Oxidative stress in horses refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the horse's body to detoxify these reactive intermediates or repair the resulting damage. It can occur as a result of various physiological and environmental factors, such as exercise, illness, or exposure to toxins. Oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage, affecting lipids, proteins, and DNA. In horses, it is studied in the context of its potential impact on performance, health, and disease progression. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, effects, and management of oxidative stress in equine health.
Marzano G, Mastrorocco A, Zianni R, Mangiacotti M, Chiaravalle AE, Lacalandra GM, Minervini F, Cardinali A, Macciocca M, Vicenti R, Fabbri R....Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer with endocrine-disrupting properties. In this study, we used an equine model to investigate DEHP concentrations in ovarian follicular fluid (FF), and to determine the effects of exposure of oocytes to potentially toxic concentrations of DEHP during in vitro maturation (IVM) on embryo development and quality. Embryo development was evaluated using time-lapse monitoring (TLM), a photomicroscopic tool that reveals abnormalities in cleavage kinetics unobservable by conventional morphology assessment. Blastocyst bioenergetic/oxidativ...
Bazzano M, McLean A, Tesei B, Gallina E, Laus F.Selenium and vitamin E protect the body against oxidative stress. Clinical manifestations of their deficiency in equids include neurologic and muscular symptoms. Despite the importance of donkeys as working and production animals, there is a dearth of scientific data on selenium and vitamin E normal values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in healthy donkeys belonging to different ages, sexes, and productive phases. Animals were divided into five groups including foals (group A: n = 7, n = 4 males and n = 3 females), wea...
Mami S, Khaje G, Shahriari A, Gooraninejad S.The aim of this study was to assay changes in blood biochemical parameters that resulted from exercise-induced muscle fatigue in horses participating in the two races (1,250 and 1,400 meters). Six male Arabian horses (3 to 6 years old) were used in this study. Blood samples were collected at time intervals including 1 hour before the race, immediately after the race, 1 and 24 hours after the end of race. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, the blood level of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured, as w...
Ortiz-Rodriguez JM, Martín-Cano FE, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Masot J, Redondo E, Gázquez A, Gil MC, Aparicio IM, Rojo-Domínguez P, Tapia JA....Oxidative stress is considered a major mechanism causing sperm damage during cryopreservation and storage, and underlies male factor infertility. Currently, oxidative stress is no longer believed to be caused only by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, but rather by the deregulation of redox signaling and control mechanisms. With this concept in mind, here, we describe for the first time the presence of the soluble carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) antiporter, which exchanges extracellular cystine (Cyss) for intracellular glutamate, in stallion spermatozoa, as well as its impact ...
Tsuzuki N, Kanbayashi Y, Kusano K.Arthritis is thought to cause oxidative stress in synovial fluid in humans, but there have been few reports in horses. To evaluate oxidative stress in synovial fluid in horses, this study used 19 horses with unilateral fracture of the carpal joint bone. Synovial fluid was collected from the carpal joint on the fracture (arthritis group) and contralateral (control group) sides. Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were then measured, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. d-ROMs and OSI of the arthritis group were significantly hi...
Kornicka K, Al Naem M, Röcken M, Zmiertka M, Marycz K.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in equids, especially in sport horses, has become a growing issue as it contributes to the occurrence of lameness. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the cytophysiological properties of OCD chondrocytes including expression of chondrogenic genes, apoptosis, mitochondria dynamics and autophagy. Horse chondrocytes were isolated from healthy (HE) and OCD cartilages. Properties of cells were evaluated using multiple assays e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence, Western blot. OCD chondrocytes were characterized by increased apoptosis an...
Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K.Osteochondrosis (osteochondrosis dissecans; OCD) is a disease syndrome of growing cartilage related to different clinical entities such as epiphysitis, subchondral cysts and angular carpal deformities, which occurs in growing animals of all species, including horses. Nowadays, these disorders are affecting increasing numbers of young horses worldwide. As a complex multifactorial disease, OCD is initiated when failure in cartilage canals because of existing ischemia, chondrocyte biogenesis impairment as well as biochemical and genetic disruptions occur. Recently, particular attention have been ...
Kandiel MMM, El Khawagah ARM.Egypt is anticipated to be potentially influenced by the global climate warming. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the influence of age on the fertility potential of Arabian stallions during summer breeding months. Arabian horses grouped according to their age into three groups, each involved six stallions: young (5-6 years), middle (11-12 years) and old (15-20 years) age groups, were weekly sampled during the months of July-August. Ejaculates were collected using artificial vagina, Missouri model, and examined for pH, volume, concentration, motility, livability and morphological ...
Vafaei F, Kohram H, Zareh-Shahne A, Ahmad E, Seifi-Jamadi A.This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of permeable cryoprotectants in combination with trehalose or sucrose on the freezing capacity of stallion sperm. For this purpose, the ejaculates (n = 24) were collected from four healthy mature Turkmen stallions. The ejaculates were pooled and diluted with one of the extenders containing a combination of 5% of permeating (dimethylacetamide [DMA]; dimethylformamide [DMF] or glycerol) and 50 mM of nonpermeating cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) (sucrose or trehalose) to a final concentration of 200 × 10 spermatozoa/mL. The extended samples were cryopr...
Smieszek A, Kornicka K, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Androvic P, Valihrach L, Langerova L, Rohlova E, Kubista M, Marycz K.In this study, we investigated the influence of metformin (MF) on proliferation and viability of adipose-derived stromal cells isolated from horses (EqASCs). We determined the effect of metformin on cell metabolism in terms of mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative status. Our purpose was to evaluate the metformin effect on cells derived from healthy horses (EqASC) and individuals affected by equine metabolic syndrome (EqASC). The cells were treated with 0.5 μM MF for 72 h. The proliferative activity was evaluated based on the measurement of BrdU incorporation during DNA synthesis, as well as...
Treulen F, Aguila L, Arias ME, Jofré I, Felmer R.During cryopreservation procedures, the spermatozoa are exposed to physical and chemical stressors that generate an increase in the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If ROS concentrations are too great, this can lead to a state of oxidative stress that are detrimental to sperm quality. The aim of this study was to ascertain the profile the ROS production and assess the effects of post-thaw supplementation of a semen extender with different antioxidant compounds on the quality and function variables of frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa incubated in vitro. Frozen-tha...
Palazzo M, Vizzarri F, Cinone M, D'Alessandro AG, Martemucci G, Casamassima D.The effect of Lippia citriodora extract on selected blood parameters and on plasma oxidative markers in Avelignese horses was evaluated. Twenty-four horses were divided into three groups, consisting of eight animals each. Results of two experimental groups, 0.5 mg of verbascoside per kg of metabolic body weight (bw ) in the low-dose group (LVB) and 1.0 mg of verbascoside per kg of metabolic body weight (bw ) in the high-dose group (HVB), were compared to the control group (CON). Groups fed L. citriodora extract (HVB and LVB) showed a significant decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol ...
Bourebaba L, Michalak I, Röcken M, Marycz K.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key mediators of several cellular damage and thus associated with equine diseases such as inflammation and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to evaluate the protective and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract prepared from Cladophora glomerata (C. glomerata) biomass, on equine adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (EqASCs), under experimental oxidative stress induced by HO. Pre-treatment of EqASCs cells with different concentrations of C. glomerata methanolic extract (1% and 5%) provided a clear protection against cellular damage triggered by HO. T...
Chodkowska KA, Ciecierska A, Majchrzak K, Ostaszewski P, Sadkowski T.Gamma-oryzanol (GO) is a popular supplement for performance horses, dogs, and humans. Previous studies indicated that GO supplementation decreases creatine kinase activity and lactate level after exercise and may affect oxidative stress in Thoroughbred horses. GO may change genes expression in equine satellite cells (ESC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of GO on miRNA, gene expression, oxidative stress, and cell damage and viability in differentiating ESC pretreated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). ESCs were obtained from a young horse's skeletal muscle. ESCs were pre-i...
Ortega-Ferrusola C, Martin Muñoz P, Ortiz-Rodriguez JM, Anel-López L, Balao da Silva C, Álvarez M, de Paz P, Tapia JA, Anel L, Silva-Rodríguez A....We hypothesized that thiols and particularly glutathione (GSH) are essential for the regulation of stallion sperm functionality. To test this hypothesis, we initially investigated the relationship between sperm function and GSH content, revealing highly significant correlations between GSH, sperm viability, motility, and velocity parameters (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the deleterious effects of GSH depletion using menadione and 1,3 dimethoxy 1,4, naphtoquinone (DMNQ) were able to be prevented by the addition of cysteine, but no other antioxidant. Pre-incubation with cysteine prevented menad...
Rizzo A, Sciorsci RL.Homocysteine (Hcy) is a thiol-containing essential amino acid, important for the growth of cells and tissues. Several hypotheses exist regarding Hcy toxicity in humans; Hcy is involved in protein structural modifications, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity induction and is therefore associated with several pathological conditions in humans. In veterinary science, knowledge regarding Hcy has increased recently due to several studies; however, many aspects remain undiscovered. Many details remain unknown regarding the effect of Hcy levels on pregnancy and the optimal management of pathological ...
Parashar R, Singla LD, Gupta M, Sharma SK.The haemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers in horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi were evaluated by analyzing the level of these parameters between T. evansi infected (microscopically positive patent group and PCR positive latent group) and infection free horses. To compare the hemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress indicators, horses were divided into three categories based on diagnostic test employed and positive results obtained. These included Romanowsky stained slide positive group (Group I; n = 6), PCR positive group (group II; n = 28) and negativ...
Alicka M, Marycz K.Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly associated with a modern lifestyle. The prevalence of MetS has reached epidemic proportion and is still rising. The main cause of MetS and finally type 2 diabetes occurrence is excessive nutrient intake, lack of physical activity, and inflammatory cytokines secretion. These factors lead to redistribution of body fat and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurrence, resulting in insulin resistance, increase adipocyte differentiation, and much elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Cellular therapies, especially mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)...
Kornicka K, Śmieszek A, Szłapka-Kosarzewska J, Irwin Houston JM, Roecken M, Marycz K.Endocrine disorders are becoming an increasing problem in both human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, more and more horses worldwide have been suffering from equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This metabolic disorder is characterized by pathological obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Although metabolic disorders, including diabetes, have been extensively studied, there are still no data on the molecular effects of EMS in horses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy and microRNA (miR) expression in multipotent ...
Valberg SJ, Perumbakkam S, McKenzie EC, Finno CJ.Equine myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) causes exertional muscle pain and is characterized by myofibrillar disarray and ectopic desmin aggregates of unknown origin. To investigate the pathophysiology of MFM, we compared resting and 3 h postexercise transcriptomes of gluteal muscle and the resting skeletal muscle proteome of MFM and control Arabian horses with RNA sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analyses. Three hours after exercise, 191 genes were identified as differentially expressed (DE) in MFM vs. control muscle with >1 log fold change (FC) in genes involve...
Kambayashi Y, Tsuzuki N, Tokushige H, Kusano K.It is desirable to reduce surgery-induced oxidative stress (OS) because it can cause immune suppression and delayed wound healing. Propofol is known to have antioxidant potential and to reduce OS in humans, but there have been no studies of this issue in horses. This study was conducted to evaluate OS under three different propofol administration protocols in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia. Blood oxidative stress (bOS) and blood antioxidant power (bAP) were used as OS biomarkers. Both bOS and bAP significantly decreased after surgery in all ...
Finno CJ, Estell KE, Winfield L, Katzman S, Bordbari MH, Burns EN, Miller AD, Puschner B, Tran CK, Xu L.Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting genetically predisposed foals maintained on an α-tocopherol (α-TOH) deficient diet. Currently no antemortem diagnostic test for eNAD/EDM is available. Objective: Because α-TOH deficiency is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, it was hypothesized that F2 -isoprostanes (F2 IsoP), F4 -neuroprostanes (F4 NP) and oxysterols derived from free radical oxidation would be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neural tissue of eNAD/EDM affected horses and could ...
Koziorowska-Gilun M, Gilun P, Mietelska K, Kordan W.The key prerequisite for successful insemination is sperm characterized to have positive values for morphological and biological variables which are determined by, among others, effective antioxidant protection during the lifespan of sperm cells. This study evaluated the activity and relative abundance of mRNA for antioxidant enzymes in stallion testicular and epididymal tissues during breeding (n = 5) and non-breeding (n = 5) seasons. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was greater (P < 0.05) during the breeding season, in particular in the testes and the caput epididymis, ...
Costantini D, Seeber PA, Soilemetzidou SE, Azab W, Bohner J, Buuveibaatar B, Czirják GÁ, East ML, Greunz EM, Kaczensky P, Lamglait B, Melzheimer J....Viruses may have a dramatic impact on the health of their animal hosts. The patho-physiological mechanisms underlying viral infections in animals are, however, not well understood. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress may be a major physiological cost of viral infections. Here we compare three blood-based markers of oxidative status in herpes positive and negative individuals of the domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus) and of both captive and free-ranging Mongolian khulan (Equus hemionus hemionus) and plains zebra (Equus quagga). Herpes positive free-ranging animals had signifi...
Brkljača Bottegaro N, Gotić J, Šuran J, Brozić D, Klobučar K, Bojanić K, Vrbanac Z.Oxidative stress (OS) associated with an intense exercise may have a negative influence on equine health. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endurance races on oxidative and antioxidative status of horses by evaluating changes in reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), malondialdehyde (MDA), biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values. The study was carried out on 53 race starts (28 individual horses) competing at different endurance races according to distance (40 and 80 km) and difficulty (easy and demanding). Blood samples were taken befo...
Rocha CC, Kawai GKV, de Agostini Losano JD, Angrimani DSR, Rui BR, de Cássia Bicudo L, da Silva BDCS, Alonso MA, Mendes CM....Semen biotechniques may impair sperm quality due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, products of the oxidative reaction, especially involving lipids (e.g., malondialdehyde - MDA), may be even more harmful to sperm. Carnosine, previously reported to be present in seminal plasma of several species, may be a key factor on sperm tolerance to biotechniques by counterattacking the deleterious influence of MDA. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the levels of carnosine present in equine seminal plasma and relate these findings with sperm function and o...
Marycz K, Weiss C, Śmieszek A, Kornicka K.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are frequently used in both human and veterinary medicine because their unique properties, such as modulating the immune response and differentiating into multiple lineages, make them a valuable tool in cell-based therapies. However, many studies have indicated the age-, lifestyle-, and disease-related deterioration of MSC regenerative characteristics. However, it still needs to be elucidated how the patient's health status affects the effectiveness of MSC differentiation. In the present study, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (adipose-derive...
Vendruscolo CDP, Moreira JJ, Seidel SRT, Fülber J, Neuenschwander HM, Bonagura G, Agreste FR, Baccarin RYA.The aim of this study was to verify whether transient inflammatory reactions induced by intra-articular medicinal ozone administration affect joint components, by in vivo evaluation of inflammatory (prostaglandin E2, Substance P, Interleukin-6, Interleukine-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor), anti-inflammatory (Interleukin-10) and oxidative (superoxide dismutase activity and oxidative burst) biomarkers and extracellular matrix degradation products (chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid) in synovial fluid. The effects of medicinal ozone were analyzed at two ozone concentrations (groups A and B, 20 an...
Serafini R, Varner DD, Blanchard TL, Teague SR, LaCaze K, Love CC.The tolerance of sperm DNA structure to seminal plasma and freezing conditions has both clinical and basic biologic relevance. In this study, fresh (FS) or flash-frozen (FZ) stallion epididymal sperm were exposed (SP) or unexposed (SP) to seminal plasma. Sperm were then evaluated to monitor the degree of change in DNA structure following challenge with chemical (dithiothreitol-DTT), oxidative (iron sulfate; FeSO) or enzymatic (DNase I) potentiators of DNA damage. For sperm not treated with potentiators (controls), there was no effect of SP treatment (SP vs. SP) or freezing treatment (FS vs. FZ...
de Andrade AFC, Arruda RP, Torres MA, Pieri NCG, Leite TG, Celeghini ECC, Oliveira LZ, Gardés TP, Bussiere MCC, Silva DF.Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive nitrogen species (RSN) that, over the years, has been shown to be integrated with biological and physiological events, including reproductive processes. NO can affect the functionality of spermatozoa through free radical scavenging, deactivating and inhibiting the production of superoxide anions (O). However, the role of NO in mammalian spermatozoa physiology seems paradoxical. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NO on motility, hyperactivation, membrane integrity, peroxidation, and capacitation in cryopreserved equine sperm. Ejaculates were ...
Kinnunen S, Hyyppä S, Oksala N, Laaksonen DE, Hannila ML, Sen CK, Atalay M.Heat shock protein (HSP) expression is an adaptive mechanism against the disruption of cell homeostasis during exercise. Several antioxidant supplementation strategies have been used to enhance tissue protection. In this study, we examined the effects of a redox modulator, alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on HSP responses in six standardbred trotters following intense aerobic exercise. DL-LA supplementation (25 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) for five weeks increased the resting levels of HSP90 (1.02+/-0.155 in control and 1.26+/-0.090 after supplementation in arbitrary units) and the recovery levels of inducible HSP7...
Chanda M, Srikuea R, Cherdchutam W, Chairoungdua A, Piyachaturawat P.The match play patterns in equestrian polo are unique and require specific training programs to ensure sport performance. The effect of commonly used exercise training regimens on the adaptation of skeletal muscle is unclear. The present study investigated the modulating effects of the classic training regimen, comprised of aerobic exercise training with increasing exercise intensities and varying duration combined with match play, on the properties of muscle in polo ponies. Nine healthy adult female polo ponies were subjected to four consecutive subsets of 1 year classic training regimen incl...
Tsuzuki N, Sasaki N, Kusano K, Endo Y, Torisu S.Oxidative stress has been reported to occur during surgery. It is important to reduce intraoperative oxidative stress to improve the postoperative prognosis. However, there are no reports regarding oxidative stress related to surgery in horses. In the present study, we measured pre and postsurgical diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP); the oxidative stress index (OSI) was then calculated (OSI=d-ROMs/BAP × 100). d-ROMs were not significantly different between the pre and postsurgical periods. However, BAP significantly decreased after surgery ...
Avellini L, Silvestrelli M, Gaiti A.Oxidative stress develops when the generation of free radicals exceeds the antioxidant capacity of cells or extracellular fluids. It can also occur as a result of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of exercise-induced myopathies and haemolysis in horses may be related to changes in lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals. Cells have developed biochemical protection against oxidative stress and, as tissues seem to increase their antioxidant defences under chronic activation, training may be one of the ways of increasing antioxidant defences. Accordingly, we tested some enzymatic antioxi...
Deaton CM.Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a naturally occurring respiratory disease in horses with many similarities to human asthma and, as a result, has been used as an animal model of this disease. Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to occur in a range of respiratory diseases in human beings including asthma. Quantitatively, horses have a greater non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid compared to human beings due to high ascorbic acid concentrations, which reflects their ability to synthesise ascorbic acid. Consequently, a greater oxidative load i...
Conley KE, Jones C.We test the hypothesis that myoglobin is important for O2 supply near the oxidative capacity of muscle. This hypothesis is evaluated with a simple model that incorporates the properties of heart and skeletal muscle tissue taken from steers and horses exercising at their maximum O2 consumption rate. These tissue samples allowed us to set the bounds on oxidative demand and O2 flux from red blood cells to the core of the muscle fiber, to estimate the blood and tissue capacities for O2 diffusion, and to define the capillary blood PO2 driving this O2 flux. A model combining blood convection with ti...
Räsänen LA, Wiitanen PA, Lilius EM, Hyyppä S, Pösö AR.Plasma concentration of uric acid, total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidative parameter (TRAP), blood lactate concentration and plasma activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) were measured in six Standardbreed trotters after six bouts of exercise with increasing intensity on two separate days three days apart. Blood samples were taken immediately, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min after each heat and 2, 4, and 6 hr after the last heat. Exercise caused an increase in TRAP and in the concentrations of lactate and uric acid. Plasma uric acid concentration increased exponentially with respect to time after the...
Bruynsteen L, Janssens GP, Harris PA, Duchateau L, Valle E, Odetti P, Vandevelde K, Buyse J, Hesta M.The present study evaluated the effect of different levels of energy restriction on metabolic parameters in obese ponies. Relative weight changes, markers of lipid metabolism and oxidant/antioxidant balance were monitored. A total of eighteen obese (body condition score ≥ 7/9) Shetland ponies were studied over a 23·5-week trial, which was divided into three periods. The first period involved a 4-week adaptation period in which each animal was fed 100% of their maintenance energy requirements needed to maintain a stable obese body weight (MERob). This was followed by a 16·5-week weight-loss...
Ghosh M, Cho HW, Park JW, Choi JY, Chung YH, Sharma N, Singh AK, Kim NE, Mongre RK, Huynh D, Jiao ZJ, Do KT, Lee HK, Song KD, Cho BW, Jeong D.The athletic abilities of the horse serve as a valuable model to understand the physiology and molecular mechanisms of adaptive responses to exercise. We analyzed differentially expressed genes in triceps brachii muscle tissues collected from Eonjena Taeyang and Jigusang Seryeok Thoroughbred horses and their co-expression networks in a large-scale RNA-sequence dataset comparing expression before and after exercise. High-quality horse transcriptome data were generated, with over 22 million 90-bp pair-end reads. By comparing the annotations, we found that MYH3, MPZ, and PDE8B genes in Eonjena Ta...
Chaudhuri A, Bharadwaj G, Maheshwari R.In the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus, invertase displays an unusual pattern of development: the induced activity begins to diminish even before any substantial quantity of sucrose has been utilized or an appreciable amount of biomass has been produced. Despite this pattern of invertase activity, neither the growth rate nor the final mycelial yield is affected adversely. T. lanuginosus invertase is a thiol protein and the enzyme is active when specific sulfhydryl group(s) is in the reduced state. Measurements of reduced coenzyme and glutathione pools in sucrose-growth mycelia excl...
Frontiers in agingOctober 27, 2021
Volume 2 708918 doi: 10.3389/fragi.2021.708918
Latham CM, Owen RN, Dickson EC, Guy CP, White-Springer SH.In aged humans, low-intensity exercise increases mitochondrial density, function and oxidative capacity, decreases the prevalence of hybrid fibers, and increases lean muscle mass, but these adaptations have not been studied in aged horses. Effects of age and exercise training on muscle fiber type and size, satellite cell abundance, and mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS), function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; CCO), and integrative (per mg tissue) and intrinsic (per unit CS) oxidative capacities were evaluated in skeletal muscle from aged (n = 9; 22 ± 5 yr) and yea...
Mrugala D, Leatherwood JL, Morris EF, Dickson EC, Latham CM, Owen RN, Beverly MM, Kelley SF, White-Springer SH.Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis in various species but has not been thoroughly investigated in horses. We collected blood and muscle samples from lightly exercising horses before and 6 and 12 wk after receiving either soybean oil (CON; n = 5) or CLA (CLA; n = 5) supplementation. Samples were analyzed for markers of mitochondrial characteristics, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and muscle damage. Data were analyzed using a linear model with repeated measures. In the triceps brachii (TB), citrate synthase (CS) activity was higher in CON...
Valberg SJ, Velez-Irizarry D, Williams ZJ, Henry ML, Iglewski H, Herrick K, Fenger C.Certain Standardbred racehorses develop recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER-STD) for unknown reasons. We compared gluteal muscle histopathology and gene/protein expression between Standardbreds with a history of, but not currently experiencing rhabdomyolysis (N = 9), and race-trained controls (N = 7). Eight RER-STD had a few mature fibers with small internalized myonuclei, one out of nine had histologic evidence of regeneration and zero out of nine degeneration. However, RER-STD versus controls had 791/13,531 differentially expressed genes (DEG). The top three gene ontology (GO) enriched ...
Art T, Franck T, Gangl M, Votion D, Kohnen S, Deby-Dupont G, Serteyn D.In man, exercise of any type has been shown to induce neutrophil degranulation and respiratory burst activity, as well as an increase in plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO), a specific enzyme of neutrophil azurophilic granules with a strong oxidative activity. Until now, it is not known whether this is the same in horses. Objective: To study whether degranulation of blood neutrophils may be induced by exercise by measuring the total concentration of MPO and assess the possible influence of type of competition on this exercise-induced adjustment. Methods: Blood was sampled before, and 30 min after, th...
Tukov FF, Rimoldi JM, Matthews JC.Repin, a major constituent in extracts of the plant Centaurea repens is thought to be the active principal responsible for the development of equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE), a fatal Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disorder in horses. Although the exact mechanism by which ingestion of this weed causes ENE is uncertain, a limited body of experimental evidence suggests a critical role for the glutathione redox system. In the present study, the mechanism of repin neurotoxicity was examined in PC12 cells with a focus on determining the role of glutathione (GSH) in repin-induced mitoch...
Chang M, Zhang F, Shen L, Pauss N, Alam I, van Breemen RB, Blond SY, Bolton JL.The risk factors for women developing breast and endometrium cancers are all associated with a lifetime of estrogen exposure. Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in particular has been correlated with a slight increased cancer risk, although the numerous benefits of ERT may negate this harmful side effect. Equilenin and equilin are equine estrogens which make up between 30% and 45% of the most widely prescribed estrogen replacement formulation, Premarin (Wyeth-Ayerst). In this study we have synthesized the catechol metabolites of equilenin [4-hydroxyequilenin (4-OHEN)] and equilin [4-hydroxyequ...
Ranjithkumar M, Kamili NM, Saxena A, Dan A, Dey S, Raut SS.Oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium disturbance has already been reported in trypanosome infections by several authors. The present study was aimed to explore the possible oxidant/antioxidant disturbance in surra of naturally infected horses before and after treatment. Fifteen naturally infected horses were chosen to analyse erythrocytic indices, platelet counts, lipid peroxides (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) while six healthy animals acted as control. There was a highly significant (P<0.001) reduction in red blood cell (RBC) c...
Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, González-Arostegui LG, Martín-Cuervo M, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Henriksen IH, Jacobsen S, Hansen S.Changes in the oxidative status of the blood of horses suffering from gastric ulcers and colic of intestinal aetiology (CIE) have been reported. However, saliva can also be a source of biomarkers of oxidative status. Therefore, this study aims to validate automated assays for the measurement of oxidative status biomarkers (ferric reducing ability of saliva/serum-FRAS/FRAP, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity-CUPRAC, the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity-TEAC, uric acid, and advanced oxidation protein products-AOPP) in the saliva and serum of horses, to assess their changes in the differe...
Ronéus M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SG.Muscle biopsies were taken from the middle gluteal muscle of 28 Standardbred trotters, 3-4 years of age. The 13 horses in Group T were trained consistently from 18 months of age, whereas the 15 horses in Group UT were not exposed to any systematic training before 3 years of age. Group T horses had a lower percentage of Type IIB fibres (31%) than did Group UT horses (39%). Citrate synthase (CS) activity, representing oxidative capacity, was higher in Group T (72 mmol kg-1 min-1) than in Group UT (47 mmol kg-1 min-1). Biopsies were taken from 4 horses in each group when they were foals and then ...
Gulmez C, Atakisi O.It was aimed to investigate the effects of kumiss a fermented mare horse beverage on the sirtuin deacetylases in the oxidative stress which had been induced by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH). Forty BALB/C male mice were divided into four groups as control, kumiss (2 × 10 cfu/mL), DMH (20 mg/kg), and kumiss + DMH (2 × 10 cfu/mL + 20 mg/kg). At the end of 20-week regimen, SIRT2, SIRT3 protein expressions by western blotting, immunolocalizations, and inhibitory anti-oxidant activity analysis in liver, colon, and kidney tissues were performed. SIRT2 and SIRT3 expressions in DMH g...
Osborne RL, Coggins MK, Walla M, Dawson JH.The heme-containing respiratory protein, myoglobin (Mb), best known for oxygen storage, can exhibit peroxidase-like activity under conditions of oxidative stress. Under such circumstances, the initially formed ferric state can react with H2O2 (or other peroxides) to generate a long-lived ferryl [Fe(IV)=O] Compound II (Cpd II) heme intermediate that is capable of oxidizing a variety of biomolecules. In this study, the ability of Mb Cpd II to catalyze the oxidation of carcinogenic halophenols is demonstrated. Specifically, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) is converted to 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone...
Davidson MG, Geoly FJ, Gilger BC, McLellan GJ, Whitley W.A group of Walker Hounds and Beagles that were fed a diet of table scraps were examined because of slow, progressive loss of vision. Clinical and microscopic features of the disease were correlated to the dogs' micronutrient status. Sensory retinal degeneration, predominantly in the central tapetal fundus, was found in all dogs, and severity of changes varied with age of the dog. Plasma, serum, and tissue concentrations of vitamin E were low in affected dogs (10 to 40% of control values). Lipofuscin accumulation was found on microscopic examination in retinal pigment epithelium, smooth muscle ...
Brogan PT, Beitsma M, Henning H, Gadella BM, Stout TA.Short-term storage of equine sperm at 5°C in an extender containing milk and/or egg yolk components is common practice in the equine breeding industry. Sperm motility, viability, DNA integrity and, consequently, fertilizing ability decline over time, partly due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. We investigated whether adding the anti-oxidant d-penicillamine to a commercial milk/egg yolk extender delayed the decrease in semen quality. Semen was recovered on four consecutive days from eight 3-year old Warmblood stallions. On day 5, seven of the stallions were castrated and sperm reco...
Mohammed HO, Starkey SR, Stipetic K, Divers TJ, Summers BA, de Lahunta A.Our previous studies implicated vitamin E deficiency as a risk factor for equine motor neuron disease, a possible model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and showed direct effects of this deficiency on brain vascular endothelium. To gain better understanding of the pathogenesis of equine motor neuron disease, we determined the effects of dietary antioxidant insufficiency and the resultant brain tissue oxidative stress on blood-brain barrier permeability. Rats (n = 40) were maintained on a diet deficient of vitamin E for 36 to 43 weeks; 40 controls were fed a normal diet. Permeability of ...
Jakop U, Müller K, Müller P, Neuhauser S, Callealta Rodríguez I, Grunewald S, Schiller J, Engel KM.On their way to the oocyte, sperm cells are subjected to oxidative stress, which may trigger the oxidation of phospholipids (PL). Applying MALDI-TOF MS, HPTLC and ESI-IT MS, we comparatively analyzed the PL compositions of semen and blood of species differing in their reproductive systems and types of nutrition (bull, boar, stallion, lion and man) with regard to the sensitivity to oxidation as well as the accumulation of harmful lyso-PL (LPL), transient products of lipid oxidation. In addition, the protective capacity of seminal fluid (SF) was also examined. The PL composition of erythrocytes ...
Gorgoglione V, Laraspata D, La Piana G, Marzulli D, Lofrumento NE.The data reported are fully consistent with the well-known observation that exogenous cytochrome c (cyto-c) molecules do not permeate through the outer membrane of mitochondria (MOM) incubated in isotonic medium (250 mM sucrose). Cyto-c is unable to accept electrons from the sulfite/cyto-c oxido-reductase (Sox) present in the intermembrane space, unless mitochondria are solubilized. Mitochondria incubated in a very high hypotonic medium (25 mM sucrose), in contrast to any expectation, continue to be not permeable to added cyto-c even if Sox and adenylate kinase are released into the medium. Th...
Ghosh S, Serafini R, Love CC, Teague SR, Hernández-Avilés C, LaCaze KA, Varner DD.Effects of different media and promoters on lipid peroxidation (LPO) in viable stallion sperm have not been reported. Aims of this study were to determine effects of three media (INRA-96™, Equipro CoolGuard™, and Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham [BWW]), and promoters (iron sulfate-Fe; ultraviolet light-UV; or control-no exposure to promoters) on viable sperm LPO using four different flow cytometric assays (i.e., BODIPY, Liperfluo, 4-hydroxylnonenal [4HNE], malonaldehyde [MDA]). Significant media x promoter interactions were detected using the Liperfluo, 4HNE, and MDA assays (P < 0.05)...
Culhuac EB, Elghandour MMMY, Adegbeye MJ, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Salem AZM.The objective of this review was to analyze the effect of dietary selenium on oxidative stress in horses by considering past and recent bibliographic sources. Some research was done on oxidative stress, related pathologies and how selenium regulates oxidative stress. Oxidizing molecules are molecules that can accept electrons from the substances with which they react. Oxidizing These molecules, of oxidizing, are found naturally in any organism, and there are antioxidant mechanisms that regulate its activity. However, when the body is stressed, oxidizing molecules outperform the antioxidants, c...
Kim JS, Hinchcliff KW, Yamaguchi M, Beard LA, Markert CD, Devor ST.Exercise training improves functional capacity in aged individuals. Whether such training reduces the severity of exercise-induced muscle damage is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of 10 wk of treadmill exercise training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and exercise-induced ultrastructural damage in six aged female Quarter horses (>23 yr of age). The magnitude of ultrastructural muscle damage induced by an incremental exercise test before and after training was determined by electron microscopic examination of samples of triceps, semimembranosus, an...
Ball BA, Vo A.The lipophilic fluorescent probe, 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1 ,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY581/591) was used to evaluate changes in lipid peroxidation in equine spermatozoa during both short-term exposure to ferrous sulfate and sodium ascorbate in the presence of cumene hydroperoxide as well as during storage of spermatozoa at 5 degrees C for 48 hours. Peroxidation of C11-BODIPY581/591 was accompanied by a shift in fluorescence from red to green, and the relative amount of nonoxidized probe was determined as the ratio of red:(red + green) fluorescenc...
