are based on fetoplacental tissue requirements, but do not consider endocrine changes or that the maternal diet quality affects long-term foal health. This article reviews pregnant mares' current nutritional recommendations. Secondly, fetoplacental developmental stages during gestation are outlined, defining critical periods in the context of the developmental ...
