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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Optimal nutrition for athletic performance, with emphasis on fat adaptation in dogs and horses. Four mathematical approaches are proposed to determine optimal ranges of nutrients for specified purposes. For exercise, the diet must provide optimal mixtures of fuels, also optimal amounts of nutrients conducive to a sound structure, a desired power/weight ratio, a water-electrolyte system that resists dehydration and buffers hydrogen ions, a tolerance to the cumulative stress of repetitive competition and tractable attitude. The nutritional strategy of carbohydrate loading risks a variety of abnormalities in dogs and horses. An alternative strategy of fat adaptation (the combination of fat ...
Epiglottitis in horses: 20 cases (1988-1993). Epiglottitis was diagnosed and treated in 20 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 7 Standardbreds) over a 5-year period. Eighteen horses were used for racing, and 2 Standardbreds were broodmares. Primary clinical signs were exercise intolerance, respiratory noise, and coughing. The most common endoscopic diagnosis made by referring veterinarians was epiglottic entrapment (11 horses). In 19 horses, endoscopic evaluation at admission revealed mucosal ulceration and thickening of the lingual surface of the epiglottis. Other endoscopic findings included dorsal displacement of the soft palate (14 horses), ...
Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse. Discrimination learning and concept formation abilities were investigated in four mature Arabian horses. A series of two-choice discrimination problems were presented on stimulus panels that could open to allow access to food bowls. Selection of the correct stimulus resulted in food reinforcement, and an incorrect choice was not rewarded. The positions of the correct and incorrect stimuli were varied randomly during each test session, and the criterion for learning each problem was 85% correct for two consecutive sessions of 30 or 40 trials. Testing progressed through six discrimination proble...
Ergogenic aids to performance in the race horse: nutrients or drugs. Since the domestication of the horse and its use in various types of athletic competition, its diet has developed from that associated with grazing to feeding of additional energy in the form of grains up to the present situation when numerous supplements are fed in hopes of enhancing performance. Many if not all of these may be considered as ergogenic aids, and under the rules of racing in many countries should be considered as a prohibited substance. Until recently, a blind eye has been turned to whether the rules should be enforced against many nutritional supplements, for example, vitamins...
Horse plasma corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH): characterisation and lack of a late gestational rise or a plasma CRH-binding protein. Immunoreactive corticotrophin-releasing hormone (irCRH) was present in methanolic extracts of equine peripheral blood and showed no elevation in maternal peripheral serum in late gestation (0.54 +/- 0.25 pmol/l; mean +/- S.D.) compared with control horses (0.41 +/- 0.15 pmol/l). The irCRH of methanolic extracts of pituitary venous plasma had a similar elution position following reverse-phase HPLC to synthetic human CRH(1-41) and to irCRH released from horse stalk-median eminence tissue incubated in vitro. Gel chromatographic studies showed no evidence for a plasma CRH-binding protein (CRHBP) a...
Respiratory emergencies in the adult horse. Responding to an equine respiratory emergency requires rapid localization of the problem and appropriate choices for therapy. Localizing the cause of respiratory distress is aided by history and thorough physical examination. When examining the patient, one must focus on the presenting signs as indicators of URT or LRT dysfunction. Table 3 summarizes the characteristic presenting signs based on respiratory tract location and suggests the initial treatment course indicated. Respiratory distress in the absence of signs related to the pulmonary system suggests inadequate oxygen delivery secondary...
Examination of the equine patient with gastrointestinal emergency. Clinical examination of the equine patient with acute abdominal pain should identify the affected body system and yield a provisional diagnosis. Determination of signalment, history, physical examination, and basic laboratory tests should assist in classification of the gastrointestinal disorder and direct the therapeutic plan. Determination of the definitive diagnosis of abdominal pain based on clinical examination is not crucial. For a successful outcome, efforts should be directed toward early recognition of the need for surgery and treatment of cardiovascular compromise in horses with seve...
[Embryo transfer in horses–current status and future perspectives]. Although foals born after embryo transfer are eligible for registration in the majority of horse breeds, application of embryo transfer is still rare. This is mainly due to the lack of a possibility for superovulation. Uterine stage embryos can be recovered by a non-surgical flushing technique. Transfer can be accomplished by non-surgical as well as surgical methods. In contrast to the situation in cattle, most related technologies are scarcely available. Methods of cryopreservation as well as bisection of embryos are hampered by the fact that suitable embryos (morula) can be collected from th...
Effect of sternothyrohyoid myectomy on upper airway mechanics in normal horses. The effect of transection of the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus muscles on upper airway mechanics was investigated in exercising horses. Upper airway mechanics of six Standardbred horses were measured at rest and during exercise before and 24 h and 2 wk after sternothyrohyoid myectomy. Transnasal tracheal and pharyngeal catheters connected to differential pressure transducers were used to measure tracheal and pharyngeal pressures. A pneumotachograph mounted on the rostral end of an airtight face mask was used to measure airflow. Horses ran at 50, 75, and 100% of maximal O2 consumption on ...
Animal traction in South Africa: research priorities in veterinary science. During June 1994, members of numerous organisations with a vested interest in animal traction in South Africa met for a one-day workshop, the initial activity of a Forum on Working Animals. The workshop was sponsored by the Foundation for Research Development in South Africa. The individuals who attended were representatives of academic and government institutions, farmer and civic organisations, and included veterinarians and veterinary scientists, administrators, traction experts from the region and from abroad, agricultural engineers, sociologist, anthropologists and animal welfare experts....
Pentoxifylline inhibits mediator synthesis in an equine in vitro whole blood model of endotoxemia. Whole blood from 10 healthy horses was aseptically collected into heparin or citrate anticoagulant and incubated in vitro for 6 hr in the absence (saline control) or presence of 1 ng endotoxin/ml blood. Pentoxifylline (0.1, 1, 10, or 100 micrograms/ml blood) was added 1 hr before, at the same time, or 1 hr after endotoxin. As compared to saline controls, pentoxifylline alone had no effect on mediator production, with the exception of significantly increasing 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha concentration. Pentoxifylline inhibited endotoxin-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and inter...
Synovial fluid parameters in normal and osteochondritic hocks of horses with open physis. An investigation was carried out on most common synovial fluid parameters of normal and osteochondritic hocks of horses less than 12 months old in order to confirm the presence of an inflammatory process. Furthermore, a spectroscopic study was performed on synovial fluid from both normal and diseased hocks. A depolymerization of hyaluronic acid was demonstrated in synovial fluid from diseases joints, similar to that reported in human rheumatoid arthritis. A one month rest seem to normalize all parameters considered and in one joint, a return to normal infrared spectrum was demonstrated.
Antimicrobial therapy of adult horses with emergency conditions. In emergency conditions, antimicrobial treatment is subordinate to truly life-supporting measures. Antimicrobial treatment should be formulated rationally for each patient and should not simply be a matter of following a recipe. This article presents principles for guiding rational therapeutic decision-making and examples of conditions in which those principles can be applied.
[Horse controls–animal welfare in equine sports]. In the course of ten horse-shows 248 horses were submitted to a short veterinary examination in the course of the horse controls that were introduced in 1991. In 143 horses (57.6%) animal cruelty preventive deficiencies were found. The results of the horse controls are compared to previous results and discussed from the point of view of animal protection.
Phylogenetic relationship of Sarcocystis neurona to other members of the family Sarcocystidae based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Sarcocystis neurona is a coccidial parasite that causes a neurologic disease of horses in North and South America. The natural host species are not known and classification is based on ultrastructural analysis. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSURNA) gene of S. neurona was amplified using polymerase chain reaction techniques and sequenced by Sanger sequencing reactions. The sequence was compared with partial sequences of S. muris, S. gigantea, S. tenella, S. cruzi, S. arieticanis, S. capracanis, Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria tenella, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Alignments of available sites for ...
Preliminary study of the metabolism of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone in horses utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques. Little is known about the metabolism of 17 alpha-alkyl anabolic steroids in horses. In this study, the metabolism of 17 alpha-methyltestosterone is investigated by oral administration of a (1 + 1) mixture of the steroid and its deuteriated analogue. Both compounds were synthesized from dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA), using a Grignard reaction followed by an Oppenauer oxidation. Post-administration urine extracts were analysed by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using both electron impact (IE) and chemical ionization (CI). Interpretation of the data was facilitated by observation of ...
Medical and surgical emergencies of the nervous system of horses: diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae. Trauma to the nervous system in horses may involve the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. Trauma may occur to any part of the nervous system with or without a fracture.
Generic immunoassay of corticosteroids with minimum pre-treatment of urine samples. A generic, rapid and sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test has been developed which allows large-scale simultaneous testing of synthetic corticosteroids viz., flumethasone, dexamethasone and betamethasone. This assay can be directly applied to diluted urine samples (1 + 9) without hydrolysis of glucuronide or sulfate conjugates or any other treatment of samples. The polyclonal antibody was obtained by immunizing sheep with a flumethasone derivative linked to human serum albumin. This polyclonal antibody displayed high-reactivity with several synthetic corticosteroids whilst ...
Case report: acute joint destabilization in the equine demonstrating early pathology in osteoarthritis. A case of acute destabilization of the right stifle joint associated with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and avulsion fracture of the tibial spine in a horse is reported. The diagnosis was obtained by scintigraphy and radiography. Post mortem investigations 6 weeks after injury demonstrated fibrillation of surface cartilage in regions unprotected by tibial menisci. No pathological change was demonstrated in the subchondral bone of the tibia in regions associated with loss of cartilage integrity.
Determination of xanthines by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in horse urine after ingestion of Guaraná powder. The seeds of Guaraná are rich in xanthines and are used for the preparation of guaraná powder which is very commonly given to horses as a 'tonic' in Brazil. In this paper, the xanthine content of guaraná powder was determined, in addition to its clearance time in horses. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a screening procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to quantify the drugs in both the powder and urine samples. The guaraná powder was found to contain 2.16, 1.10 and 36.78 mg g-1 of theobromine (TB), theophylline (TP) and caffeine (CF), respectively, and in ...
Nutrition and equine performance. Some aspects of energy, protein and vitamin E nutrition of the performance horse are discussed. The amount, dietary source and time of ingestion of energy before exercise can influence performance. In 1989 the National Research Council (NRC) increased their estimates of energy required by racehorses. Recent studies indicate that the increase was reasonable. Many factors, however, can influence energy requirements. Therefore, the best measure would be body weight and composition of the horse. A proper balance of soluble carbohydrate, fiber, fat and protein is essential. Some guidelines are pres...
Anti-inflammatory and immune support in endotoxemia and septicemia. Endotoxemia and septicemia are encountered frequently in equine veterinary practice. The deleterious effects of endotoxin are related to the severity of the response of the host's inflammatory system. Consequently, it is imperative that appropriate steps be taken to identify animals at risk of developing endotoxemia or septicemia, and to initiate treatments that will reduce the inflammatory response. This article discusses the anti-inflammatory and immune support of horses and foals with endotoxemia and septicemia.
Epidemiology of African horsesickness: duration of viraemia in zebra (Equus burchelli). The viraemic period of African horsesickness is significantly longer in experimentally infected zebra than in horses. The virus could be isolated 40 d post-infection from blood and 48 d post-infection from spleen. The introduction of zebra into African horsesickness-free countries should therefore be considered carefully, and preferably be restricted to serologically negative zebra.
The history of veterinary dentistry. Part One: From the earliest record to the end of the 18th century. Dental procedures have been performed on animals, particularly horses, since earliest recorded history. In the absence of anesthesia and an understanding of physiology and pathology, treatment often was unnecessary, inappropriate or barbaric. Progress was made very slowly.
Experimental treatment of equine sarcoid using a xanthate compound and recombinant human tumour necrosis factor alpha. A xanthate compound with antiviral and antitumoural activities, tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) in combination with the potassium salt of the lauric acid (KC12) and, in a further investigation, the above-mentioned substances together with recombinant human TNF alpha (rh-TNF alpha), were tested on equine sarcoid tumours for therapeutic efficacy. A pilot investigation on 5 healthy horses showed that the compounds were well-tolerated; apart from a local, temporary oedema at the injection site, no other clinical symptoms were observed after subcutaneous administration of volumes from 0.1 to...
Antigenic, morphologic, and molecular characterization of new Ehrlichia risticii isolates. Ehrlichia risticii causes an acute infectious disease in horses called Potomac horse fever. To investigate the biological diversity of E. risticii organisms, nine E. risticii isolates derived from the peripheral blood monocytes of clinically sick horses in Ohio and Kentucky during the summers of 1991 and 1993 were compared with Illinois and Virginia isolates originally obtained from horses in Maryland in 1984. Seven of the nine isolates (081, 606, 380, 679, As, Co, and Ov) formed large morulae (tightly packed inclusions of ehrlichial organisms). The remaining isolates, including 1984 isolates,...
Monoclonal antibodies to the equine CD2 T lymphocyte marker, to a pan-granulocyte/monocyte marker and to a unique pan-B lymphocyte marker. Murine monoclonal antibodies, HB88A, B29A and DH59B separately identify the CD2 T lymphocyte molecule, a unique pan-B lymphocyte surface marker and a pan-granulocyte/monocyte surface molecule, respectively, in the horse. Specificity was shown by two-color immunofluorescent flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. MAb HB88A reacted with a 52 kDa pan-T lymphocyte molecule present on 75% +/- 7 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (n = 15 horses). It also reacted with lymphocytes restricted to T lymphocyte dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Specificity of mAb HB88A to CD2 was demon...
