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Topic:Horse Training
Horse training involves the systematic process of teaching horses specific behaviors and skills to enhance their performance and manageability. This process encompasses a variety of techniques and methods tailored to the individual horse's temperament, age, and intended use, such as riding, racing, or working. Training regimens aim to develop desired traits such as obedience, agility, and endurance while ensuring the horse's physical and mental well-being. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of horse training, including methodologies, behavioral outcomes, and the impact on equine welfare and performance.
Effect of hyaluronic acid in naturally occurring and experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Effect of intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid was evaluated in two groups of horses, using force plates to assess quantitatively the degree of lameness observed. In six horses, chip fractures were created surgically on the dorsomedial aspects of both radial carpal bones. After the horses were trained for 30 days, 40 mg of hyaluronic acid was injected intraarticularly into the limb showing the greater degree of lameness. Horses were worked for 2 more weeks and then were evaluated. A highly significant (P less than 0.01) increase in weight bearing on the treated limb was observed. Ten h...
Equine locomotion: 3. The reproducibility of gait in standardbred trotters. The reproducibility of certain gait characteristics was investigated in Standardbred trotters at a speed of 12.0 m/sec. Twenty-two horses were recorded twice on the same day and 4 of them on a third occasion 3 years later. The short-term reproducibility was shown to be very good. In the long-term study it was found that the stride length and duration of swing and stride had increased. This was interpreted as an effect of training.
[Correlations between the indices of the state of the sympathetic-adrenal and of the hypophyseal-adrenal systems and the level of insulin in horses under various exposures]. The content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, ACTH, cortisol and insulin in the blood and excretion of catecholamines with urine were studied in horses after physical and emotional exposures. The highest degree of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and hypophysioadrenal system (HAS) activation followed by the insulin content decrease was observed after training. The known emotional exposure (the noise of hyppodrome) astivated both parts of SAS and HAS. The unknown emotional experience (electronic music) produced a strong adrenal medullar reaction. Analysis of the correlations showed that the initial...
Occlusion of internal carotid artery in the horse by means of a balloon-tipped catheter: clinical use of a method to prevent epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis. An intravascular procedure was used to occlude the internal carotid artery of two horses with epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis. In each horse, the affected internal carotid artery was ligated close to its origin. A balloon-tipped catheter was introduced into the artery distal to the ligature, and its tip was advanced beyond the site of infection. The balloon was then inflated so that the infected segment of artery was isolated from the cerebral vascular system. The catheters were removed at 14 and 51 days, and both horses were returned to training and racing. Neither horse had furthe...
[Head and neck injuries in equestrian accidents (author’s transl)]. Horses' kicks can produce two types of head and neck injuries: injuries of the mid-face and injuries of the larynx. Typical cases as seen by the author are presented. The treatment of mid-face injuries is performed according to principles of plastic surgical repair. After frontal-nasal injuries, a revision of the nasal septum must be done. Involvement of the larynx requires external layer repair of mucosa and cartilage.
[The proportion of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in horses during graduated physical loading]. Changes in the concentration of lactate in the blood are described as a response to gradated physical strain, consisting of 1140 m of walk, 2 x 1000 m of trot, and 3 x x 5000 m of gallop in seven horses in thirteen experiments. The dependence of lactate concentration on speed in different track sections was examined and the aerobic and anaerobic stages of metabolism were clearly differentiated. It appears realistic on the basis of the onset and course of anaerobic metabolism to work out tests for evaluating the physical capacities and training abilities of horses.
Treatment of fear-induced aggression in a horse. Desensitization (gradually exposing an animal to a fear-inducing stimulus without evoking the fear response) and counter-conditioning (rewarding the animal for behavior incompatible with the fear response) are highly successful ways of eliminating or reducing fear responses and corresponding aggression.
Electrocardiography, heart scope and haematology of horses competing in an endurance ride. Thirty-one horses competing in a 100 kilometre endurance ride had electrocardiograms recorded before and after the ride from which the heart score of each horse was calculated. Blood was also taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein (TPP) before the ride, after 60 kilometres (mid ride) and at completion of the ride. Statistical analysis of the heart scores showed that a faster group of horses had significantly higher heart scores than either a slower group or those eliminated due to inadequate recovery of heart rate. No horses developed electrocardiogram abnorma...
Haptoglobin in the serum of thoroughbreds in training. A method is described for the measurement of haptoglobin in equine serum using the peroxidase activity of the haemoglobin-haptoglobin complex. The problems of interference with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are described. Normal values for haptoglobin in 629 blood samples from thoroughbreds in training are presented showing a log normal distribution with a 5 per cent to 95 per cent range of 0.42 to 1.7 g/litre. There was no consistent alteration in haptoglobin concentration throughout the season in spite of a change in red cell size and total bilirubin concentration. It is concluded that the measurement ...
The use of ionising radiation for the treatment of injuries to flexor tendons and supporting ligaments in horses. A technique was developed using radioactive isotopes as a source of radiation for the treatment of injuries to the superficial and deep flexor tendons and the associated ligaments in the horse. The treatment area was sub-divided so that different dosages could be applied over the limb as necessary. A plaster of Paris impression was taken of the whole area to be treated. In the isotope laboratory a plaster negative was made and loaded with the dose of radioactive isotope. The loaded cast was then strapped to the horse's limb for the calculated time, usually about three days. A total of 42 horse...
The effect of training and detraining on several enzymes in horse skeletal muscle. Training and detraining had little effect on the activity of glycogen synthase, hexokinase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or total protein. The activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased markedly during training. After 5 weeks of detraining, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was returning to pre-training values, whilst by 10-week detraining, the levels were increasing again.
Blood-gas, acid-base and haematological values in horses during an endurance ride. The effects of prolonged strenuous exercise on arterial and venous oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, pH, bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, base excess, haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total plasma protein were studied in 36 horses during a 100 km endurance ride. There were significant changes in many parameters when pre-ride values were compared with both mid-ride and end of ride values. The prominent changes were the development of dehydration and a metabolic alkalosis. At the mid-ride sampling time those horses with higher heart rates had a greater degree of metabolic alkalosis th...
Swimming–a method to study the physiologic response of the horse to exercise. The literature on exercise physiology in the horse with special reference to swimming is briefly reviewed. The use of a pool for swimming horses is described and a technique discussed for the collection of haematologic and haemodynamic data using this form of exercise.
[Biochemical and hematological changes in the blood of horses after the “Velká Pardubická” steeple chase]. Blood parameters were studied in two groups of horses in the "Velká Pardubická" steeple-chase in 1974, 1975 and 1976. After the race, the levels of lactate showed a manifold increase; an increase was also ascertained in the levels of glucose, sodium, potassium, haemoglobin, in the haematocrit value and in the number of erythrocytes. The following parameters significantly dropped: the levels of acid-base balance - pH, base excess, bicarbonate levels. It was proved that the values of the same parameters in horses during training were incomparably lower. It is advisable to examine horses thorou...
The use of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of poor racing performance in the horse. Electrocardiograms were reocrded from 153 racehorses and 10 Olympic three-day-event horses. The horses were then grouped into those presented for routine examination, those in which there was a complaint of poor performance, those going to the Montreal Olympics, and those with upper respiratory tract abnormalities. When the ECGs of the four groups were compared on the basis of detection of abnormality, it was found that 93.2% of the poor performance group showed abnormalities of various types. The routine examination group showed 21.1% of horses with abnormal ECGs, and over half of these have ...
