"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
McAbee GN, Ciminera PF.Intracranial hematoma in pediatric equestrians is rare, notwithstanding the lack of uniform standards and requirements for the use of protective headgear during equestrian events. We report two teenage helmeted equestrians who sustained severe head trauma with intracranial hematoma due to falls during equestrian events. Current recommendations for the use of equestrian headgear are reviewed.
Delatour P, Garnier F, Maire R.After administration of the racemic drug, the stereoselective quantification of the enantiomers of free and conjugated carprofen was performed in human plasma and in plasma, urine and bile of dogs and horses. In humans, the plasma profile of free carprofen and its glucuronides is not stereoselective and the glucuronides excreted in urine are close to a racemate. In dogs and horses on the contrary, the R(-) enantiomer of the free drug is predominant in plasma, while urine and/or bile concentrations of the glucuronides are high in comparison to plasma with a strong selectivity for the S(+) enant...
Grøndahl C, Hyttel P.The nucleolus is believed to be the active site of rRNA synthesis in all eukaryotic cells. In preimplantation embryos, the embryonic genome is apparently more or less silent up to a species-specific developmental stage at which a major burst of transcription occurs. Here we report on nucleologenesis and some ultrastructural aspects of the onset of RNA synthesis in equine embryos during in vivo development. The zygotes and embryos up to blastocyst stages were surgically recovered from normally cycling mares. Mares were induced to ovulate by treatment with 3000 IU hCG and inseminated 20 and 34 h...
Naranjo Cerrillo G, Soler Rodríguez F, Gómez Gordo L, Hermoso de Mendoza Salcedo M, Roncero Cordero V.In 1988 an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia was diagnosed in equids that had eaten corn with a pinkish fungal growth. The fungus was then identified as Fusarium moniliforme. The main symptoms observed appeared acutely and were overexcitement, blindness, incoordination, facial paralysis and death within 24 h. The main pathological changes were restricted to the central nervous system. Macroscopically they consisted of hyperemia and haemorrhages, the consistency was friable and the gyri were somewhat flattened. Microscopically, the lesions were profuse and had extensive haemorrhages, and numero...
Csik-Salmon J, Blais D, Vaillancourt D, Garon O, Bisaillon A.Loss of rear motor control is the main limiting factor in the use of caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse. In man and laboratory animals, a small dose of an opiate combined with a local anesthetic enhances analgesia without impairing motor function. Thus, the amount of local anesthetic administered may be reduced. Butorphanol is an opiate widely used in horses. It has a good margin of safety and few cardiorespiratory effects. The effects of lidocaine (0.25 mg/kg) and lidocaine-butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg, and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively) were compared in 2 groups of 5 healthy unsedated mares. Hors...
Martinelli MJ, Baker GJ, Clarkson RB, Eurell JC, Pijanowski GJ, Kuriashkin IV, Carragher BO.To expand our current knowledge and to establish limits of correlation between signal intensities of the magnetic resonance (MR) image and actual macroscopic and microscopic anatomic features of the imaged structures of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ). Methods: The right MCPJ was obtained from 4 adult horses that were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the musculoskeletal system. Methods: The distal portion of the right forelimbs was collected from 4 equine cadavers. The bones were drilled to provide fixed reference points and examined by MR imaging. After imaging, the joints we...
Beelitz P, Göbel E, Gothe R.In this epidemiological study of endoparasites 37 donkeys and 23 horses were included, which were examined coproscopically in regular intervals over a 15 month period. The animals derived from ten farms, in which regular prophylactic treatments with anthelmintics had been practiced at least for two years before this investigation. This study revealed the presence of at least twelve parasite species in donkeys, Eimeria leuckarti, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Fasciola hepatica, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei and s...
Horohov DW, Keadle TL, Pourciau SS, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, Kamerling SG, Keowen ML, French DD, Melrose PA.Intense exercise affects various parameters of the immune system. The overall effect of exercise on immune function is dependent upon the physical condition of the subject, the intensity and duration of the exercise period, and the immune parameter assessed. Unconditioned horses subjected to a single bout of intensive exercise exhibit multiple alterations in immune function, including an augmentation of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell function. This increase in LAK cell activity is not due to an increase in circulating LAK precursors. While peripheral blood mononuclear cells from exerci...
Dart AJ, Peauroi JR, Hodgson DR, Pascoe JR.In this retrospective study, postoperative ileus was studied in horses having resection of the small intestine followed by a jejunojejunal (n = 35) or a jejunocaecal (n = 35) anastomosis. Twenty-six horses received no metoclopramide, 27 received metoclopramide as an intermittent intravenous infusion and 17 horses received metoclopramide as a continuous intravenous infusion (0.04 mg/kg/hour). Horses receiving a continuous infusion of metoclopramide had a reduced total volume (P < 0.001), shorter duration (P < 0.001), and a slower rate (P < 0.001) of postoperative gastric reflux, and a ...
Ishida N, Hasegawa T, Oyunsuren T, Mukoyama H.The mitochondrial DNA sequence of cytochrome b gene in a Thoroughbred horse was determined. By comparing DNA sequences between the Thoroughbred and published sequence data (two horses and one Grevyi zebra), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for amplification of a 590 bp DNA fragment in the cytochrome b gene, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was studied in 140 horses of six breeds using three restriction enzymes (AciI, BamHI, RsaI). Two morphs were found using each of the three enzymes. By combining three enzymes morphs, the 140 horses examine...
Zhang XY, Zhu FX, Robinson NE.We examined the effect of activation of beta 2-adrenoceptor (AR) by isoproterenol (ISO) on acetylcholine (ACh) release evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS: 20 V, 0.5 Hz, 0.5 msec) from cholinergic nerves in five regions of equine airways. We also tested if the effect of ISO was dependent on epithelium or prostanoids by examining the effect of ISO on ACh release in the presence and absence of epithelium or cyclooxygenase inhibition. Trachealis strips or bronchial rings were preincubated for 60 min with 10(-7) M atropine, 10(-6) M neostigmine, and 10(-5) M guanethidine. The ACh amount wa...
Yamashita K, Yonezawa K, Izumisawa Y, Kotani T.The antagonistic effects of atipamezole (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) on medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.)-induced sedation were evaluated in horses. Although 20 and 40 micrograms/kg of atipamezole were not sufficient to reverse the sedation, 60 micrograms/kg did effectively reverse the sedation. Atipamezole at 80 micrograms/kg was more potent, and significantly shortened the duration of sedation without any apparent side effects, but a higher dose of 100 micrograms/kg was not more effective than 80 micrograms/kg. The possible use of atipamezole as a reversal agent may enhanc...
Manohar M, Goetz TE.Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a common occurrence in racehorses. The objective of this study was to compare pulmonary vascular pressures of healthy Thoroughbred horses with and without postexertion endoscopically detectable fresh blood in the trachea. The nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea (down to the carina) of horses were examined weekly with an endoscope 55-60 min postexertion, and the diagnosis of EIPH was confirmed by the presence of fresh blood in the trachea. Measurements of heart rate and right atrial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures were mad...
Simones P, De Geest JP, Lauwers H.The pectinate ligaments of ten horses, two donkeys, five oxen, five sheep, ten goats, five dogs, five cats, thirty pigs and two rabbits were studied under the stereomicroscope and the scanning electron microscope. In the horse and the donkey, the pectinate ligament was very prominent and was characterized by sturdy interconnected strands and relatively small intertrabecular spaces. The pectinate ligaments of ruminants were composed of shorter strands, separated by relatively larger spaces. Fusion between adjacent strands, resulting in the formation of fenestrated sheets, was regularly observed...
Proudman CJ, Trees AJ.There is increasing interest in the application of serological methods to macro-parasite infections to indicate infection intensity, which in turn is related to pathogenicity. Colic is the single most important cause of mortality in horses and there is evidence that a proportion of colic cases are associated with infection with the intestinal cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata. In order to develop better tools to investigate this association, the correlation between antigen-specific equine IgG and IgG(T) and infection intensity of A. perfoliata was investigated. Affinity purification of a 12/13 ...
Corveleyn S, Deprez P, Van der Weken G, Baeyens W, Remon JP.Six healthy mares ranging in age from 6 to 12 years and weighing from 415 to 540 kg were used to determine the rectal bioavailability of ketoprofen. For the rectal administration, three different formulations, each containing 1 g of ketoprofen, were administered in a fatty and a hydrophilic suppository base and as a liquid suspension. An average elimination half-life of 1.3 h (+/-1.2) was found. The average value for the total plasma clearance (ClT) was 131.9mL/ min.kg (range 95-183.5). The volume of distribution Vd(area) was 255 mL/kg and the mean residence time (MRT) value was 0.47 h. After ...
Foreyt WJ, Lagerquist JE.Peripheral blood neutrophils from horses, cattle, and Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) were evaluated for susceptibility to cytotoxin-dependent lysis of different biotypes and serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica of domestic sheep, cattle, bighorn sheep, or mountain goat (Oreamnos americana) origin utilizing a cytotoxicity assay which measures the degree of bacteria cytotoxin-killing of neutrophils. All isolates of P. haemolytica (biotypes A and T) were noncytotoxic to horse neutrophils. Thirteen of 18 R haemolytica biotype A isolates were cytotoxic (> 50% neutrophi...
Yamagata M, Wilkie DA, Gilger BC.Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis was diagnosed in 7 horses at The Ohio State University between 1976 and 1994. All horses had moderate-to-severe blepharospasm, chemosis, and conjunctival hyperemia; epiphora; and extensive yellow-to-white caseous mucoid discharge. Corneal ulcers associated with this disease were perilimbal and extended centrally. All ulcers were covered with a white necrotic plaque firmly attached to the underlying cornea. Other ophthalmic abnormalities were not detected. Corneal scrapings examined cytologically contained numerous eosinophils interspersed between epithelial ce...
Kerr CL, McDonell WN, Young SS.The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate sedation with intravenous xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight [BW]) versus intravenous romifidine (100 micrograms/kg BW) followed by induction of anesthesia with intravenous diazepam (0.04 mg/kg BW) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg BW). Twelve healthy horses were used in a blinded, randomized, cross-over design. Heart rate, presence of 2nd degree atrioventricular heart blocks (2 degrees AVB), respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, blood gases, packed cell volume, total serum proteins, and duration of anesthesia and recumbency were recorded. Inductio...
Gareis M, Seidel KE, Diehl T.268 diagnostic samples from dogs, cats, horses and cattle were examined in a commercially available blood culture system. Samples of blood, liquor, ascites, thorax punctate, synovia and urine were examined with a blood culture system (Oxoid) over a period of two years in cooperation with the veterinary clinical institutes of internal medicine and surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich and different veterinarians. It was shown that this blood culture system, which has been initially developed for the requirements of human bacteriology, can be used for isolation of clinical important mic...
Rivero JL.To describe an applied method for quantitative estimation of training condition in horses. Methods: 17 sedentary adult (5 to 14 years old) stallions of several breeds endurance trained for 3 months. Methods: Muscle biopsy specimens from 2 depths (20 and 60 mm) of the gluteus medius muscle were obtained before and after training and were analyzed for fiber type distribution, mean cross-sectional area, relative fiber area, and mean number of capillaries in contact with each fiber type relative to their mean area. Fiber types were designated as types 1, 2A, and 2B (high, low, and moderate myosin ...
Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH, Muir WW, Sams RA.We theorized that furosemide-induced weight reduction would reduce the contribution of anaerobic metabolism to energy expenditure of horses during intense exertion. The effects of furosemide on accumulated O2 deficit and plasma lactate concentration of horses during high-intensity exercise were examined in a three-way balance randomized crossover study. Nine horses completed each of three trials: 1) a control (C) trial, 2) a furosemide-unloaded (FU) trial in which the horse received furosemide 4 h before running, and 3) a furosemide weight-loaded (FL) trial during which the horse received furo...
Devriese LA, Ieven M, Goossens H, Vandamme P, Pot B, Hommez J, Haesebrouck F.Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated glycopeptide resistance were isolated by enrichment culture from the intestines and feces of several animal species, mainly horses and dogs (8% positive), chickens (7% positive), and pigs (6% positive). Other vanA-positive enterococcal strains were identified as E. durans in gallinaceous birds, E. faecalis in a horse, and E. gallinarum in a pheasant. Samples from pigeons, cage birds, and ruminants were negative. It was concluded that vancomycin resistance is widespread among isolates from farm and pet animals.
Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Christopher M, Vatistas N.To characterize, in mares, changes in peritoneal fluid that occurred within the first 7 days after routine foaling. Methods: Prospective observational trial. Methods: 15 mares. Methods: Abdominocentesis was performed within 10 days before foaling and again 12 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after each horse foaled. Data recorded for each sample included total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, specific gravity, fibrinogen concentration, and total protein concentration. Smears of each sample were examined by a single clinical pathologist. Results: There were not any significant difference...
Asahina M, Murakami K, Ajito T, Goryo M, Okada K.The tissues of an 8-year-old thoroughbred castrated male horse with equine lymphoma were examined immunohistochemically. Neoplastic masses were observed in the mediastinum, mesenteric lymph nodes, gastric mucosa and serosa, liver capsule, and spleen capsule with associated lymph nodes. Histopathologically, the neoplastic cells were seen to consist predominantly of a mixture of well differentiated small and large types. Immunohistochemically, the small lymphoid cells were MHC class IIlow+ and PanT- and the large lymphoid cells were MHC class IIhigh+ and PanT-. These findings revealed that the n...
Kingsley NB, Sandmeyer L, Parker SE, Dwyer A, Heden S, Reilly C, Hallendar-Edman A, Archer S, Bellone RR.Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is the leading cause of blindness for horses; previous research implicated the leopard complex spotting allele (LP) as a genetic risk factor for insidious uveitis in the Appaloosa. There is limited information about risk in the Knabstrupper. Objective: To evaluate clinical manifestations, disease frequency and potential risk factors for ERU in Knabstrupper horses. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Ocular examinations were performed on 116 horses, and based on identified anomalies, horses were classified as suspect, ERU-affected or having no clinical signs....
Legg KA, Bolwell CF, Gee EK, Gibson MJ, Rogers CW.This study aimed to determine the incidence of, and risk factors for race-day horse falls in Thoroughbred jumps (hurdle and steeplechase) racing in New Zealand. Incidence rates for race-day horse falls in jumps races from 2005/6 - 2018/19 racing seasons (n = 13,648 race day starts) were calculated per 1000 starts. Univariable and multivariable analyses of race-, horse- and jockey-level risk factors for horse falls were conducted using Poisson regression in a generalised linear mixed model. The incidence rate of horse falls in jumps races was 42 (95 % confidence intervals [CI], 39 - 45) per 1...
Gołyński M, Metyk M, Ciszewska J, Szczepanik MP, Fitch G, Bęczkowski PM.Homocysteine is an endogenous, non-protein sulfuric amino acid, an intermediate metabolite formed by the methionine transmethylation reaction. Its elevated serum concentration in humans, hyperhomocysteinemia, is a sensitive indicator and a risk factor for coagulation disorders, cardiovascular diseases and dementia. However, the role of homocysteine in veterinary species has not been unequivocally established. Although some research has been conducted in dogs, cats, cattle and pigs, relatively few studies on homocysteine have been conducted in horses. So far, it has been established in this spe...
Shupe JL, Christofferson PV, Olson AE, Allred ES, Hurst RL.Teeth from cattle, sheep, and horses that ingested various fluoride intakes and teeth from field studies of these species plus deer, elk, and bison were examined for abnormalities. Approximately 99,000 animals in 322 herds were examined for fluorosis. From field studies, 988 cattle of various ages and with different degrees of dental fluorosis were slaughtered and necropsied. The severity of fluoride-induced mottling, hypoplasia, and abnormal abrasion of paired permanent incisor teeth was correlated with abrasion of premolar and molar (cheek) teeth that form and mineralize at approximately the...
Stegmann GF.The effect of abnormal body position on cardiovascular and pulmonary function in the awake and anaesthetised horse is reviewed. Parameters such as pulmonary shunt, lung volumes, blood gases and alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure differences are discussed. Withholding food for 24 hours and mechanical ventilation may be used to improve blood gas values associated with abnormal recumbency during anaesthesia. During prolonged recovery, horses should be encouraged to adopt sternal recumbency.
Chiba A, Ujiie Y, Aoki T.While intrauterine fluid (IUF) is observed as mucous in healthy mares during estrus, the presence of IUF during diestrus is an indicator of endometritis. Mating induces endometrial inflammation in healthy mares, called mating-induced endometritis, that disappears within 1-2 days after mating. On the other hand, it is also known that IUF remaining beyond 12 hr after mating can cause persistent inflammation, bacterial growth, and decreased fertility. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of IUF and cervical bacteria before and after mating. Mares were classified i...
Salomonsson ML, Bondesson U, Hedeland M.This paper describes quantitative methods for the determination of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in equine plasma and urine based on simple precipitation and dilution followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). DMSO is a polar solvent with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Its pharmacological features make it prohibited in horse racing. However, since DMSO is naturally present in the horses' environment, international threshold values have been implemented for plasma and urine (1 and 15 µg/mL, respectively). Previously pr...
Murphy DJ, Peck LS, Detrisac CJ, Widenhouse CW, Goldberg EP.To evaluate efficacy and safety of IP administration of high-molecular-weight carboxymethylcellulose (HMW CMC) for the prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in ponies. Methods: 10 ponies. Methods: A 1% solution of HMW CMC was instilled intra-abdominally prior to surgery in 5 ponies, whereas 5 control ponies did not receive HMW CMC. Postoperative adhesions were induced by use of a bowel-abrasion method comprising laparotomy, typhlotomy, and abrasion of jejunal serosa at multiple sites with placement of 3 sutures at each site. Day of surgery was day 0. After surgery, ponies were ...
Vervuert I, Stratton-Phelps M.Equine nutraceuticals are promoted as useful therapies to help optimize health and athletic performance, often without the benefit of independent research to support product efficacy and safety. This review focuses on 4 main categories of equine supplements that are frequently used as nutraceuticals: (i) supplements to support metabolic health, (ii) gastric support products, (iii) common ingredients that are included in supplements designed to support hoof health, and (iv) supplements to support joint health.
Vatistas NJ, Meagher DM, Gillis CL, Neves JW.Twenty-two horses were examined because of firearm injuries. Nine had been shot with .22-caliber bullets, 2 with BB pellets, 6 with buckshot, 1 with a .35-caliber bullet, and 1 with an airgun pellet. Injury was confined to the skin or skeletal muscles in 8 horses. Of these, 7 returned to their previous use. In 14 horses, injuries to additional structures were incurred, including the sinus and pharynx (n = 2), mandible (n = 1), tooth (n = 1), aorta (n = 1), eye (n = 3), tibia (n = 1), gastrointestinal tract (n = 3), joint (n = 1), and trachea (n = 1). The 3 horses that had only eye injuries wer...
Muñoz A, Castejón-Riber C, Castejón F, Rubio DM, Riber C.Simulated hypoxic normobaric devices have been used in human beings in order to enhance endurance capacity. These devices are sealed chambers where the athletes are supposed to stay for at least 6-8 hr daily. The current research assesses the changes in time-domain, spectral and non-geometrical heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in 6 horses subjected to progressive duration periods inside of a hermetically sealed chamber. It was pursued, firstly to evaluate the intensity of the stress experienced by the animals and secondly to elucidate whether the horses might require an acclimation per...
Pullin JG, Collier MA, Das P, Smith RL, DeBault LE, Johnson LL, Walls RC.Comparison of perilesional cartilage, lesional repair tissue, and subchondral bone activity 6 months after application of holmium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser energy to chronic (10 week) induced 10-mm full-thickness (FT) circular articular cartilage craters followed by 6 months' intermittent active motion (IAM) in a free exercise environment was investigated. The 2.1-microns wavelength was delivered in hand-controlled near-contact mode by arthroscopic surgery in a saline medium. Bilateral arthroscopy was performed on normal antebrachiocarpal, intercarpal, and metacarpophalangeal join...
Desantis S, Albrizio M, Ventriglia G, Deflorio M, Guaricci AC, Minoia R, De Metrio G.The presence of the mu-opioid receptor and the type of glycosylation in the third extra-cellular loop of this receptor was investigated in the isthmus of mare oviduct during oestrus by means of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry combined with enzymatic (N-glycosidase F and O-glycosidase) and chemical (beta-elimination) treatments. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the mu-opioid receptor consists of two peptides with molecular weights of around 65 and 50 kDa. After N-deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F an additional immunoreactive peptide was observed at around 30 KDa. The cleavage of O...
Widders PR, Stokes CR, David JS, Bourne FJ.The immunoperoxidase technique was adapted for the identification of free immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin producing cells in equine tissues. Staining specific for free IgG, IgA and IgM was detected at all levels of the reproductive tract, and secretory component staining was present in the uterine epithelium but not in the oviduct, cervix or vagina. Immunoglobulin producing cells were present at all levels of the tract, with IgG and IgA cells at equivalent concentrations, but with fewer IgM cells. There was no cyclical trend in free immunoglobulin staining, or plasma cell numbers. IgG and Ig...
Tunón AM, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Hultén C, Nummijärvi A, Magnusson U.Undiluted uterine fluid from 20 Warmblood/Standardbred mares (5 to 14 yr old) was recovered by absorption to an intrauterine tampon. The mares were considered gynecologically healthy based on a clinical examination including uterine swabs for cytology and bacteriology as well as endometrial biopsy examinations. The protein profiles (SDS-PAGE) and concentrations of total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulins (Ig) A and G in the uterine fluid were examined and compared with the same proteins in serum. Major peaks were identified on the obtained protein profiles, and there was a clear similarity ...
Keenan DM.Changes in concentration of a number of blood metabolites in 30 thoroughbred horses were recorded after an 1110 metre race. No significant changes occurred in blood urea or aspartate aminotransferase during the three hours after racing. Plasma sodium, potassium and calcium levels were increased immediately after racing but had returned to normal one hour after racing. Plasma phosphate showed a significant fall in concentration one hour after racing. Creatinine and lactic acid concentrations were elevated ten minutes after racing and although they subsequently decreased, the level of lactic aci...
McCracken MJ, Schumacher J, Doherty TJ, Sun X, Nichols CL, Olivarez J.To determine the efficacy and duration of effect for liposomal bupivacaine following perineural administration to the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves of horses. Methods: 9 nonlame mares. Methods: For each horse, 2 mL of liposomal bupivacaine (13.3 mg/mL; total dose, 53.2 mg or approx 0.11 mg/kg) or sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was injected adjacent to the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves at the level of the distal aspect of the proximal sesamoid bones of a randomly selected forelimb. Twenty-one days later, the opposite treatment was administered in the contralateral for...
Brinker EJ, Ceriotti S, Naskou MC, Spangler EA, Groover ES, Neto RLALT.A 25-y-old Percheron mare was admitted to the teaching hospital because of lethargy and intractable dyspnea. Thoracoabdominal ultrasound examination identified severe peritoneal effusion, mild bilateral pleural effusion, and a diffuse pulmonary nodular pattern. Cytology of peritoneal fluid revealed a hypercellular sample with clusters of neoplastic polygonal cells and admixed macrophages. Euthanasia was followed by postmortem examination; marked bi-cavitary effusion was present, and innumerable up to 4-cm diameter, round-to-floriform nodules were diffusely evident throughout serosal surfaces a...
Robinson MA, Stefanovski D, You Y, Boston RC, Soma LR.Capsaicinoids deter horses from chewing on bandages and are applied topically to provide analgesia to musculoskeletal injuries. They are banned during competition due to their nerve blocking properties. The pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) and direct gastric administration via nasogastric tube (NG), or topical (TOP) administration of two capsaicinoid-containing products were investigated, and the withdrawal times required prior to competition were estimated. Capsaicin (CAP) and dihydrocapsaicin (DCAP) were quantified in plasma, and both compounds were best described by a delayed absorption two co...
van der Vekens N, Decloedt A, de Clercq D, Ven S, Sys S, van Loon G.Studies on the use of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as a biomarker for left atrial dilatation in horses have produced variable results. Few have been performed, and the results may have been influenced by ANP instability, differences in sampling protocol and changes in the assay over time. N-Terminal proANP (NT-proANP) is a more stable molecule and might be a good alternative for clinical use. Objective: To compare ANP and NT-proANP in terms of the detection of left atrial dilatation and to determine the influence of sample storage at temperatures of -80 and -20°C. Methods: Prospective cli...
Honoré ML, Pihl TH, Nielsen LN.Critically ill horses, such as horses with gastrointestinal (GI) disease, often suffer from hemostatic aberrations. Global hemostatic tests examining the initiation of coagulation, clot strength and fibrinolysis, such as the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT) and plasma-thromboelastography (TEG) have not been evaluated in horses. This study aimed to evaluate CAT and apply plasma-TEG in horses. Test performance of CAT was evaluated on equine platelet poor plasma with intra- and inter-assay variability (CV) and a heparin dilution curve. To examine clinical performance of both tests, group co...
Pyles MB, Fowler AL, Bill VT, Crum AD, Hayes SH, Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Lawrence LM.Dietary starch source has been shown to affect fecal bacterial communities of horses fed minimally processed cereal grains. However, processing may increase foregut starch digestibility, reducing effects of starch source on fecal bacterial communities. This study aimed to determine the effect of starch source in pelleted concentrates on fecal Lactobacillus spp., amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria in broodmares mares, during the prepartum and postpartum period. Thoroughbred mares (n = 18) were paired by last breeding date then randomly assigned to either an oat-based or a corn and ...
Rigg DL, Reinertson EL, Buttrick ML.Splenectomy was performed electively on 80 ponies, horses, and donkeys for preparation in collecting Babesia antigens. Access to the abdomen was by resection of the sixteenth left rib and incision of the diaphragm. The technique afforded good exposure of the splenic vessels and attachments. Closure was facilitated by preservation of the periosteum of the resected rib. Difficulty was encountered both in surgical technique and postoperative complications in obese animals. The transthoracic approach was found to be a useful technique for equine splenectomy.
