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Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Protection against naturally acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals by administration of hyperimmune plasma. A 2-year field study was performed to determine the capability of increasing Rhodococcus equi specific antibody in foals via plasma transfusion or mare vaccination, to determine the kinetics of R. equi (ELISA) antibody decay and to assess the protective effects of these procedures in foals on a farm endemic for R. equi. Plasma donors were vaccinated with a killed R. equi bacterin and produced high levels of anti-R. equi antibodies, which were harvested by plasmapheresis. In Experiment 1, 68 foals were given 1 litre of hyperimmune plasma intravenously (i.v.) between 1-60 days of age. Foal plasm...
Isolation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Percoll. The concentration of Percoll required for isolating equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been reinvestigated. A poor cell yield was obtained at the 60 per cent concentration already reported. It is recommended that workers specifically interested in high yields of mononuclear cells, for investigation of lymphocyte and monocyte functions, use a concentration of 65 per cent Percoll. However, workers wishing to isolate pure populations of equine neutrophils might consider a concentration of 70 per cent in the upper layer of Percoll used to retain the mononuclear cells.
Circadian rhythms of osteocalcin in equine serum. Correlation with alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphate and total protein levels. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were circadian variations in serum osteocalcin in normal horses and to determine whether it was important to regulate the time of blood sampling in clinical investigations. Osteocalcin or bone Gla-protein (BGP), alkaline phosphatase, total calcium, phosphate and total protein were studied over a 24 h period. Blood samples were taken every 60 min from nine adult Standardbred horses. There was a correlation between serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.3, p less than 0.01), phosphate (r = 0.42, p less than 0.01) and serum osteocalcin ...
Severe hypercarbia resulting from inspiratory valve malfunction in two anesthetized horses. Severe hypercarbia was documented by arterial blood gas analysis in 2 adult horses anesthetized for exploratory laparotomy. Both horses appeared to be adequately anesthetized, but continued to breathe against the ventilator. In both cases, the inspiratory valve on the anesthesia machine was found to be stuck open, permitting expired CO2 to return to the inspiratory limb of the anesthetic circuit and to be inhaled with the next breath. Correction of the malfunctioning valve alleviated the hypercarbia. Problems with the flow valves of the anesthesia machine should be suspected when anesthetized ...
[Ethical and analytical problems in man and greater mammals]. Toxicomania and doping give rise to an increasing number of drug measurements in the body fluids. Consequently the analysts have to face, at one and the same time, ethical and analytical problems. Should the analyst participate to investigations organised in order to disclose a toxicomania in a working place? The author suggests a positive answer as long as the adduct person benefits to a social and medical care. What is the analytical meaning of a positive test? Taking into account the increasing sensitivity of the methods used, thresholds have to be established, at least for the blood concen...
Effects of a histamine type-2 receptor antagonist (BMY-25368) on gastric secretion in horses. The effects of a potent new histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, BMY-25368, were studied on gastric acid secretion in 5 foals from which food was withheld. Doses of 0.02, 0.11, 0.22, and 1.10 mg/kg of body weight were administered IM in a randomly assigned treatment sequence. Following BMY-25368 administration, hydrogen ion concentration was decreased and mean pH was higher than baseline values in a dose-response pattern. At the 0.22 and 1.10 mg/kg doses, the high pH was sustained for greater than 4 hours. The BMY-25368 thus may be useful for treating gastric ulcer disease in horses.
Expansion of the D system of horse red cell alloantigens. Two additional specificities (Dq and Dr) were assigned to the D system of horse red cell alloantigens following discussion of the 1989 ISAG Horse Comparison Test (HCT) results. Family and population data support 25 phenogroups defined by the enhanced battery of 17 D system factors.
Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics in small strongyles (Cyathostominae) of horses in Denmark. This study was undertaken to establish whether anthelmintic resistance was present in nematode parasites of horses in Denmark. Sixteen horse farms were selected for faecal egg count reduction (FECR) tests to measure the efficacy of the anthelmintic used. Resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics was found on 13 of the 16 farms, with FECR values ranging from 80.0% to -101.3%. On the remaining 3 farms FECR was 100.0%, 99.3% and 97.2%. Results of a questionnaire study on anthelmintic usage, parasite control measures and management practices showed that horses in this study were treated on average...
The influence of metabolic alkalosis upon exercise metabolism in the thoroughbred horse. Six thoroughbred horses exercised on a motorised treadmill on two separate occasions at a speed of 11 or 12 m.s-1 for up to 2 min. 4 h prior to exercise each horse was given a 21 test solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 0.6 g.kg-1 body mass) or a control solution of water by nasogastric intubation, the order of administration of the two solutions was randomised. Blood samples (n = 15) were obtained before and during the 4 h after intubation, during exercise and for 30 min after exercise. NaHCO3 ingestion resulted in changes in pre-exercise acid-base status. The changes in blood lactate and...
In vitro fertilization in the horse. A retrospective study. Since the first successful collection of oocytes by non-surgical puncture, there have been numerous attempts to fertilize them but few segmented embryos have resulted. The latest attempts at follicular puncture (Palmer et al., 1987) provided 159 oocytes. Oocytes found broken (18%) were probably already broken, or at least fragile, before puncture. The 41 oocytes were fertilized only with semen treated with Ionophore A23187. Following ionophore treatment of semen, 16 ova segmented (of 113 inseminated oocytes) indicating fertilization, and another 7 showed signs of fertilization but not segmenta...
[The epidemiology of gasterophilosis of horses in Switzerland]. Between March 1988 and December 1989, 198 gastrointestinal tracts from slaughtered horses from different areas of Switzerland have been analysed for the presence and the frequency of Gasterophilus spp. During the same period--always between July and November--200 horses from selected areas of Western Switzerland have been checked for the presence of eggs and their subsequent developmental stages in order to investigate further clinical and biological aspects of this infection. The evaluation has been performed according to origin, age, sex, colour of the horse and seasonal pattern of the cases...
Onset of luteal activity in foaling and seasonally anoestrous mares treated with artificial light. Sixty-four mares (27 foaling, 37 barren or maiden), mainly Finnhorses, were subjected to treatment with 14.5 h of light and 9.5 h of darkness, starting at the beginning of December. The onset of cycling in non-foaling mares was estimated by weekly serum progesterone determinations. All of the non-foaling mares cycled in the middle of March. They started to cycle on average in the middle of February, 11.1 weeks after the beginning of the trial. There were statistically significant differences in relation to breed (Finnhorses started to cycle 2 weeks later than warm blooded, p less than 0.02) an...
Antigenic relationships among the 47 human adenoviruses determined in reference horse antisera. Reference equine antisera to all 47 serotypes of human adenoviruses presently described have been prepared and evaluated by reciprocal neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. All tests were carried to endpoint dilutions a minimum of five times in each direction to give accurate values for homologous and heterologous antibody titers. Significant cross-reactions in the horse antisera were compared to similar data obtained from rabbit antisera. Using this analysis, major antigenic relationships exist among types 12-18-31 of subgenus A, types 7-11-14 and 34-35 of subgenus B, types 8-...
Paneth cell degranulation and lysozyme secretion during acute equine alimentary laminitis. The equine Paneth cell response to a shift in the microbial balance of the intestinal tract was studied by inducing an acute episode of alimentary laminitis in 6 mature ponies. The normal bacterial population of the gut was modified by administration of a carbohydrate-rich ration. During acute laminitis a dramatic degranulation of the Paneth cells occurred in the intestinal glands throughout the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Bacteriocidal lysozyme, which was immunohistochemically identified as a component of the Paneth cell secretory granule, was evident in the glandular lumina and in degranul...
Characterization of BPV-like DNA in equine sarcoids. The DNA from equine sarcoid samples from New York State and Switzerland was isolated and probed with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) to determine if BPV genomes were present. Twelve of 13 sarcoids from New York State and 17/20 sarcoids from Switzerland contained DNA that hybridized to the BPV-1 probe. Restriction enzyme analysis of the positive samples demonstrated restriction fragment profiles characteristic of BPV-1 in 22 sarcoids and restriction fragment profiles characteristic of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) in 7 sarcoids. In addition, three tissues histologically diagnosed as...
[The horse as an aid in therapy]. Physiotherapy on the back of the moved horse has two important dimensions: 1) The somatotropic effect regards mainly spasticity, ataxia, the vertebral column, the basis of the pelvis and the skin. 2) A general psychotherapeutic and psychohygienic effect is created by joy, change and new impetus in rehabilitation and by the emotional contact with the "comrade animal". Or unit was the first to introduce hippotherapy with adults in Austria. There is specially good experience with the spastic atactic component in multiple sclerosis. However other diagnosis as well showed good profit, such as strok...
Cranial thoracic masses in the horse: a sequel to pleuropneumonia. The formation of cranial thoracic masses (CTM) as a sequel to infectious pleuropneumonia is described. Using ultrasound, masses were diagnosed subjectively as abscesses or loculations. Eight of 99 cases with pleuropneumonia had CTM. Clinical signs associated with the presence of a CTM included increased heart rate, jugular distention, forelimb 'pointing' and caudal displacement of the heart. Techniques used for diagnostic ultrasonographic examination of the cranial thorax are described. Five of the eight horses with CTM responded to conservative medical management; the other three required per...
The effect of various gonadotrophin-releasing hormone regimens on gonadotrophins, follicular growth and ovulation in deeply anoestrous mares. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was used in several regimens in anoestrous mares in an attempt to investigate the effects of frequency and dose on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release, and consequently on ovulation and corpus luteum establishment. Thrice daily injections of GnRH induced development of pre-ovulatory follicles, but hourly injections or constant infusions were required to induce ovulation. Hourly injections induced a much higher LH:FSH ratio in the presence or absence of ovarian hormones. When anoestrous mares were given an implant that r...
Effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on release of progesterone and leukotriene B-4 by cells from corpora lutea of mares. Corpora lutea were recovered from mares either 4 to 5 days or 12 to 13 days after ovulation. Mixed populations of luteal cells were prepared by collagenase digestion and were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha (250 ng/ml). PGF-2 alpha significantly (P = 0.03) reduced progesterone secretion by cells from late diestrous corpora lutea and tended (P = 0.06) to reduce secretion by early diestrous cells. PGF-2 alpha had no significant effect on leukotriene B-4 (LTB-4) production by cells from early diestrous corpora lutea, but significantly (P = 0.03) incre...
The placenta as a determinant of fetal well-being in normal and abnormal equine pregnancies. One hundred twenty-four horse placentas were evaluated according to gross appearance, weight and surface area. Grossly abnormal placentas were photographed, and histological sections were taken from abnormal appearing areas, and from representative areas (pregnant horn, non-pregnant horn, body and cervical pole) in both normal and abnormal placentas. Information about the resulting foals was obtained and correlations examined. Histological sections were reviewed and related to the resulting foals. Four normal fresh placentas were infused with dyes to ascertain the blood supply to various areas...
Soft tissue- and bone-phase scintigraphy for diagnosis of navicular disease in horses. Radiography and soft tissue- and bone-phase scintigraphy were performed on 14 clinically normal horses and 35 horses in which definite, probable, or possible navicular disease had been diagnosed. The specificity of radiography and scintigraphy in revealing signs of navicular disease were nearly equal; however, the sensitivity of scintigraphy appeared to be greater than that of radiography. The greatest sensitivity and specificity were achieved when the results of radiography and scintigraphy were evaluated together. Differences in sensitivity were greatest when scintigraphy revealed lesions no...
Effect of early season ivermectin and pyrantel treatments on strongylid infections in young Shetland ponies in The Netherlands. Two groups of three ponies were used to study the effect of three ivermectin or pyrantel treatments given at intervals of 5 weeks at the beginning of the grazing season. Although each pyrantel treatment resulted in a greater than 95% reduction in faecal egg counts during the first 3 weeks, high pasture larval counts were seen from the beginning of August onwards and substantial cyathostomine burdens were found at necropsy in December. The ivermectin treatments resulted in an even more pronounced reduction in faecal egg output, and the pasture larval counts and cyathostomine burdens at necropsy...
The morphology of abdominal and inguinal cryptorchid testes in stallions: a light and electron microscopic study. Eleven unilateral cryptorchid stallions, two to three years old, were castrated at Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Five of these cryptorchid cases were abdominal and the rest were inguinal. This study was initiated to document the differences between the abdominal and inguinal equine cryptorchid testes. Specimens were obtained from the abepididymal side of each cryptorchid testes and processed for light and electron microscopic study. The cryptorchid testes were smaller than the scrotal testes, with the abdominal testes being one-fourth the size of the scrotal testes. ...
Mid-metacarpal deep digital flexor tenotomy in the management of refractory laminitis in horses. Deep digital flexor tendon transection at the mid-metacarpus was performed in 20 horses with severe acute or chronic laminitis that was not responsive to conventional treatment. Sixteen horses improved within 72 hours, one horse worsened, and two horses were unaffected by the surgery. Eleven horses survived less than 1 month after surgery and six horses survived longer than 6 months. Three horses surviving longer than 6 months have remained lame and no horse has returned to athletic performance. Transection of the deep digital flexor tendon at the mid-metacarpus may decrease the pain associate...
Experimental models of endotoxaemia related to abortion in the mare. Three different routes of administering Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin to mimic naturally occurring endotoxaemia were tried in the mare. Bolus injection, repeated bolus injections and continuous low-dose infusion were compared with prostaglandin F2 alpha release, leucocyte count and clinical response. A biphasic prostaglandin release and a pronounced leucopenia of almost identical patterns were seen in all models. Repeated bolus injections showed that the second injection initiated only a small prostaglandin release indicating the development of refractoriness to the treatment. A similar ref...
A rare GC mutant in horses disclosed by isoelectric focusing and subsequent immunoprinting. An apparent incompatibility in the GC/DBP system in a mare and her colt was found after classification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Because of this observation an analysis of the equine GC/DBP system by isoelectric focusing and subsequent immunoprinting was initiated. Further GC subtypes, however, were not encountered: the three phenotypes GC F, FS and S were also delineated by this method. The GC types in the case of disputed descent were dissolved: GC S was found in the mare and GC FS in her colt as well as in another of her male offspring. It is proposed that a rare GC mutant is r...
Experimental cutaneous free flap transfers in the horse. Equine limb wounds often heal slowly by epithelialization, and large scars are a frequent end result. In some ways, they resemble the wound associated with human tibial injuries. The literature indicates that previous investigators have failed to transfer free skin flaps successfully in the horse. In this paper, we review our experimental work with the deep circumflex iliac flap in the horse. Dissections of 20 cadavers confirmed the anatomical consistency of the flap. Four flaps survived well when elevated as island flaps, but five orthotopic and nine heterotopic free flap transfers all failed...
Closed suction drainage in the treatment of infectious arthritis of the equine tarsocrural joint. Infectious arthritis of the tarsocrural joint was treated in 13 horses with closed suction drainage through a flat, fenestrated, latex (Jackson-Pratt) drain, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and bandage immobilization. In 11 horses, arthroscopic lavage and debridement were also performed. Ingress drains were placed for lavage in six horses. Ten horses returned to their previous level of competition or were sound. One horse raced but had lameness of the affected tarsocrural joint and dropped in racing class; one horse was euthanatized because of laminit...
Elective cesarean section in mares: eight cases (1980-1989). From 1980 to 1989, 8 cesarean sections were performed on an elective basis in 5 mares. Four mares had partially obstructed pelvic canals; 2 of these mares had previously lost foals because of dystocia. Cervical adhesions that might obstruct passage of the fetus through the pelvic canal was suspected in the fifth mare. Cesarean section was performed prior to mares entering the first stage of labor. Readiness for birth was estimated by development of the mare's mammary gland and the presence of colostrum in the udder. A ventral midline celiotomy provided excellent exposure and healed without com...
