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Topic:Public Health
The topic of Public Health and horses encompasses the study of interactions between equine populations and human health systems. It involves examining the transmission of zoonotic diseases, which are diseases that can be transferred between animals and humans, as well as the role of horses in the epidemiology of such diseases. This field also considers the impact of equine-related activities on public health, including injuries and environmental effects. Research in this area often explores preventive measures, management strategies, and policies to mitigate health risks associated with horses. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the intersection of equine and public health, focusing on disease transmission, risk assessment, and health management strategies.
Transmission of Salmonella clones between different animal species in a horse and cattle breeding region in Japan. Sequence type 34 (ST34) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the most prevalent clones among humans and animals worldwide, including in Japan. Although cross-species transmission may have occurred in the background of global spread, the matter remains unresolved. Here, we conducted high-resolution phylogenetic analysis using whole-genome sequencing data of Salmonella Typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i:- obtained from a horse and cattle breeding district in Japan and identified cases of cross-species transmission of ST34 Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:...
What happened after the epidemic? Equine influenza surveillance sheds light on sources and seasonal risk in the United Kingdom. The epidemiology of equine influenza (EI) in the United Kingdom has not been systematically described since the 2019 epidemic. Objective: To summarise UK EI surveillance (2020-2024), quantify outbreak seasonality and assess movement-related sources. Methods: Retrospective observational analysis of national surveillance and horse importation data. Methods: Epidemiological data for laboratory-confirmed EI cases in the United Kingdom were collated. Outbreaks (EI-infected premises) were defined as one or more laboratory-confirmed cases on the same premises within a 4-week period. Monthly outbreak ...
Metatranscriptomics reveals the horse gut RNA virome and a viral sharing network with human and domestic animals. RNA viruses, a unique class of life forms, are widely distributed in nature and pose potential health risks. Monitoring the gut RNA virome in livestock is a crucial component of global health surveillance. As important companion animals, horses play a vital role in transportation and make significant contributions to various cultural and economic activities. Nevertheless, the characteristics of horse gut RNA viruses remain largely uncharted. Unassigned: In this study, we used metatranscriptome sequencing and bioinformatics methods to characterize viruses within the gut contents of 16 horses sp...
Gaps Between Awareness and Prevention of West Nile Virus Among Horse Owners in an Endemic Country: A Cross-Sectional Study from Romania. West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Romania, yet prevention of WNV infection in horses largely depends on owner-driven decisions that require accurate risk perception and veterinary guidance. A cross-sectional online survey was carried out between May and November 2025 to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices (KAP) regarding WNV among 227 horse owners from various Romanian regions. In total, 67.4% of respondents had previously heard of WNV. The main transmission route was correctly identified as mosquito bites by 49.8% of participants, while 32.2% answered "do...
Rift Valley Fever Virus Exposure in Camels and Horses Across Northern Nigeria Livestock Markets. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease of significant veterinary and public health concern in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) exposure and associated risk factors among camels and horses marketed in northern Nigeria. A total of 1117 animals were sampled, comprising camels (812) and horses (305), across three major livestock markets (Maigatari, Maiduguri, and Illela). The overall seroprevalence was 18.8% (95% CI: 16.6-21.2%), with a striking six-fold disparity: camels showed a prevalence of 24.4% (95%...
Rider education at Swedish riding schools: Comparing teachers’ and pupils’ perspectives. Previous research has highlighted a gap between scientific evidence and its application in equestrian practice, leading to concerns about horse welfare and human safety. Riding schools present an important platform for promoting science-based practices, as they bring together riders of all ages and levels and serve as sites for equestrian education and for shaping attitudes toward horse welfare. Yet, the teaching in riding schools is often rooted in traditional practices. Therefore, mapping current educational methods and exploring how teaching and learning are perceived by both riding school ...
Pharmacokinetics of Topical Administration of Altrenogest in Mares and Implications for Human Health. Altrenogest is a synthetic progestogen widely used in equine reproductive management. Adverse effects to altrenogest have been reported in people with cutaneous exposure reported as the highest exposure pathway. Despite these reports, there has been no quantitative research to determine the capacity for altrenogest to be absorbed through skin. This study aimed to determine if cutaneous application of oral altrenogest results in systemic absorption in mares and to evaluate the influence of application site. A randomized, two-period, two-treatment crossover study was undertaken in eight mares. M...
Heart Rate as an Indicator of Stress in Gotland’s Russ Horses. Animal welfare concerns both the physical and mental wellbeing of animals so the assessment of animals kept in captivity, for example zoos, is important and necessary both legally and ethically. Good welfare is especially vital when breeding endangered species as stress impairs reproductive investment. As zoos often have high numbers of visitors, it is important to know if humans and the associated noise might influence the animals' welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of visitors and activities offered to the visitors caused a stress response in horses housed...
A Survey of Trainers on the Health and Welfare of Standardbred Racehorses in Prince Edward Island. The Standardbred racing industry plays an important role in the North American economy and is expected to continue operating and growing. However, public perception is often unfavorable, with increasing concern about the health and welfare of Standardbred racehorses. Despite this, limited research has examined Standardbred well-being. To address this gap, a survey of equine trainers on Prince Edward Island (PEI) was conducted to evaluate key health and welfare issues during racing careers. Results showed that over one quarter of respondents had at least one horse displaying stereotypic behavio...
Verifying thoroughbred racehorse fatalities through Equibase chart review. Equibase (EQB) race charts provide the official record of North American Thoroughbred races and often document catastrophic injury, euthanasia, or equine-ambulance transport. Because chart documentation and regulatory classification differ, fatalities occurring > 72 hours after a race fall outside international regulatory definitions applied by the Equine Injury Database (EID) and may not appear in EID aggregates. EQB charts confirm horse identity, race participation, finishing status, and last recorded start. Horseracing Wrongs (HRW), an advocacy group, publishes horse-level fatality data ...
Chasing safety: Race-day falls and injuries in Irish professional and amateur horseracing from 2016 to 2024. This study aimed to: 1) examine fall and injury incidence in Irish horseracing between 2016 and 2024, 2) establish injury characteristics, 3) compare incidence rates between professional and amateur racing and 4) investigate changes in incidence rates over time. Methods: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Fall and injury data was recorded by Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board (IHRB)-appointed medical doctors using a standardised injury report form at every Irish race meeting between 2016 and 2024. Fall and injury incidence, injury location and type of injury were reported with 95% Confid...
Mental health challenges in the Irish thoroughbred horse breeding industry: Prevalence and associated risk factors. The thoroughbred horse breeding industry contributes significantly to the Irish economy. However, staff shortages threaten the economic sustainability of the industry, as well as the welfare of both horses and workers. Previous research on the staffing crisis faced by the broader horseracing industry has highlighted mental health concerns as a factor. Furthermore, the influence of workplace context on mental health has been widely recognised in organisational psychology. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence rates of Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) in Irish thoroughbred horse breeding ...
Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing ticks, ticks from riding horses, and red deer blood in Western Pomerania, Poland. Ixodes ricinus is a widespread vector of numerous microorganisms pathogenic to humans and animals in Europe. The risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) has increased in recent years due to climate change, the conversion of natural green areas to recreational areas, and growing human and animal populations, including pets. Using molecular methods, the prevalence, diversity, and co-occurrence of selected tick-borne microorganisms were assessed in questing I. ricinus collected from recreational areas (nโฏ=โฏ409), in ticks feeding on horses (nโฏ=โฏ135), and in blood samples from red d...
Molecular characterizationย and phylogeography of equine influenza virus H3N8 detected in donkeys in Nigeria 2022-2023. Equine influenza virus (EIV) H3N8 is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that poses significant health and economic risks to equids globally. In southeastern Nigeria where equids are sold and slaughtered, limited data exist on EIV epidemiology and circulating lineages. Methods: To address this gap, an active surveillance was conducted between January 2022 and October 2023. A total of 400 nasal swabs were collected from horses and donkeys at slaughterhouses and animal markets. The swabs were screened for equine influenza virus (EIV) using quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain...
Feasibility and acceptability of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biosecurity measures in equine facilities: A cross-sectional study. Biosecurity measures are recommended in stables housing meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-positive horses, but their feasibility and acceptability, as well as their implementation barriers, remain unclear. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among clients of a veterinary teaching hospital using an online questionnaire. Information on horse activities, stable characteristics and perceptions (feasibility and acceptability scores) of recommended biosecurity measures for MRSA-positive horses was collected. Results: Fifty-seven horse and/or stable owners completed the que...
Biosecurity perspectives of equestrian competition organizers in Ontario, Canada. Biosecurity plays an important role in the prevention and control of infectious disease outbreaks in the equine population. With competition organizers responsible for implementing and upholding biosecurity requirements at competitions, it is important to understand the biosecurity landscape at these locations where Ontario horses commonly travel and interact in large group settings. Unassigned: The objective of this study was to describe the perspectives, challenges and experiences of competition organizers of both sanctioned and unsanctioned events in Ontario, Canada regarding implementing e...
Toxic plants affecting livestock in South America: Review of epidemiology, diagnosis, control, economic impact and implications to human health. The objective of this paper is to review the information on toxic plants for ruminants and horses in South America, a continent in which there are 237 plants known to be toxic for livestock. Predisposing factors for plant toxicity include parts or vegetative state of the plants consumed, sprouting after rains, toxic dose, social facilitation, palatability, hunger, thirst, naivete, ingestion period, susceptibility/resistance, transportation, climatic alterations, and environmental degradation. Toxic plants can be forage or non-forage species. The latter can be invasive plants from other regions...
Prevalence and risk factors of stress urinary incontinence among female horseback riders in Poland. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is usually associated with aging and parity, but repetitive intra-abdominal pressure during physical activity can also trigger its onset in young women. Horseback riding, despite potential benefits for pelvic floor strengthening, may also contribute to pelvic floor strain and urinary symptoms. The study included 100 Polish women aged 21-54 engaged in horse riding, both recreational (85%) and professional (15%). Participants were divided into three age groups and screened for urinary incontinence symptoms. Quality of life was assessed with validated questionnai...
Serological Assays to Measure Rabies Antibody Response in Equine Serum Samples. Rabies is a neglected tropical zoonotic disease caused by rabies-virus (RV) infection and is responsible for almost 60,000 annual deaths globally, largely affecting the socio-economically disadvantaged population. Although fatality is preventable by immunization either before or after exposure with therapeutic antibodies, the high cost of prophylaxis or treatment limits their accessibility for the affected population. However, due to the almost 100% fatality rate in symptomatic individuals, almost 29 million annual vaccinations are performed, imposing high financial burden. Human transmission ...
Evidence linking ambient air pollution to domestic animal health outcomes: a scoping review. Air pollution is a major global health threat that is expected to worsen, yet its effects on domestic animals remain poorly understood. The objective of this scoping review was to synthesize existing evidence on associations between ambient air pollutants and health outcomes in domestic animals and to identify gaps to guide future research. Unassigned: A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines with 2 search databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using ...
Metagenomics insights into the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation on the microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in mare milk. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants threatening public health, yet their transmission risk via mare milk products remains understudied. Using metagenomics, we analyzed lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-inoculated fermented, naturally fermented, raw, and pasteurized mare milk to investigate the effect of LAB inoculation on the distribution and transmission pathways of ARGs in mare milk. The results showed that naturally fermented, raw, and pasteurized mare milk had the highest number of pathogens, relative abundance of ARGs, and relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (M...
Scoping Review of the Socioeconomic Value of Working Equids, and the Impact of Educational Interventions Aimed at Improving Their Welfare. Working equids support millions of people globally, especially in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries. However, they commonly suffer from poor welfare and are typically overlooked in policy and funding decisions. This scoping review aimed to collate evidence on two topics related to working equid use in low- and middle-income countries: their socioeconomic value to their owners and the impact of educational interventions for owners/handlers aiming to improve equid welfare. Original research published from 2014 onwards was eligible for inclusion. This scoping revi...
Descriptive network analysis of Ontario, Canada equine competitions: implications for disease control. Competitions are an important source of entertainment and revenue in the horse industry but may contribute to disease introduction and spread. The objectives of this study were to, (i) describe the annual (2016 to 2018) contact networks of Equestrian Canada competitions in Ontario, Canada, and (ii) determine if the networks exhibit characteristics of 'small world' networks. Data on Equestrian Canada registered competitions in the province of Ontario, Canada between 2016 and 2018 were used to create three types of yearly contact networks: competition networks, horse networks, and venue networks...
Characterization of Staphylococci colonizing healthy equine skin: antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm formation. In order to develop non-antibiotic therapies to treat dermatological diseases it is urgent to spread knowledge on composition and properties of skin bacteria in healthy animals. Since horses are popular companions of humans, it is necessary to know what risk skin bacteria pose to humans. Therefore the aim of this work was to analyse species composition of staphylococci isolated from skin swabs of 50 healthy horses using MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight) spectrometry and to characterize their virulence properties. Swabs were collected from five body areas (n...
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in equine-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), particularly in the equine context, poses a significant threat to veterinary and public health. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the current landscape of AMR in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from equine sources. Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted, and data from eligible studies were extracted and synthesized. The review included 10 articles reporting on 1624 P. aeruginosa isolates. High resistance rates were found for several...
A Systematic Narrative Review of Stable Staff and Trainers’ Occupational Health and Well-Being in Thoroughbred Horse Racing: An International Perspective. Stable staff and trainers are essential to racing yards and horse welfare, yet limited research focuses on this vital workforce that the thoroughbred industry heavily relies on. This systematic narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the occupational health and well-being of stable staff and trainers in the thoroughbred horse racing industry. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using relevant keywords. Manuscripts reporting occupational or mental health data on stable staff and/or trainers and had the full-text available we...
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild, domestic and companion animals in urban informal settlements from Salvador, Brazil. Toxoplasma gondii is a globally neglected zoonotic parasite, particularly prevalent in socioeconomically vulnerable areas. Various animal species serve as reservoirs for T. gondii across different regions, including domestic cats, livestock, and a variety of wild and synanthropic animals. In urban areas, especially informal settlements, the close coexistence of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife may influence local transmission dynamics. This study evaluated the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for T. gondii infection in domestic and synanthropic animals from two low-income neigh...
Unveiling Equine Abortion Pathogens: A One Health Perspective on Prevalence and Resistance in Northwest China. Equine bacterial abortion presents substantial economic and One Health challenges; however, comprehensive epidemiological data from China are limited. This study sought to ascertain the overall prevalence of key pathogens-namely, spp., , , and spp.-in equine populations in northwestern China. In this study, we aimed to further elucidate the characteristics of co-infections, profile antimicrobial resistance genes, and identify associated risk factors. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis across four provinces, we collected 508 blood samples and 24 abortion tissue samples from 15 farms. Pat...
Sentinel Equines in Anthropogenic Landscapes: Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Hematological Biomarkers as Indicators of Environmental Contamination. Environmental contamination with heavy metals, resulting from industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification, poses serious ecological and health risks. Horses, due to their grazing behavior and close association with human environments, serve as reliable sentinel species for assessing environmental pollution. This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and trace elements in different biological matrices of horses-blood, hair, hooves, and synovial fluid-and to investigate their relationship with hematological biomarkers as indicators of physiological str...
Spatiotemporal patterns in British racing and equestrian sports: Implications for pathogen transmission. The widespread assumption that there is minimal potential for pathogen transmission between British racehorse and sport horse populations remains unverified by empirical evidence. Objective: To characterise spatiotemporal patterns of horse attendance at racing and other sport events in Great Britain in 2018. Methods: Spatiotemporal analysis. Methods: Publicly available data from British Horseracing Authority, British Dressage, British Eventing, Endurance GB, and British Showjumping events in Great Britain during 2018 were analysed. Horse attendance was summarised by discipline, month, and seas...
