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Topic:Tissue
Tissue in horses refers to the various types of biological material that make up the body of the animal, including muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. Each type of tissue has specific functions and characteristics, contributing to the overall physiology and health of the horse. Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion, connective tissue provides structural support and protection, epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities, and nervous tissue is involved in transmitting signals for communication and coordination within the body. The study of equine tissue encompasses aspects such as growth, repair, and response to injury or disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and pathology of different tissue types in horses, offering insights into their role in equine health and disease management.
Tissue sites of persistent infection and active replication of equine infectious anemia virus during acute disease and asymptomatic infection in experimentally infected equids. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses is characterized by recurring cycles of disease and viremia that typically progress to an inapparent infection in which clinical symptoms are absent as host immune responses maintain control of virus replication indefinitely. The dynamics of EIAV viremia and its association with disease cycles have been well characterized, but there has been to date no comprehensive quantitative analyses of the specific tissue sites of EIAV infection and replication in experimentally infected equids during acute disease episodes and during asymptomatic ...
Ultrasonographic tissue characterization of equine superficial digital flexor tendons by means of gray level statistics. To correlate quantitative analysis of ultrasonographic images of normal (injury-free) equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendons and equine SFD tendons that have pathologic changes with corresponding histologic sections. Methods: 4 SDF tendons, 2 of which had various stages of tissue integrity. The 2 ipsilateral tendons were used as points of reference. Methods: Tendons were mounted in a custom-made device that permitted sequential scanning, transversely and perpendicular to the tendon long axis. At precise steps of 0.5 mm, transverse ultrasonographic images were collected. Subsequently, ...
Use of detomidine hydrochloride as an adjunct for studying first-stage Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the tongue of the horse. A synthetic alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, detomidine hydrochloride, was used in the study of in vivo activity of Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) during migration in the tongue of the horse. Use of the drug allowed the investigator to manipulate the tongue and closely observe the movement patterns and tissue disturbance caused by burrowing first-stage larvae. Detomidine hydrochloride should be utilized in studies of drug efficacy and larval biology, whenever possible, to avoid the need to sacrifice the horse.
Equine carpal articular cartilage fibronectin distribution associated with training, joint location and cartilage deterioration. Processes involved in equine carpal osteochondral injury have not been established. In other species, fibronectin appears important in chondrocyte-matrix interactions, and levels are increased in osteoarthritis. This investigation aimed to (a) describe fibronectin immunoreactivity in the middle carpal joint of 2-year-old Thoroughbreds, (b) determine topographical variations, (c) compare strenuously trained (Group 1) or gently exercised horses (Group 2) and (d) describe sites with early osteoarthritis. Group 1 (n = 6) underwent a 19 week high intensity treadmill training programme. Group 2 (n =...
The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage. Carpal osteochondral injury is frequently observed in strenuously trained horses. It is clear that the integrity of articular cartilage and subchondral bone are intimately related, although there is controversy about which component is the most important. Calcified cartilage provides the mechanical link between soft hyaline cartilage and stiff subchondral bone so it is essential to understand the tissue's response to exercise. Middle carpal calcified and uncalcified (hyaline) cartilage thickness was investigated in horses undergoing high- and low-intensity exercise. Twelve untrained horses (18...
Growth characteristics of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. To determine if there is a difference in in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. To determine the effects of a corticosteroid and monokine on in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. Methods: Growth of fibroblasts from tissues harvested from the trunk and limb were compared from horse and pony samples grown in control media and control media with triamcinolone or monokine added. Methods: Dermal and subcutaneous tissue from 22 horses and 17 ponies of various ages ...
Thoughts on the source of tissue on subsequent cell culture success. This paper describes attempts to initiate equine adipocyte cultures from necropsy cases with varying intervals from time of death to isolation and culture. Equine adipocytes were isolated from 21 necropsy cases, regardless of the interval from time after death to establishment in primary ceiling cultures. However, while all cultures produced adipocytes, only 2 attempts to produce long-term equine adipocyte cultures from the subcutaneous rump fat depots were successful and not contaminated. Findings from these experiments indicate that it is possible to collect and culture equine adipocytes fro...
Immunolocalization of oxytocin and neurophysin in the mare uterus. The presence of oxytocin in the mare uterus was determined by radioimmunoassay of tissue extracts and uterine lavage fluid, and by immunohistochemistry. Samples were obtained from mares during the oestrous cycle and on day 14 of pregnancy. Immunoreactive oxytocin was detected in extracts of endometrium and myometrium, and in uterine lavage fluid. In tissue sections, the luminal epithelium, the epithelium of the superficial, but not deep, glands, blood vessel walls and myometrium all stained positively for oxytocin, whereas only the luminal epithelium and epithelium of the superficial glands st...
Functional disturbances in the endometrium of barren mares: a histological and immunohistological study. Different types of endometrial maldifferentiation were investigated by histopathological (haematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff-alcian blue and picro-sirius red staining) and immunohistological (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki-67 antigen, intermediate filaments and laminin) analysis of endometrial biopsy specimens from mares (n=34), most of which had been barren for at least 1 year. Two major features were observed: (i) unequal differentiation, in which two functional stages are visible within a single biopsy sample: areas which are differentiated in accordance with the stage ...
Simultaneous exocrine and endocrine secretion: trophoblast and glands of the endometrial cups. Invasion of trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle into the endometrium and their subsequent dependence as endometrial cup cells on the maternal vascular system are unique features of equine gestation. This study of exocrine secretion by the endometrial glands and endocrine secretion by the cup cells was initiated to examine the relationships between and the effects of two disparate epithelial cell types sharing the endometrium. Endometrial cups were examined from day 36 to day 83 of gestation by light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical and lectin analysis. As the cup cells in...
Progesterone, oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in the uterus and mammary glands of mares from mid- to late gestation. Progesterone, oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in the uterus and mammary glands of pregnant mares during mid- to late gestation (from day 150 of gestation to term) were measured by binding assays to investigate the hormonal mechanisms involved in pregnancy maintenance and lactation. Uterine progesterone receptor concentrations did not increase significantly with increasing gestational age (from 67.8 +/- 13.7 to 126.1 +/- 48.7fmol mg(-1) protein), whereas oestrogen receptor concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant mares (271.7 +/- 28.9 fmol mg(-1) protein) than i...
Injection site eosinophilic granulomas and collagenolysis in 3 horses. Three horses were presented with a history of having developed raised cutaneous nodules, within 24-48 hours, in areas of previous injections using standard silicone-coated hypodermic needles. Skin biopsies were taken from a selected cutaneous nodule from all horses for histopathologic evaluation. Histologically, the nodules were consistent with a diagnosis of equine eosinophilic granuloma. A hypersensitivity reaction to the silicone, or another component of the coating formulation, was hypothesized to be responsible for these lesions. Two horses were experimentally injected using both coated a...
Inter-relationship between Gasterophilus larvae and the horse’s gastric and duodenal wall with special reference to penetration. The degree of penetration into the stomach and duodenum of the horse by bot fly larvae, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis (Linnaeus) (Diptera : Gasterophilidae) was evaluated. Evidence of larval perforation of the stomach or duodenum was not found on gross inspection. Palpation of the intact stomach and duodenum was not effective in establishing the existence of Gasterophilus larvae within the organs. Findings suggest that larvae of both species produce an ulcer of similar depth within the gastrointestinal wall. The ulcer depth produced by larvae did not correlate with the no...
Three-dimensional ultrastructure of synoviocytes in the horse joint as revealed by the scanning electron microscope. The synovial membrane displays a superficial cellular lining composed of two types of synoviocytes: "absorptive" macrophages (type A cells) and "secretory" fibroblast-like cells (type B cells). The types are intermingled and extend a variety of processes, rendering the cellular architecture of the synovial membrane difficult to visualize. Previous electron microscopic and histochemical studies failed to demonstrate the entire shape of synoviocytes, except our immunohistochemical study for protein gene product 9.5 in the horse joint. The present SEM study is the first to demonstrate the three-d...
Influence of intermittent pressure, fluid flow, and mixing on the regenerative properties of articular chondrocytes. Equine articular chondrocytes, embedded within a polyglycolic acid nonwoven mesh, were cultured with various combinations of intermittent pressure, fluid flow, and mixing to examine the effects of different physical stimuli on neochondrogenesis from young cells. The cell/polymer constructs were cultured first in 125 ml spinner flasks for 1, 2, or 4 weeks and then in a perfusion system with intermittent pressure for a total of up to 6 weeks. Additional constructs were either cultured for all 6 weeks in the spinner flasks or for 1 week in spinners followed by 5 weeks in the perfusion system with...
Myeloperoxidase activity of the large intestine in an equine model of acute colitis. To determine whether quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity could be a useful laboratory technique to detect granulocyte infiltration in equine intestinal tissues. Methods: Intestinal tissue (inflamed or healthy) collected from 16 age- and sex-matched Shetland Ponies. Methods: Intestinal tissue MPO activity was determined, and histologic assessment of adjacent specimens from healthy and inflamed intestine was done. Results: Intestinal tissue MPO activity and histopathologic score increased with time after castor oil challenge and peaked at 16 hours in an equine diarrhea model in whic...
Expression of endothelin in equine laminitis. Biosynthesis of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor yet identified, is increased following myocardial infarction (MI) in man. Pathological events which occur in the connective tissues of the equine hoof during laminitis are similar in some respects, to changes occurring in the myocardial connective tissues following MI in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether ET-1 expression in connective tissues obtained from the hoof of laminitic horses is increased compared with tissues obtained from healthy horses. Expression of ET-1 in connective tissues of ...
Effect of ischemia and reperfusion on neutrophil accumulation in equine microvascular tissue flaps. To investigate neutrophil accumulation after ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in microvascular tissue flaps in horses. Methods: Randomized controlled experiment. Methods: A total of 8 horses between 1 and 10 years of age, 4 of each sex. Methods: Control and experimental myocutaneous island flaps based on the superficial branch of the deep circumflex iliac vessels were dissected on each horse. Atraumatic vascular clamps were applied to the pedicle of the experimental flap for 90 minutes and then removed to allow reperfusion. Based on the assumption that rapid infiltration of neutrophils into affec...
The cDNA sequences of equine antioxidative enzyme genes Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, and these expressions in equine tissues. The entire cDNA sequences were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques for equine copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) through the use of total RNA extracted from the testis of an adult Thoroughbred. The results revealed a protein coding region for equine Cu/Zn-SOD with bases totaling 465 bp, accompanied by an estimated 154 residues of amino acids. As for equine Mn-SOD, its coding region contained a total of 669 bp and an estimated 222 residues of amino acid...
Expression of c-yes oncogene product in various animal tissues and spontaneous canine tumours. An immunohistochemical study of various visceral organs of normal adult dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cows, and chickens (five of each species) and of 185 spontaneous canine tumours was carried out using paraffin wax sections and a commercially available antibody to the human c- yes oncogene product. Among the adult normal tissues of six animal species, epithelial cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules, the myocardium, hepatocytes, cerebellar Purkinje cells and adrenal cortical cells were positive for c- yes product. Among the foetal tissues of dogs and chickens, a positive reaction was ob...
An immunohistochemical study of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are c-kit immunoreactive cells of the gastrointestinal tract which are suggested to have a role in the control of intestinal motility. Cells with c-kit immunoreactivity have not been previously described in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse. Immunoreactivity for c-kit was revealed using immunohistochemical labelling with an anti-c-kit polyclonal antibody. Sections of normal gastrointestinal tissue were examined from 13 anatomically defined sites from stomach to small colon taken from horses free from gastrointestinal disease. Three types of c-kit imm...
[Development of hoof cartilage with special considerations of its ossification]. The pre- and perinatal development of the hoof cartilage is described concerning the histological structure and surrounding vessels. Beginning in the third month of fetal development, the anlage of the hoof cartilage is still present in typical shape and location. It is built out of mesenchymal connective tissue. During further fetal development, the connective tissue cells will differentiate into two cell populations, fibroblasts and chondroblasts. Vessels, traversing the hoof cartilage, are surrounded by loose connective tissue, which will partially develop fibrocartilage. At birth, hoof car...
Physical therapy for the equine back. Before a physical therapy and rehabilitation program is suggested, the end requirement must be considered. All physiotherapeutic machines are subject to laboratory screening. In the United States, the approval of the Food and Drug Administration is required; in the United Kingdom, certification by the National Physics Laboratory has been required by law since January 1996. Laboratory experiments are continually conducted to examine and evaluate the effects on tissues of varied electrical waveforms, low-intensity electrical currents, sound waves, and light rays delivered by a variety of therape...
Histopathological findings in the medial palmar and dorsomedial intercarpal ligaments of the equine midcarpal joint. Medial palmar intercarpal ligaments (MPICL) and dorsomedial intercarpal ligaments (DMICL) from the midcarpal joints of 11 adult horses in training were examined histopathologically. These were compared with ligaments from seven horses less than 12 months of age, and 10 grossly enlarged DMICLs of adult horses. Tearing of the MPICL was observed in 15 of 22 joints from adult horses. Collagen fibre bundles of the MPICLs generally were disorganized and poorly aligned, and there were large areas of loose connective tissue. In young horses there was more parallel alignment of collagen bundles and les...
Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: histological aspects. The histological aspects of second-intention healing were studied in 5 horses and 5 ponies. Biopsies were taken weekly from standardised wounds on the metatarsus and femoral biceps muscle of one horse and one pony. Sections were stained to enable cell counting and the detection of DNA synthesis, fibrin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen, and bacteria. In the ponies, the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) was high during the first 3 weeks and subsequently decreased rapidly. In the horses, the initial number of PMNs was lower, but remained persistently elevated during the evaluation...
Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining. Disintegration of the basement membrane (BM) of the equine hoof lamellae and failure of the BM to remain attached to the basal cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae (SEL) is one of the earliest pathological events to occur in acute laminitis. Changes in the lamellar basement membrane were investigated by immunolabelling the key structural components of the BM, type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin in the lamellar BM of horses 48 h after the induction of laminitis. Lamellar tissues were harvested from 2 normal horses and 2 horses with acute laminitis. Immunostaining with antibody ...
A permeability barrier in the dorsal wall of the equine hoof capsule. The permeability barrier in the dorsal wall of the equine hoof capsule was studied by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in 0.9 N saline solution as a water soluble tracer. Section were treated with 3'3'-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB) and before dissection the quality of the horn of feet from 10 horses was assessed and given a subjective grade as either good or poor. Blocks of tissue from each horse were left in either an oven at 60 degrees C or in water for 2 weeks before treatment in HRP, sectioning and DAB solution. Regions observed were i) outer surface, ii) outermost layers of th...
Batimastat (BB-94) inhibits matrix metalloproteinases of equine laminitis. A method for culturing explants of lamellar hoof was developed to investigate the process of lamellar separation that occurs in laminitis. Explants, consisting of hoof wall, dermal and epidermal lamellae and the adjacent sub-lamellar connective tissue remained intact when cultured in tissue culture medium for 2 days. However, when cultured in the presence of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activator aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA), the lamellae separated when tension was applied by pulling the hoof wall in an opposite direction to the connective tissue. The separation occurred between th...
Cytokeratins of the equine hoof wall, chestnut and skin: bio- and immunohisto-chemistry. The equine skin and its appendages (chestnut, hoof capsule, ergot, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and hair) consist mainly of keratinocytes. The intermediate filament cytoskeleton of these cells in involved in specialised functions, such as mechanical co-ordination of the cytoskeleton of the cell or tissue. In this study, 7 monoclonal antibodies, one polyclonal antibody and immunoblot analysis were used to characterise cytokeratins (separated by 1- and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis) from the hoof wall and chestnut. The tissue distribution of these cytokeratins was studied by immunohistoche...
