"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Kościuczuk EM, Lisowski P, Jarczak J, Strzałkowska N, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk J, Krzyżewski J, Zwierzchowski L, Bagnicka E.Cathelicidins are small, cationic, antimicrobial peptides found in humans and other species, including farm animals (cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and in some species of fish). These proteolytically activated peptides are part of the innate immune system of many vertebrates. These peptides show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi. Apart from exerting direct antimicrobial effects, cathelicidins can also trigger specific defense responses in the host. Their roles in various pathophysiological conditions have been studie...
Knych HK, Corado CR, McKemie DS, Scholtz E, Sams R.Tramadol is a synthetic opioid used in human medicine, and to a lesser extent in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. In humans, the analgesic effects are owing to the actions of both the parent compound and an active metabolite (M1). The goal of the current study was to extend current knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and M1 following oral administration of three doses of tramadol to horses. A total of nine healthy adult horses received a single oral administration of 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg of tramadol via nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected...
St-Pierre B, de la Fuente G, O'Neill S, Wright AD, Al Jassim R.We investigated the community structure of bacteria that populate the stomach of the Brumby, a breed of feral horses from the Australian outback. Using a 16S rRNA gene clone library, we identified 155 clones that were assigned to 26 OTUs based on a 99.0 % sequence identity cutoff. Two OTUs represented 73.5 % of clones, while 18 OTUs were each assigned only a single clone. Four major bacterial types were identified in the Brumby stomach: Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae and Pasteurellaceae. The first three groups, which represented 98.1 % of the Brumby stomach library clones,...
Ishizuka T, Itami T, Tamura J, Saitoh Y, Saitoh M, Umar MA, Miyoshi K, Yamashita K, Muir WW.Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, lidocaine, butorphanol and propofol total intravenous anesthesia (MLBP-TIVA) were evaluated in horses undergoing an experimental surgery. Ten horses were premedicated with an intravenous injection (IV) of medetomidine (5 µg/kg) and butorphanol (20 µg/kg). Anesthesia was induced by administration of 1% propofol (3 mg/kg, IV) at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min (n=5, group-1) or 2% propofol administered at a rate of 6 mg/kg/min (n=5, group-2) following administration of lidocaine (1 mg/kg, IV) and then maintained by infusions of propofol, medetomi...
Bisgaard M, Bojesen AM, Petersen MR, Christensen H.Infections of poultry due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus have been rare during the past decades and dissimilarities have been reported as to symptoms and lesions; likewise, the source of serious outbreaks has remained speculative. An outbreak affecting 11,000 free-range chickens at the age of 47 wk is reported. The outbreak manifested itself as acute at the onset and was followed by a chronic stage, resulting in some 80% mortality within 21 wk. Small-colony variants (SCVs) of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus associated with the chronic phase are reported for the first time, and it is d...
Onmaz AC, Stoklas-Schmidt C, van den Hoven R.The aim of the study was to analyse the day-to-day variability of the respiratory resistance (R(rs)) and the reactance (X(rs)) in 5 horses in a status of remission of recurrent airway obstruction by forced oscillometry system (FOS). Furthermore, the effects of stabling, outdoor and room temperature and humidity on these parameters were determined. Mean R(rs) at oscillation frequencies 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 Hz were all significantly higher in the morning than in the afternoon, while X(rs) was not significantly affected by time of the day. R(rs) was significantly different on various sampling days at ...
Torres A, Silva JF, Bernardes N, Sales Luís J, Lopes da Costa L.Here is reported a disorder of sex development found in the Portuguese Lusitano horse breed. The complex genital phenotype included mammary glands, abdominal testes without epididymis, connected through oviducts to pelvic hypoplastic uterine horns and fused vulvar labia majora from which protruded ventrally a penis-like structure. This structure was presented in a reversed position, the urethral opening placed dorsally in the glans. However, it was functional both for micturition and erection. The horse exhibited female micturition posture and aggressive male-like behaviour, including flehmen,...
Kakoi H, Kijima-Suda I, Gawahara H, Kinoshita K, Tozaki T, Hirota K, Yoshizawa M.To construct a system for identifying individual horses from urine samples that are submitted for postracing doping tests, we developed a genotyping assay based on 26-plex single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). DNA was isolated from urine using a commercially available DNA/RNA extraction kit, and SNP genotyping was achieved with a SNaPshot(™) technique. DNA profiles including 26 SNPs were acquired from urine samples and blood/hair samples. Within the studied Thoroughbred population, the 26-plex assay showed a probability of identity of 5.80 × 10(-11). Compared to the conventional short tan...
Neelis DA, Roberts GD.The many advancements in ultrasound technology, including spatial compounding, harmonic imaging, multidimensional and extended field-of-view images, and improvements in transducer capabilities, are used to enhance the ultrasonographic examination of the equine patient. The improvements in software and hardware capabilities help overcome artifacts, improve image quality, and allow better documentation of the examination for follow-up studies. In addition, the ability of smaller, more portable machines to produce better images is ideal for the ambulatory practice setting.
Morath U, Luyet C, Spadavecchia C, Stoffel MH, Hatch GM.To develop an ultrasound-guided technique for retrobulbar nerve block in horses, and to compare the distribution of three different volumes of injected contrast medium (CM) (4, 8 and 12 mL), with the hypothesis that successful placement of the needle within the retractor bulbi muscle cone would lead to the most effective dispersal of CM towards the nerves leaving the orbital fissure. Methods: Prospective experimental cadaver study. Methods: Twenty equine cadavers. Methods: Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar injections were performed in 40 cadaver orbits. Ultrasound visualization of needle placement...
Ringer SK, Portier K, Torgerson PR, Castagno R, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R.To compare xylazine and romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols regarding degree of sedation, and effects on postural instability (PI), ataxia during motion (A) and reaction to different stimuli. Methods: Blinded randomized experimental cross-over study. Methods: Ten adult horses. Methods: Degree of sedation was assessed by head height above ground (HHAG). Effects on PI, A and reaction to visual, tactile and acoustic stimulation were assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) and by visual analogue scale (VAS). After baseline measurements, horses were sedated by intravenous loading dos...
Brinkmeyer-Langford CL, Cai JJ, Gill CA, Skow LC.Genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encode proteins involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Genetic variation in this region can influence the immune response of an individual animal to challenges from a variety of pathogens; however, a complete documentation of genetic variation in the MHC is lacking for most domestic animals, including horses. To provide additional genetic markers for study of the horse MHC, or ELA (equine lymphocyte antigen), we identified 37 polymorphic microsatellite repeats in ELA and used these variations separately and together with publis...
Sun L, Gong Z, Oberst EJ, Betancourt A, Adams AA, Horohov DW.While born with a limited production, foals' interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression increases after birth. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. DNA methylation is considered to be involved. Therefore, the DNA methylation status of the Ifng promoter in CD4(+) cells from neonatal foal was determined using a methylation-specific PCR (MSP), and its relevance to IFN-γ mRNA expression was estimated. The effect of environment on the DNA methylation was also evaluated by comparing ponies that were kept in a barn versus those on pasture. The DNA in the Ifng promoter was hypermethylated and its deme...
L'Ami JJ, Vermunt LE, van Loon JP, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.A single dose of 40 μg/kg bodyweight (BW) of oromucosal detomidine gel was administered sublingually to 10 healthy Dutch Warmblood mares aged 7 ± 4 years (mean ± SD) and BW 580 ± 69 kg. Blood and urine samples were collected before and for 8 days following administration and evaluated qualitatively in an FEI Reference Laboratory and quantitatively in a research laboratory. Clinical effects were evaluated at baseline and for 24 h after administration. Sedation was determined using head height and scores of reaction to auditory and mixed auditory/sensory stimuli. Mechanical nociceptive thres...
Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R.Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites were studied through a longitudinal survey in 400 horses over a 17-month period in an abattoir in Germany. Three hundred and ten horses (77.5 %) were demonstrated harbouring endoparasites either by direct recovery of parasites from the digestive tract and/or in terms of faecal egg counts (strongyles). The following parasites were found (percentage prevalence, range of counts): Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae (2.25 %, 1-154), Gasterophilus nasalis larvae (0.25 %, 44), Trichostrongylus axei (11.0 %, 1-3,620), Habronema majus (8.0 %; 1...
Spelta CW, Axon JE.The clinical manifestations of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in temperate climates are well described. The classic presentation is that of an older animal with hirsutism, laminitis, poor muscle tone, pendulous abdomen and weight loss. This case series highlights the additional clinical signs of anhidrosis and heat stress with secondary exercise intolerance that were seen as primary presenting problems in equids with PPID in the hot, humid conditions of a tropical climate. The clinical signs resolved with medical treatment for PPID.
Minguet G, de la Rebière G, Franck T, Joris J, Serteyn D, Sandersen C.To investigate the effects of the volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane on the release of total and active myeloperoxidase (MPO) by non-stimulated and stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in whole blood from healthy horses. Methods: In vitro experimental study. Methods: Adult healthy horses. Methods: Samples of whole venous blood were collected and incubated in air or in air plus 2.3% or 4.6% sevoflurane for 1 hour. PMNs were stimulated with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), with a combination of cytochalasin B (CB) and fMLP or with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Total an...
Lange CE, Tobler K, Lehner A, Grest P, Welle MM, Schwarzwald CC, Favrot C.Equine penile papillomas, in situ carcinomas, and invasive carcinomas are hypothesized to belong to a continuum of papillomavirus-induced diseases. The former ones clinically present as small grey papules, while the latter 2 lesions are more hyperplasic or alternatively ulcerated. To test the hypothesis that these lesions are papillomavirus-induced, samples of 24 horses with characteristic clinical and histologic findings of penile papillomas or in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinomas were collected. As controls, 11 horses with various lesions--namely, Balanoposthitis (6 cases), melanoma ...
Erol E, Williams NM, Sells SF, Kennedy L, Locke SJ, Donahue JM, Carter CN.Nocardioform actinomycetes are significant causes of placentitis and abortions in horses. In the current study, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 38 Amycolatopsis spp. and 22 Crossiella equi isolates, the most common nocardioform actinomycetes causing placentitis in horses, were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of these isolates were tested by broth microdilution method in a commercial system, which was designed for Nocardia spp., fast-growing Mycobacterium spp., and other aerobic actinomycetes. The minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organ...
Hinrichs K, Choi YH, Norris JD, Love LB, Bedford-Guaus SJ, Hartman DL, Velez IC.To evaluate the efficiency of foal production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and blastocyst culture of oocytes from mares that died or were euthanized under field conditions. Methods: Prospective case series. Methods: 16 mares (age, 3 to 19 years) that died or were euthanized for various causes. Methods: Ovaries were collected immediately before euthanasia (n = 10) or after death (6). Ovaries were transported to the laboratory for oocyte recovery (15 mares), or oocytes were recovered at a remote location and shipped to the laboratory (1). Oocytes underwent ICSI, and presumpt...
Zhang H, Nagaoka K, Imakawa K, Nambo Y, Watanabe G, Taya K, Weng Q.The establishment of equine pregnancy is a unique and long process during which a series of physical and possibly biochemical interactions are required between the conceptus and uterus. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of inhibin/activin subunits in the uterus during early pregnancy. The uteri from four adult mares on cyclic day 13 or pregnancy day 25 were obtained. Immunohistochemical experiments suggested that inhibin/activin subunits were immunolocalized in the luminal and glandular epithelium on pregnancy day 25. In addition, the inhibin α and inhibin/activin βB subu...
Blitvich BJ, Saiyasombat R, Travassos da Rosa A, Tesh RB, Calisher CH, Garcia-Rejon JE, Farfán-Ale JA, Loroño RE, Bates A, Loroño-Pino MA.To determine the seroprevalence of selected orthobunyaviruses in livestock in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, a serologic investigation was performed using serum samples from 256 domestic animals (182 horses, 31 sheep, 1 dog, 37 chickens, and 5 turkeys). All serum samples were examined by plaque reduction neutralization test using Cache Valley virus (CVV), Cholul virus (CHLV), South River virus (SOURV), Kairi virus, Maguari virus, and Wyeomyia virus. Of the 182 horses, 60 (33.0%) were seropositive for CHLV, 48 (26.4%) were seropositive for CVV, 1 (0.5%) was seropositive for SOURV, 60 (33.0%) ...
DiMaio Knych HK, Covarrubias V, Steffey EP.To describe selected pharmacodynamic effects of detomidine and yohimbine when administered alone and in sequence. Methods: Randomized crossover design. Methods: Nine healthy adult horses aged 9 ± 4 years and weighing 561 ± 56 kg. Methods: Three dose regimens were employed in the current study. 1) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV, 2) 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV and 3) 0.03 mg kg(-1) detomidine IV followed 15 minutes later by 0.2 mg kg(-1) yohimbine IV. Each horse received all three treatments with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Blood samples were obtained and plasma analyzed for detomidin...
Tripathi VN, Harding WC, Willingham-Lane JM, Hondalus MK.Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular, Gram-positive, soilborne actinomycete which can cause severe pyogranulomatous pneumonia with abscessation in young horses (foals) and in immunocompromised people, such as persons with AIDS. All strains of R. equi isolated from foals and approximately a third isolated from humans contain a large, ~81-kb plasmid which is essential for the intramacrophage growth of the organism and for virulence in foals and murine in vivo model systems. We found that the entire virulence plasmid could be transferred from plasmid-containing strains of R. equi (dono...
Yuda Y, Kasashima Y, Kuwano A, Sato K, Hattori S, Arai K.Upregulation of hyaluronidase 2 (HYAL2), one of somatic hyaluronidase (HAase), was demonstrated in granulation tissue during the healing of equine superficial digital flexor tendon injuries. The activity of HAase was assessed by hyaluronan (HA)-containing gel zymography and in situ zymography using frozen sections obtained from normal and injured tendon tissues. Elevated HAase activity was identified in the extract from the tendinopathic tissues, with lower levels of the activity in normal tendons. In situ zymography using fluorescently-labeled HA demonstrated HAase activity in the granulation...
Magee C, Bruemmer JE, Nett TM, Squires EL, Clay CM.Kisspeptides (KiSS) are a recently discovered family of neuropeptides with a central role in regulating the onset of reproductive function in all animals studied to date. We have established biological and physiological evidence for KiSS signaling in the mare. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the physiological and behavioral responses of mares repeatedly given the equine-specific kisspeptpin decapeptide (eKp-10, YRWNSFGLRY-NH(2)) in an effort to shorten the interovulatory period. Administration of eKp-10 (0.5 mg iv every 4 h) to mares beginning on Day 16 postovulation (Group ...
Watts LM, Browne JA, Murphy BA.A comprehensive understanding of the equine circadian clock involves the evaluation of circadian clock gene expression. A non-invasive and effective method for detecting equine clock gene expression has yet to be established. Currently, research surrounding this area has relied on collecting tissue biopsies or blood samples that can often be costly, time consuming and uncomfortable for the animal. Methods: Five mares were individually stabled under a light-dark (LD) cycle that mimicked the external environmental photoperiod during a time of year corresponding with the vernal equinox. Hair foll...
RANDALL CC, ORR MF, SCHELL FG.Intracellular organisms resembling Histoplasma capsulatum have been observed in apparently normal amnio-allantoic membrane and adult horse spleen maintained in tissue culture.
The significance of this finding and comparison with another fungus Cryptococcus jarciminosus is discussed.
Stafford KJ, Erceg VH.The veterinary program at the Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand, is 4.5 years long. Animal handling and restraint are taught to first-year veterinary students via lectures and practical sessions. Students are taught to catch, restrain, and hold the five important domesticated species (horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and cats) in a series of five practical sessions, each lasting about three hours. Safety is emphasized. Students are taught in groups of 10-12, and generally the tutors demonstrate the various techniques of restraint and then super...
Konishi E.The literature on natural infections with Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan and subclinical:clinical infection rates was summarized. To detect natural infections, conventional serologic methods were used in the past, while nonstructural 1 protein-based methods have been used recently. Annual infection rates in humans and horses indicated the status of natural virus activity in Japan.
Keller M, Krehon S, Stanek C, Rosengarten R.Specimens of hoof horn from 187 horses were examined for a possible relationship between clinically affected hooves and the occurrence of pathogenic fungi. Specimens were taken from the coronary band and from the stratum externum and medium of the coronary horn and transferred on to Sabouraud dextrose agar, with and without cycloheximide, and incubated at 28 degrees C. Dermatophytes and mould fungi were identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The 732 isolates could be assigned to 26 species of moulds, two different species of the dermatophyte Microsporum and three diff...
Andersson L, Sandberg K.The equine coat color genes chestnut (e) and roan (Rn) have been tested for linkage to 15 protein and blood group loci. Data showing close or fairly close linkage to the serum albumin locus (Al) and loose linkage to the serum esterase locus (Es) for both e and Rn are presented. This means that three coat color genes (To, e and Rn) and three serum protein loci (Al, Gc, and Es) are linked in the same linkage group. The gene order can tentatively be written Al, Gc, Rn, To-e-Es. The implications of the results for studies on coat color inheritance in horses are discussed. The possibility of using ...
Coelho CS, Sodre TDRP, Sousa LN, Siqueira RF, Manso Filho HC, Aragona F, Fazio F.Vaquejada is a high-intensity and short-duration exercise in which helper horses (HH) are responsible to keep a bull running in a line while pull horses (PH) work to put the bull down after 100 m of running. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare energy expenditures (EE), transport costs (COT) and metabolic energy requirements (Pmet) of horses used in Vaquejada. Thus, eight Quarter Horses, in randomly formed pairs, performed a vaquejada simulation test (VST), which consisted of three races on a sand track (130-150 m), with a 5-min interval between them. All horses used an integr...
Carstanjen B, Lepage OM, Detilleux J, Duboeuf F, Amory H.To evaluate the usefulness of multisite quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive assessment of bone in horses. Methods: 12 healthy horses and both forelimbs from 8 clinically normal horses. Methods: For in vivo measurements, various regions of interest (ROI) were examined on the third metacarpal bone, radius, and tibia. Precision error for speed of sound (SOS) measurements was obtained by measuring each ROI of 4 horses 10 times with probe repositioning. Additionally, 3 operators measured each aspect of the third metacarpal bone of 6 horses 5 times each. For ex vivo measurements, third meta...
Chen Y, Cai S, Zhang Y, Lai Z, Zhong L, Sun X, Li S, Lu G.Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is a newly discovered hepatitis C virus-like virus that can infect equines. EqHV strains circulating worldwide have been classified into subtypes 1-3. In previous studies, we detected the presence of EqHV strains of subtype 1 and 3 in China. To determine whether EqHV strains of subtype 2 are prevalent in China, serum samples were collected from 133 racehorses in Guangdong province in 2021 and were tested for EqHV RNA by RT-PCR, and the positive rate was 9% (12/133). Sequencing of the NS3 gene revealed that one field strain (GD2021) had a high degree of genetic similar...
Bast TF, Whitney E, Benach JL.In September 1970 three horses in eastern Long Island were clinically diagnosed
as having Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE). At this time, EEE virus was isolated
from the blood clots of three migrating Northern Yellow-shafted Flickers, and from the brain
and liver of another Northern Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus lutetts). Following
this episode, a I-year arbovirus survey was conducted beginning in September 1970. Serologic
surveys indicated widespread prevalence of EEE antibodies in the avian population and also
low grade activity in various mammals. Powassan and St. Lou...
Weiss R, Böhm KH, Mumme J, Nicklas W.Over a thirteen year period (1965 to 1977) a total of 4790 skin scrapings and hair samples of animals were examined mycologically. 887 strains of dermatophytes were isolated out of 885 of these samples (= 18,5%). Most frequently Trichophyton verrucosum was identified in samples from cattle, followed by Microsporum canis isolated from cats, dogs and zoo animals. T. mentagrophytes was mainly found on guinea pigs, chinchillas and dogs and T. equinum on horses. Although the total number of the samples examined within the last 8 years increased, the total of the dermatophytes isolated remained prop...
Wilsher S, Gower S, Allen WR.A polyclonal human mucin-1 (MUC1) antibody was used to stain immunohistochemically for the presence of MUC1 on the endometrium and fetal membranes in mares between 20 and 309 days of gestation. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of a protein equivalent in size to a human MUC1 isoform, MUC1/Y, in equine endometrium, allantochorion and amnion. At all stages of gestation examined immunoreactivity to the MUC1 antibody was detected on the apical surface of the lumenal epithelium of the endometrium and the epithelium lining the mouths and apical regions of the endometrial glands. Furthe...
Philippeau C, Varloud M, Julliand V.To determine prececal starch digestibili-ty and estimate glucose uptake from the digestion of 4 forms of barley in the small intestine, 4 mature cecally fistulated geldings (449 ± 41 kg BW) fed a 62:38 (wt/wt) meadow hay:concentrate diet at 1.7 kg DM/100 kg BW were included in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. During each period, horses received 80% DM of their concentrate as 1 of the 4 forms of a same batch of barley, whole grain, 2.5 mm ground, steam flaked, and pelleted. Hay was offered in 2 equal meals and concentrate in 2 unequal meals. The starch supply in the morning meal amount...
Burger NC, Nesvadba J, Nesvadba Z, Busato A, Gottstein B.A cross-sectional field study on the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum was performed in the Emmental. The study included 211 bovines, 170 equines, 20 ovines, 46 caprines and 23 rabbits (from 119 farms). In addition, laboratory routine diagnostic data obtained from 2.840 animals--all originating from the same area of investigation--were assessed in the same way. The infection extent concerning the different animal species were the following: bovines 46%, equines 12%, ovines 30%, caprines 48% and rabbits 9%. Univariate analyses of baseline epidemiological data identified no significant risk...
Parkinson NJ, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Pleasant RS, Werre SR, Ahmed SA.The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of gram-negative sepsis. Horses and humans share an exquisite sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide and thus the horse may provide valuable comparative insights into this aspect of the inflammatory response. MicroRNAs, small non-coding RNA molecules acting as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, have key roles in toll-like receptor signaling regulation but have not been studied in this context in horses. The central hypothesis of this study was that lipopolysaccharide induces di...
van der Velden MA.During a seven year period, 51 cases of acquired inguinal herniation in 50 stallions were treated surgically. In 25 cases the herniated loop was ileal, in the other 26 it was jejunal. In cases of strangulation, the vaginal ring was enlarged by incising the peritoneum and transverse fascia. Closure of the superficial inguinal ring was advisable to prevent the hernia recurring. In all cases unilateral castration was performed. Laparotomy was carried out in 33 cases; 22 required intestinal resection and in four cases a bypass was made. Follow-up at least six months postoperatively indicated that ...
Johnson RA, Albright DL, Marzolf JR, Bibbo JL, Yaglom HD, Crowder SM, Carlisle GM, Grindler K, Harms N, Willard A, Wassman M, Russell CL.Posttraumatic stress disorder commonly occurs among U.S. military veterans. Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) has emerged as an adjunct therapy. We explored 20 veterans' perceived benefits, drawbacks and views of a 6-week THR program. Participants had confirmed diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, or both. Veterans rode the same horse weekly, the same day, at the same time. Data were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial testing the effects of THR on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Veterans responded to an open-ended questionnaire. Content analysis wa...
Paradis MR.Septicemia is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in the equine neonate, superseded only by the problem of inadequate transfer of maternal antibodies. This article reviews the factors that may put a foal at high risk for developing sepsis, the diagnostic tools used to identify these animals, some of the sequelae of sepsis, and the therapeutic modalities available to the clinician.
Stephen JO, Baptiste KE, Townsend HG.To describe clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings in donkeys with hypothermia. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 10 hypothermic donkeys. Methods: Information on signalment, history, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, treatments, and necropsy findings was extracted from medical records of all donkeys with hypothermia between 1988 and 1998 and compared with information from medical records of all normothermic donkeys and hypothermic horses admitted to the hospital during the same period. Results: Donkeys were more likely to be hypothermic than horses. The me...
Frazer LL, Santschi EM, Ring SJ, Hewitt RE, Fischer KJ.Equine subchondral bone cysts (SBCs) develop most often in the medial femoral condyle (MFC) of yearlings intended for performance. SBCs often cause lameness and can cause secondary injuries to the meniscus and tibial cartilage. A novel surgical technique using a transcondylar lag screw (TLS) across an MFC SBC has shown success in lameness resolution and radiographic healing of MFC SBC. In a previous study using finite element analysis, our lab showed that a TLS stimulated bone formation on the inner surface of the SBC and altered third principal stress vectors to change the direction of surfac...
Rankin JS, Diesem CD.The hindlimbs of 3 ponies and 3 horses were dissected. The hip joint capsule was found to receive articular nerve fibers from the femoral, obturator, cranial gluteal, and sciatic nerves. The nerve fibers were distributed to the fibrous joint capsule and associated capsular ligaments. The stifle joint capsule was found to receive articular branches from the femoral, saphenous, obturator, common peroneal, and tibial nerves. The fibers terminated in the joint capsule, fat pad, patellar and collateral ligaments, and the internally situated meniscal and cruciate ligaments.
Brunner J, Wichert B, Burger D, von Peinen K, Liesegang A.This study aims at the comparison of the actual feeding of horses with the recommendations from the literature, and it studies the effects of feeding and exercise on several blood metabolic parameters before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected from 25 horses during one-star eventing competitions and evaluated for blood glucose, insulin, lactate, free fatty acids and triglyceride levels. Questionnaires on the feeding practices of the horses were evaluated. The questionnaires revealed that during training, and on tournament days, horses received on average 4.3 kg of concentrate per ...
Rossdale PD, Pattle RE, Mahaffey LW.A SYNDROME in newborn thoroughbred foals, characterized by irregular respiration, convulsions, and lung pathology, has been described already1, and its resemblance to the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn human noted. This latter condition is associated with the absence of the surface active lung lining complex, or lung surfactant2; this absence can be investigated by observation of bubbles obtained from the lung3. From normal lungs bubbles of very low surface tension which show great stability in air-saturated water can be obtained4,5. The present case demonstrates the common facto...
Ruszczyk A, Cywinska A, Banbura MW.The prevalence of Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) infections in the horse populations in Poland was investigated. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of 139 horses were tested. The animals were divided into four groups: clinically healthy horses, horses suffering from respiratory disorders, mares with a recent abortion and horses with diagnosed ataxia. Thirty-four virus isolates were obtained from leukocytes of the tested animals by cocultivation with equine dermal cells and were identified as EHV-2 by PCR using primers for the gB gene of EHV-2 and/or primers for the sequence located upstream of t...
Robie SM, Janson CH, Smith SC, O'Connor JT.The serum lipoprotein fractions from 5 Morgan and 5 Thoroughbred horses were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation, chemically analyzed for lipid composition, and studied by 2 methods of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine electrophoretic mobility. Breed differences were not seen in the relative percentages of the lipid classes found in the various fractions. Normally, horses, like most animals, carry the majority of their lipid in high-density lipoproteins. Electrophoretically, the only difference seen between breeds occurred on disc electrophoresis where the extra band, whi...
Michanek P, Toth T, Bergström E, Treffenberg-Pettersson H, Bergh A.Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are commonly used for treating a variety of disorders in horses, including wounds. Despite its claim to shorten healing times, there is a lack of scientific documentation regarding its effects. Objective: To investigate if treatment with pulsating visible red light (λ ≈ 637 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) light (λ ≈ 956 nm) affects wound healing. Methods: Randomised blinded controlled experimental study. Methods: A circular skin wound (Ø = 2 cm) was created on each side of the neck in eight healthy horses. One randomly chosen wound received light treatm...
Laabassi F, Amelot G, Laugier C, Zientara S, Nasri AM, Hans A.In order to determine the prevalence of equine viral arteritis in Algeria, 268 sera from non-vaccinated horses were collected from the western and eastern regions. Serological analysis of the sera, which were collected from 2009 to 2011, was performed using the virus neutralisation test, as described by the World Organisation for Animal Health. Overall, 20 sera (7.46%) were seropositive, 152 (56.71%) were negative and 96 sera (35.82%) were cytotoxic. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) seroprevalence was significantly higher in the western region (Tiaret) than in the eastern region (Barika and El-Eul...
Nemery E, Gabriel A, Grulke S, Piret J, Toppets V, Antoine N.Lameness due to stifle and especially meniscal lesions is frequent in equine species. In humans, mechanoreceptors involved in proprioceptive function are well studied. Given the high incidence of meniscal injuries in horses, and the lack of information concerning them in equine menisci, our objective was to study these corpuscles in six healthy anterior horns of the equine medial meniscus, which is the most common localisation reported for equine meniscal injuries. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed using antibodies against high molecular weight neurofilaments and glial fibrillary ac...
Singh K, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL, Cruz RJ, Duffy J, Confer AW.Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease was diagnosed histologically in a 17-year-old Quarter Horse intact mare that was presented with a chronic history of respiratory distress. At necropsy, the lungs were poorly collapsed and the pulmonary parenchyma contained innumerable, discrete, spherical nodules in a miliary pattern. A few similar nodules were scattered in the liver and the renal lymph nodes. Histologically, these nodules consisted of fibrosing eosinophilic granulomas. Based on histologic findings and the absence of an etiologic agent, a diagnosis of multisystemic eosinophili...
