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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
A type-specific conformational epitope on the nucleocapsid of equid herpesvirus-1 and its use in diagnosis. A type-specific monoclonal antibody was produced by immunizing mice with purified equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). The EHV-1 specific mAb reacted with all the EHV-1 strains tested so far by indirect ELISA, immunofluorescence, and immunoperoxidase tests. No reactions were detected with the EHV-4, EHV-2, or EHV-3 strains tested. The indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase tests showed that the nuclei of infected cells were predominantly stained by this mAb. Triton treatment of the virus and immunogold labeling experiments indicated that the nucleocapsid of EHV-1 was the target antigen of th...
Serum concentrations of ormetoprim/sulphadimethoxine in 1-3-day-old foals after a single dose of oral paste combination. Ormetoprim (OMP)/sulphadimethoxine (SDM) combinations
have been used in the treatment of fowl cholera, colibacillosis,
salmonellosis, infectious coryza, and other bacterial infections in
poultry (Mitrovic et al. 1969; Maestrone et al. 1979). The drug
combination has also been used in the treatment of colibacillosis
in neonatal pigs (Brandt and Maestrone 1980) and Pasteurella
pneumonia in cattle (Ames et al. 1987). Serum concentrations and
pharmacokinetics of SDM (Oh-Ishi and Nakajima 1964; Durr et
al. 1980) and OMP/SDM (Brown et al. 1989) after intravenous or
oral administration to ad...
Naturally occurring selenosis in Wyoming. A review of Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory records for 1947-1987 revealed no substantiated cases of naturally occurring selenosis. However, older reports attributed thousands of animal deaths to selenium each year in this area. Beginning in August 1988, cases of suspected selenosis and selenium deficiency were solicited from veterinarians and producers by announcements in various statewide livestock publications. As of August 1991, 4 cases (all horses) of naturally occurring selenosis have been confirmed. Clinical signs were most often referable to epithelial damage, e.g., hoof lesions an...
Large granular lymphocyte leukemia in a horse. Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) occur as a leukemic or aleukemic neoplasia in humans,(1) rats,(2) cats,(3,4) dogs,(5) and horses.(6) The single case of equine LGL previously reported was aleukemic.(5) In contrast to this previous report of aleukemic equine LGL neoplasia, the leukemia in the case presented here established the antemortem diagnosis of LGL.
The effect of starting time on dexamethasone suppression test results in horses. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starting time on dexamethasone suppression test results in horses. Eight adult horses were used throughout the trial. Baseline cortisol levels were established by collecting cortisol levels twice daily, at 8:00 A.M. and 8:00 P.M. for 4 consecutive days. Morning baseline cortisol levels were 46.3 +/- 5.94 ng/ml, and evening baseline cortisol levels were 32.8 +/- 5.59 ng/ml. Although lower, the evening cortisol levels were not statistically different (P = 0.154) from the morning levels. Dexamethasone suppression tests initiated at either 9:00...
Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against African horse sickness virus in domestic animals in Nigeria. A sero-epidemiological survey of African horse sickness (AHS) virus in 261 animals which included 96 camels, 81 horses, 80 dogs and 4 donkeys was carried out in Nigeria. The animals had no history of vaccination against AHS. Sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for the presence of antibody against AHS virus. Of these, 77 (95.1%) horse, 4 (100%) donkey, 10 (10.4%) camel and 28 (35%) dog sera samples tested were recorded as positive. The prevalence of antibody in samples taken from horses in different regions was similar. The prevalence of antibody to AHS virus detected...
[The importance of Lyme borreliosis in veterinary medicine]. A study of literature concerning Lyme borreliosis related to animals was done. In the research work the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of horses, cattle and dogs affected with Lyme borreliosis have been discussed. The clinical signs of Lyme borreliosis in horses are: chronic weight loss, sporadic lameness, laminitis, low grade fever, swollen joints, muscle tenderness and anterior uvetitis. In addition to these clinical sings, neurological sings such as depression, behavioral changes, dysphagia and encephalitis can be seen in chronic cases. Cattle affected with acute Lyme b...
Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and digital soft tissues of sound thoroughbred racehorses. Lameness examinations and radiography of the distal phalanx and associated soft-tissue structures of the front feet of 103 Thoroughbred racehorses, 4 to 9 years old, were performed to determine normal radiographic appearance and morphometry. Of 103 horses examined, 41 were used in the study that were without clinical signs of foot problems or lameness, had raced at least twice prior to radiography, and had raced at least twice more in the 6 months after radiography. Lateromedial and dorsoproximal-palmarodistal radiographic views of each front distal phalanx were used to measure 28 bone and sof...
Analgesic effects of detomidine in thoroughbred horses with chronic tendon injury. This study was undertaken to assess the analgesia provided by detomidine (20 micrograms kg-1 intravenously) in thoroughbred horses. Pain thresholds to a mechanical noxious stimulus were measured before and after a period of mild chronic pain in one foreleg. Detomidine was a good analgesic in control animals; their pain thresholds were significantly elevated for about 60 minutes. After injury, the injured leg had a significantly lower pain threshold and the intensity and duration of analgesia provided by detomidine were significantly reduced. The analgesia in the opposite (sound) leg was also r...
Comparison of the damping effect of different shoeing by the measurement of hoof acceleration. The purpose of this study was to compare the damping effect of 16 types of shoeing by measuring hoof acceleration parameters on two trotting horses. At impact, maximal deceleration had extreme values such as 188 m/s2 (+/- 55) for the most damping combination (p < 0.01) and 746 m/s2 (+/- 14) for the steel shoe (mean = 551 m/s2 +/- 125). After the shock, the hoof was exposed to a mean vibrating acceleration at 418 Hz (+/- 84) which was progressively damped in 37.3 ms (+/- 10.5). According to these results, the damping ability of different farriery products significantly reduces (p < 0.05) ...
A method for loading equine platelets with the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura-2: ADP induces a rise in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration. Equine platelets in platelet-rich plasma were incubated with the fluorescent indicator dye, Fura-2-AM (Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester) and the degree of loading of the cells with the dye and the extent of hydrolysis of the ester was assessed by quantitative fluorimetry and by thin-layer chromatography respectively. Under these conditions the cells loaded poorly with Fura-2 to a concentration of 4 microM. The technique was validated by demonstrating adequate loading of human platelets with Fura-2, to a concentration of 250-300 microM, using the same method. The removal of plasma from the extracellu...
Efficacy of equine influenza vaccines for protection against A/Equine/Jilin/89 (H3N8)–a new equine influenza virus. A new H3N8 equine influenza virus [A/Equine/Jilin/1/89 (Eq/Jilin)] appeared in Northeastern China in 1989 and caused high mortality in horses; the available evidence indicates that it has not yet spread outside this region of the world. Serological analysis with postinfection ferret sera in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests confirmed that Eq/Jilin is antigenically distinct from H3N8 equine influenza viruses isolated between 1963 and 1991 and also showed that a current equine influenza virus [A/Equine/Alaska/1/91 (H3N8)] had undergone antigenic drift. In the present study we determine if ...
Segmental ischemic necrosis of the small intestine in two postparturient mares. Two mares developed segmental ischemic necrosis of the small intestine after parturition. In one mare, the mesentery of the small intestine apparently tore during parturition, after which necrosis developed in a 52-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum. In the other mare, a 52-cm segment of the proximal portion of ileum tore during parturition. Three weeks later, a 40-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum became incarcerated in the mesenteric rent and twisted 360 degrees on its mesentery. Both mares recovered after resection of affected intestine and are functioning as broodmares.
Pathogenic studies and antigenic and sequence comparisons of A/equine/Alaska/1/91 (H3N8) influenza virus. An influenza virus, A/equine/Alaska/1/91 (H3N8), was isolated from horses from Alaska with an acute respiratory infection. Pathogenic and serologic studies revealed that this virus is similar to previously isolated equine H3N8 influenza viruses. Antigenic analyses utilizing hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition assays indicated an antigenic drift from the prototype equine H3N8 influenza virus, A/equine/Miami/1/63. Partial sequence analysis of the A/equine/Alaska influenza virus indicated that each of 8 gene sequences are of equine origin.
Strategies of a successful campaign to promote the use of equestrian helmets. Although the risk of serious head injury for horse riders is higher than for most other sports, few equestrians regularly wear protective headgear. This study indicates that riders are well informed about the need for helmets and that the main reason for nonuse is inadequate helmet design. In particular, riders perceive that existing helmets are uncomfortable, expensive, and inappropriate for some riding styles. Based on these findings, the authors developed strategies to increase usage and incorporated them into a successful program. These strategies included working with manufacturers to dev...
[Hemolytic properties of bacteria belonging to the Acinetobacter genus]. Direct and intermediate hemolytic activity of 526 strains of Acinetobacter was investigated. Their ability to produce lipase and lecithinase was also studied. Measurements were performed parallely on human, horse, sheep and bovine erythrocytes. Direct hemolytic activity was exhibited by 16% of tested strains (17 out of 24 strains of A. haemolyticus). Human, sheep and bovine erythrocytes were useful for testing the hemolytic activity of Acinetobacter. The hemolysis was occurring faster and was visible more frequently during incubation at 37 degrees C. Indirect hemolytic activity was observed in...
Kinetic analysis of D-xylose distribution after intravenous administration to mares. Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after IV administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12 and 96 hours. Urinary excretion of D-xylose was measured over a 15-hour period after administration. The plasma D-xylose concentrations in this study were in the range found after oral tolerance testing. The disposition of D-xylose was described by a two-compartment model with linear kinetic characteristics. Total volume of distribution decreased significantly (P < 0.025) from 0.270 L/kg of body weight after the 12-hour period of food depriv...
Laboratory transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus to chickens by chicken mites (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Pools of adult female chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), were allowed to feed on chicks that had been inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and that had a viremia level of 10(6.2)-10(6.6) plaque-forming units per milliliter of blood. Virus remained detectable by plaque assay in samples of these mites for 30 d after the infectious blood meal. Virus was not recovered from any of 151 progeny of virus-exposed female mites. Mites that had fed on viremic chicks were allowed to feed on naive chicks 3, 7, 11, 15, or 30 d later. EEE virus was transmitted to chicks by ...
Ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury. The ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in 12 normal and 28 injured superficial digital flexor tendons, with lesions ranging in duration from 2 days to 15 months, were compared. A consistent relationship between the ultrasonographic and histological findings was demonstrated. The echogenicity of lesions, the distinctness of their delineation from the surrounding tissue, and the presence and arrangement of the linear echoes were useful features by which to assess the ultrasonograms. Acute lesions were anechoic, a complex mixture of anechoic and hypoechoic areas, or diffusely hypoech...
Quantification of hind limb lameness in the horse. The three-dimensional optoelectronic locomotion analysis system SELSPOT II was used for kinematic studies of hind limb locomotion patterns. Two groups, 11 sound horses and 15 horses suffering from hind limb lameness, were examined at the trot. Both graphical and quantitative analyses were compared in sound and lame horses. The parameter hip acceleration quotient (HAQ), using the different peaks of vertical acceleration of one hip during one stride, proved to be a suitable value for quantitative analysis of hind limb lameness. In sound horses the HAQ ranged from 1.03 to 1.54, lame horses showed...
[Efficacy of the oral antiparasitic mebendazole plus trichlorfon (telmin plus trichlorfon) against Gasterophilus in the horse]. The combined drug Mebendazole plus Trichlorfon (Telmin plus Trichlorfon, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse/Belgium) has been tested in a field trial against naturally acquired Gasterophilus spp. infestations in horses. 44 foals (1 to 1.5 years old, 350-450 kg body-weight) originating from different endemic areas of Switzerland, have been randomly allocated to two groups as follows: 28 foals were treated with Mebendazole plus Trichlorfon, 16 animals served as untreated controls. The drug (paste) was administered and dosed according to the user's instruction. Macroscopic examinations of the digestiv...
Strain of the musculus interosseus medius and its rami extensorii in the horse, deduced from in vivo kinematics. The in vivo strains of the musculus interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) and its rami extensorii (extensor branches) in the forelimb of the horse were determined from angular changes of the metacarpophalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joints. For this purpose, regression models were fitted to strains and joint angle combinations measured in in vitro limb loading experiments. The in vivo strains were computed from the kinematics of 8 horses at the walk, the trot and the canter. It was found that the extensor branches were strained about 1.0% at hoof impact, which indicates that they p...
Turbidity of hyperimmune equine antivenom: the role of phenol and serum lipoproteins. Twenty batches of polyvalent antivenom produced at the Instituto Clodomiro Picado were analyzed for turbidity, both before and after freezing-thawing and lyophilization. Eight batches became turbid upon freezing-thawing, and this change correlated with high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins, especially beta-lipoprotein. Since normal horse serum does not become turbid after freezing-thawing, despite the fact that it has high lipoprotein levels, the possibility was raised that phenol, used as a preservative during serum fractionation, might affect lipoproteins, inducing the a...
Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. Six horses with a history of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) and 7 control horses performed both a 55-min submaximal and later a 10-min near-maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Blood samples were obtained during exercise and gluteus medius muscle biopsies were obtained before and immediately after each exercise test and at 24 h after completion of the submaximal test. Rhabdomyolysis was developed by 3 of 6 RER horses during submaximal exercise and in 1 of the RER horses during near-maximal exercise. Concentrations of potassium, glucose, free fatty acids, ammonia, lactate, cortisol,...
Detection of antigenemia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in horses with experimental Ehrlichia risticii infection. Four horses were inoculated with Ehrlichia risticii contained in either infected murine P388 D1 cells or heparinized blood from an infected horse. All 4 horses produced serum antibody, plasma antigen, and clinical signs of the disease. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibody in the serum and was also used in conjunction with an anti-E. risticii monoclonal antibody to detect antigenemia. These laboratory and clinical findings were correlated to determine the efficiency of the antigen detection method for discerning E. risticii infection.
Immunochemical studies of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), eCG alpha, and eCG beta. The equine (e) placental glycoprotein hormone eCG plays a critical though not completely understood role during the first trimester of gestation in mares. In the present work, we have developed immunoradiometric assays (m-IRMAs) for detection of eCG, eCG alpha, and eCG beta using combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for epitopes that reside on free and/or combined subunits. The free eCG alpha m-IRMA was based on AHT20 mAb, specific for the free alpha-subunit of all species, and 125I-labeled ECG01 mAb, which recognizes both free and combined alpha-subunit from equine and primat...
