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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Determination of xanthines by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in horse urine after ingestion of Guaraná powder. The seeds of Guaraná are rich in xanthines and are used for the preparation of guaraná powder which is very commonly given to horses as a 'tonic' in Brazil. In this paper, the xanthine content of guaraná powder was determined, in addition to its clearance time in horses. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a screening procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to quantify the drugs in both the powder and urine samples. The guaraná powder was found to contain 2.16, 1.10 and 36.78 mg g-1 of theobromine (TB), theophylline (TP) and caffeine (CF), respectively, and in ...
Nutrition and equine performance. Some aspects of energy, protein and vitamin E nutrition of the performance horse are discussed. The amount, dietary source and time of ingestion of energy before exercise can influence performance. In 1989 the National Research Council (NRC) increased their estimates of energy required by racehorses. Recent studies indicate that the increase was reasonable. Many factors, however, can influence energy requirements. Therefore, the best measure would be body weight and composition of the horse. A proper balance of soluble carbohydrate, fiber, fat and protein is essential. Some guidelines are pres...
Animal traction in South Africa: research priorities in veterinary science. During June 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in South Africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a Forum on Working Animals. The workshop was sponsored by the Foundation for Research Development in South Africa. The individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the region and from abroad, agricultural engineers, sociologist, anthropologists and animal welfare experts....
Ergogenic aids to performance in the race horse: nutrients or drugs. Since the domestication of the horse and its use in various types of athletic competition, its diet has developed from that associated with grazing to feeding of additional energy in the form of grains up to the present situation when numerous supplements are fed in hopes of enhancing performance. Many if not all of these may be considered as ergogenic aids, and under the rules of racing in many countries should be considered as a prohibited substance. Until recently, a blind eye has been turned to whether the rules should be enforced against many nutritional supplements, for example, vitamins...
Release of lipid from the equine placenta during in vitro incubation. An in vitro incubation technique was used to examine release of lipids from the equine placenta. Placental tissue was obtained at term (n = 5, term = 320-365 days) and earlier in gestation (n = 8, mean = 266 days). Term placentae were incubated at two temperatures, 4 degrees C (control) and 37 degrees C for 2 h. Pre-term placentae were incubated at 37 degrees C with two different concentrations of fatty acid in the medium. Tissues and media were analysed for their lipid concentrations. Term and pre-term placentae released free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid into the incubation medium during...
The history of veterinary dentistry. Part One: From the earliest record to the end of the 18th century. Dental procedures have been performed on animals, particularly horses, since earliest recorded history. In the absence of anesthesia and an understanding of physiology and pathology, treatment often was unnecessary, inappropriate or barbaric. Progress was made very slowly.
Determination of succinonitrile in horse urine by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detector and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A chromatographic method was developed to detect and confirm the presence of succinonitrile (SDN) in horse urine samples, for antidoping control. The urine samples (5 ml) were extracted with diethyl ether and screened by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detector and the confirmation of the drug's presence was accomplished by using gas chromatography-mass selective detection. The recovery of extraction was 78 and 81% for 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms ml-1 (relative standard deviation, < 10%), respectively. Urine samples collected after the administration of Energisan were positive for SDN (1-...
An algorithm to describe the oxygen equilibrium curve for the thoroughbred racehorse. An algorithm to describe the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) of the Thoroughbred horse was derived from raw oxygen equilibrium curve data obtained under standard conditions of temperature, pH and PCO2 (Smale and Butler, 1994). This algorithm was derived by a curve-fitting procedure based on the algorithm for human blood produced by Kelman (1966). The temperature, fixed acid and net CO2 coefficients were then incorporated in the algorithm to enable the accurate calculation of % saturation from any combination of PO2, temperature, pH and PCO2. The algorithm was checked using blood gas data obtain...
Insulin-like growth factor II in the horse: determination of a cDNA nucleotide sequence and expression in fetal and adult tissue. Horse cDNA for insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) has been isolated. cDNA was synthesized from bulk mRNA and subsequently PCR-amplified and sequenced. Like its human counterpart, the mature horse IGF II peptide contains 67 amino acids with only two substitutions, isoleucine instead of valine in position 35 and asparagine instead of serine in position 36. The nucleotide homology was 92.1% between horse and human and 87.8% between horse and mouse. The isolated cDNA hybridized to multiple transcripts in fetal and adult tissues, thus confirming earlier reports on developmental expression of th...
Recent developments in cryopreservation of stallion semen with special emphasis on thawing procedure using thermal hysteresis proteins. This research study explores the process of cryopreservation of stallion semen, focusing on improving the thawing procedures using thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) from Antarctic and Arctic fish in order to [...]
Equine echocardiography. This article provides an overview on the principles of transthoracic echocardiography in horses. Indications for echocardiography, equipment, and technical considerations are discussed and a systematic approach for a complete echocardiographic examination in horses is described. Methods for assessment of chamber dimensions, allometric scaling of measurements, assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular function, assessment of atrial function, hemodynamic assessment, and evaluation of valvular regurgitation are explained, focusing on traditional 2-dimensional (2D), motion-mode, and Doppler...
A comparative study of aerobic capacity and fitness in three different horse breeds (Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian). Aerobic capacity and fitness was studied in three different horse breeds (Andalusian, Arabian and Anglo-Arabian) using a four-level exercise test of gradually increasing intensity (15, 20, 25 and 30 km/h). The lactate concentration at the first three exercise levels was significantly lower for Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses relative to Andalusian horses, but similar for the three breeds at the last level. Arabian and Anglo-Arabian horses reached a higher rate than Andalusian horses at plasma lactate concentration of 2 mmol/l (VLA2) and 4 mmol/l (VLA4). Andalusian horses exhibited a significa...
A study of the biomechanical properties of the adult equine linea alba: relationship of tissue bite size and suture material to breaking strength. The purposes of this study were to mechanically determine the optimal tissue bite size and to evaluate seven suture materials at their largest commercially available size for breaking strength and stiffness using cadaveric adult equine linea alba. Soft tissues were removed from the abdominal fascia of 16 adult horses. Individual test sections were created from the entire linea alba and labeled (1 through 6) starting at the umbilicus and extending craniad. A single biomechanical test was performed on each test section. Tissue bite size (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 mm) significantly altered brea...
Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a serious problem in the Thoroughbred industry. The condition apparently occurs essentially in all Thoroughbreds in training but the mechanism has proved elusive. There is now strong evidence that the condition is caused by mechanical failure of the walls of the pulmonary capillaries when the pressure inside them rises to very high levels. It is well known that pulmonary capillaries have extremely thin walls to allow rapid exchange of respiratory gases across them. Recently we have shown that the wall stresses are very large when the capillary t...
Equine echocardiography–sound advice at the heart of the matter. Echocardiography is an extremely versatile tool for both the equine clinician and physiologist. There are three useful forms of echocardiography, B mode, M mode and Doppler. Together they provide complementary information on cardiac disease and haemodynamic status. B mode is used to image the cardiac chambers, valves, myocardium and pericardium. M mode allows determination of motion of cardiac structures; it is superior to B mode for timing of events and it is used to make precise measurements of the heart. Doppler echocardiography can assess intracardiac blood flow and its velocity. Echocardi...
Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between data obtained from quantitative computed tomography and mechanical properties in the equine metacarpus, as measured in vitro in bone specimens. Three hundred and fifty-five bone specimens from the metacarpi of 10 horses were machined into right cylinders aligned with the long axis of the bone. A computed tomographic scan of the specimens, along with a Cann-Genant K2HPO4 calibration standard, was obtained. The specimens then were compressed to failure, and the elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain, strain energy densit...
Modulation of K(+)-Cl- cotransport in equine red blood cells. Potassium transport was measured in equine red blood cells, using 86Rb+ influx as a convenient assay. A significant component of volume- and pH-sensitive K(+)-Cl- cotransport to the overall K+ flux was observed in all blood samples studied, although fluxes were variable between animals, and within individuals when measured at intervals over a period of weeks. The aryloxyacetic acid [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid (DIOA), at a final concentration of 100 microM, inhibited most (> 95%) of the Cl(-)-dependent K+ flux, and DIOA sensitivity was therefore used to define the activity of the K(+)...
In vitro development of day 2 embryos obtained from young, fertile mares and aged, subfertile mares. This study was designed to investigate the development of day 2 embryos obtained from young and aged mares, co-cultured with oviductal epithelial cells obtained from mares in each age group in a 2 x 2 crossover design. Young, fertile mares (n = 19; 2-7 years of age) and aged, subfertile, mares (n = 16; 17-24 years of age) were used as embryo and oviductal epithelial cell donors. Embryos (n = 37) were collected from the oviducts 2 days after ovulation and were paired (embryos obtained from young mares with embryos obtained from aged mares) so that eight pairs were co-cultured with young mare ov...
Induction of superovulation in DD mice at different stages of the oestrous cycle. This study examined the developmental capacity of oocytes in DD mice after they had been injected with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin at different stages of the oestrous cycle. The superovulation of mature DD mice at pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus resulted in a large yield of viable embryos. The proportion of abnormal embryos was highest after injection of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin at dioestrus. The pool of viable oocytes was most synchronized with normal development after the hormone was injected at oestrus. The results demonstrate that oocytes of different morphology coul...
Equilibrium unfolding studies of horse muscle acylphosphatase. The stability and equilibrium unfolding behaviour of horse muscle acylphosphatase have been studied by denaturing the protein under various conditions of temperature, pH, and urea concentration. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicate that this small monomeric protein unfolds reversibly and cooperatively. Thermodynamic parameters, the Gibbs free energy delta G and enthalpy delta H of unfolding, have been estimated for denaturation of the protein from NMR and CD data as 19 kJ mol-1 and 350 kJ mol-1, respectively. CD and 1H-NMR results s...
Studies on the presence of magnesium in visceral amyloid. The Magneson and Titan yellow tests were used to detect Mg in amyloid deposits in primary and secondary amyloidosis, in a pituitary tumour and in a case of equine cutaneous amyloidosis. Especially vascular amyloid deposits turned out to contain high levels of Mg. The significance of these findings remains unclear at present. Competition between Mg and Ca, the relationship between Mg in elastic fibres and amyloid P-component, and the high water content of amyloid along with the interaction of Mg with water are discussed.
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the horse, Equus caballus: extensive heteroplasmy of the control region. The sequence of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA of the horse (Equus caballus) was determined. The length of the sequence presented is 16,660 bp. This figure, however, is not absolute due to pronounced heteroplasmy caused by variable numbers of the motif GTGCACCT in the control region of different molecules. Boundaries of the 13 peptide-coding genes were determined by the presence of start and stop codons, and by analogy with other eutherian mtDNAs. Three genes (COIII, NADH3 and NADH4) were not terminated by a stop codon. Comparison among the peptide-coding genes of the horse and eight other mammals...
