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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Propafenone kinetics in the horse. Comparative analysis of compartmental and noncompartmental models. The propafenone kinetics after intravenous (i.v.) administration have been studied in the horse by a comparative analysis of compartmental and noncompartmental models. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed a large distribution (Vdss = 1021 +/- 211 L) and a high clearance (CI = 7019 +/- 1746 mL/min) of the drug. The plasma concentrations were very low, under 1 microgram/mL, in most cases; after 30 min these concentrations can be considered as nonefficient for the treatment of arrhythmia. There were no significant differences between pharmacokinetic parameters found with the use of compartmental...
Surgery of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. The authors discuss the surgical treatment of selected diseases of the upper airway of the racehorse. Although most of these conditions occur commonly and are easily diagnosed, their surgical management is often less straight-forward and may be surprisingly controversial. The authors' intent is to provide an overview of these problems and give some information regarding current treatment options.
Lameness diagnosis and treatment in the Standardbred racehorse. Lameness of the Standardbred racehorse is a function of rigorous training programs, year-round racing schedules, hard racetrack surfaces, and the draft load. In this article, principles of lameness diagnosis and treatment are reviewed, with emphasis upon common or unique problems of the trotter and pacer. The role of physical therapy as an adjunct to medical and surgical treatment of lameness is described. Options for management of chronic pain are discussed, and a limited glossary of descriptive terms that are unique to harness racing is provided.
Intracranial schwannoma in a horse. A case of intracranial schwannoma is described in a young horse. Clinical signs developed slowly and were suggestive of a lesion involving the left cerebrum. The filly exhibited a change in mentation, and circled to the left. Visual impairment and decreased facial sensation were noted on the right side. A solitary schwannoma which compressed the left cerebrum was found at necropsy.
Serum osteocalcin or bone Gla-protein, a biochemical marker for bone metabolism in horses: differences in serum levels with age. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin or bone Gla-protein, a new marker of bone metabolism, were analyzed in blood samples of 50 clinically normal female Standardbred horses between four months and twenty years of age. Samples were collected in the morning before exercise. Serum osteocalcin was measured by radioimmunoassay using bovine antibodies. There was a significant inverse correlation between alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and the age of the animals up to 48 months. The decrease in osteocalcin levels in serum was very marked during the first 30 months of life. The mean osteoc...
[Ovarian structure and function in the mare from the clinical viewpoint with special regard to ultrasonography]. Ultrasonography is a good means of monitoring follicular development in the mare and allows objective observation and measurement of follicular growth as well as identification of corpora lutea and hematoma in the ovary. The significance of ultrasonography in this field lies in the specific anatomical structure of the mare's ovary and the different phenomena preceding and accompanying ovulation, which are described in this paper. The last part deals with the handling and use of ultrasonography.
Sequential mesenteric arteriography in pony foals during repeated inoculations of Strongylus vulgaris and treatments with ivermectin. Semiselective mesenteric arteriography was performed at regular intervals (inoculation weeks [IW] 0, 11, 18, and 24) in 9 of 10 pony foals raised to be free of parasites. Fifty infective larvae (L3) of Strongylus vulgaris were administered weekly for 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks through the 20th week. Three ponies were given ivermectin (oral paste, 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) treatment at IW 8, 16 and 24. Four ponies were inoculated, but did not receive ivermectin, and a third group of 2 ponies acted as uninoculated controls. Control ponies did not have gross or arteriographic lesions, whereas th...
Changes in the metabolic profile of equine muscle from birth through 1 yr of age. The purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in equine muscle from birth to 1 yr of age. Duplicate biopsies from the middle portion of the gluteus medius were obtained from a depth of 2 cm beneath the superficial fascia at 1 day, 7 days, 1 mo, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 1 yr of age in 11 quarter horses and at 1 day, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 1 yr of age in 5 Standardbreds. Muscle enzyme activities determined were citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Percent fast-twitch, fast-twitch high oxidative, and slow-twitch oxidative fiber types were d...
Anatomy of the laryngeal and adjacent regions as perceived by palpation of clinically normal standing horses. The anatomy of each feature and structure of the laryngeal and adjacent regions, as perceived by palpation, is described for clinically normal standing horses. Visible skin contours produced by some of the superficial structures are also described. Concurrent dissection was performed on fresh cadavers to confirm initial findings. The procedure of systematic palpation in relation to clinical diagnosis and surgical procedure is discussed.
Trajectory analysis of winds and vesicular stomatitis in North America, 1982-5. Outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis, serotype New Jersey, during epidemics in the United States and northern Mexico, 1982-5, were examined by backward trajectories of winds to investigate spread and possible sources. The outbreaks selected for analysis did not involve introduction of disease by infected animals. The findings indicate that wind could have been responsible for carrying infection from northern Mexico to Arizona and New Mexico and thence to Colorado and Utah and on to Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. The results of these analyses are consistent with the findings from T1 RNAse fingerprint...
Tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey. The clinical signs associated with intramural tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey were respiratory distress and coughing, which were aggravated by exercise and excitement. The obstructions were at the level of the thoracic inlet and consisted either of flattening of the cartilage rings in the dorsoventral plane or of cartilage rings having a scroll-like conformation. They appeared to be developmental in origin and to have been present for a considerable time before the onset of clinical signs. Endoscopy and radiography were helpful in the diagnosis of the condition.
Differences between horse and human haemoglobins in effects of organic and inorganic anions on oxygen binding. Despite the fact that the horse is one of the more common domesticated animals, there are few reports dealing with the properties of its blood, and no comprehensive study has been performed on the reactivity of horse haemoglobin towards organic and inorganic ions. Here we report data on the effects of the organic phosphates D-glycerate-2,3-bisphosphate (2,3-DPG) and InsP6, and of chloride on the properties of horse haemoglobin. Thus the effect of saturating concentrations of 2,3-DPG on the oxygen affinity of horse haemoglobin is about 60% lower than with human adult haemoglobin under the same ...
Anaerobic bacterial pneumonia with septicemia in two racehorses. Anaerobic bacterial pneumonia with septicemia was diagnosed in 2 Thoroughbred racehorses referred with respiratory tract disease that had failed to respond to initial treatment with various antibiotics including penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multiple anaerobic organisms, including Bacteroides spp and Fusobacterium spp, were isolated from blood and transtracheal aspirates obtained from both horses and from aspirates of cutaneous nodules obtained from 1 horse. The latter horse responded to metronidazole treatment followed by procaine penicillin G administration and regained its h...
Haematological, biochemical and physiological changes in horses and ponies during the cross country stage of driving trial competitions. The haematological, biochemical and physiological changes associated with the cross-country stage of driving trials were studied in horses and ponies competing in singles, pairs, tandems and teams at five, five-section and two, three-section events. Heart rates were monitored continuously and sometimes exceeded 200 beats/minute. The highest maximum, mean and recovery heart rates were found after the most severe competitions. Rectal temperatures were also highest after the most severe events and in some animals exceeded 41 degrees C. Respiratory rates were very variable. Blood taken five minute...
Surgical repair of tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures in four horses. Four horses, 2 to 17 years old, were treated for unilateral avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity. Two horses were treated successfully with tension band wiring or plating in combination with lag screw fixation. One horse was euthanatized because of implant failure during recovery and one was euthanatized on day 11 because a longitudinal fracture of the tibial tuberosity occurred through the plane of the screws used for stabilization.
A survey of equine parasite control practices in Tennessee. A weighted, random sample of 130 horse owners in Tennessee was selected from subscribers to an equine newsletter published by the Agricultural Extension Service. Data about the participants' farms, horses, parasite control practices, and sources of information regarding equine parasite control were obtained through a telephone survey. The response rate was 98%. The typical respondent kept 4 horses on 2 pastures totaling 15 acres, and did not rotate pastures as a parasite control measure. The majority (83%) of horse owners indicated that they administered anthelmintics according to a regular sc...
[Analysis of reproductive parameters in mare herds of the chief and state stud farms at Marbach and Schwaiganger]. The paper analyses different parameters of fertility in mares of different breeds. Totally 2794 cycles of the years 1973 to 1985 have been investigated.
Effect of age on sensory nerve conduction velocity in the horse. This study aimed to establish a clinically reproducible method of evaluation of sensory nerve conduction in the horse and to provide reference values in a group of normal horses. Age-related changes in the sensory nerve conduction velocity were of particular interest. Sensory nerve conduction was performed in the lateral palmar nerve. The results revealed an increase in velocity over the first year of life and a subsequent decrease in velocity in older horses. The effect of age must be considered if results from horses in which peripheral nerve disease is suspected are to be interpreted correc...
Arterial blood supply to the ileocaecal junction in the horse. The arteries supplying the ileocaecal junctions of 7 horses were injected with latex via the A. ileocolica and dissected macroscopically. The same basic pattern emerged whereby a single papillary artery arising from the R. ilei mesenterialis, supplied all aspects of the ileocaecal papilla. In one instance, the papillary artery arose directly from the ileocolic artery. No collateral arterial supply to the ileocaecal junction was present in any of the specimens dissected.
Superoxide production by stimulated equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes–inhibition by anti-inflammatory drugs. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) were isolated from an inflammatory exudate induced in the intercarpal joints of horses by an administration of carrageenin. Their superoxide production at rest and following stimulation with either serum-treated zymosan (STZ) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was measured by cytochrome-c reduction. Stimulation of the cells increased the cytochrome-c reduction 10-15 times that of resting cells. The maxima were 20 nmol of reduced cytochrome-c per 10(6) cells per ml at 120 min (STZ) and 35 nmol of reduced cytochrome-c per 10(6) cells per ml at 60 min (PMA). T...
Quantitative and qualitative morphology of equine peripheral nerve: teased fibre studies. Single teased fibre studies were made on samples of the lateral palmar nerve from 16 horses of mixed age and size which had no evidence of neuromuscular disease. Significant proportions of abnormal fibres indicative of axonal degeneration/regeneration and demyelination/remyelination were identified. Measurements of internodal length and fibre diameter were made. Internodal length was shown to be related to fibre diameter, changes in this relationship being mainly influenced by the incidence of abnormal fibres rather than by the age of the horse. Information about the incidence of abnormal fibr...
Arthroscopic approaches and intraarticular anatomy of the equine elbow. Periarticular anatomy and techniques for arthroscopic access to the equine elbow were studied in six joints from cadavers. Caudomedial and craniolateral approaches were evaluated subsequently in 11 anesthetized horses. The caudomedial approach was made between the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle bellies. Most of the caudal articular surfaces of the humeral condyles, the caudal perimeter of the radius, and the trochlear notch and portions of the anconeal process of the ulna could be identified. The voluminous caudal joint capsule cul-de-sac proximal to the anconeal process...
[The aberrant parasitism of horse botflies (Diptera: Gasterophilidae)]. Alongside with a high intensity of infection of horses with botfly larvae there was observed mass aberrant parasitism of horse botflies in farms of Astrakhan, Guryev and Uralsk Provinces, and in the Kalmyk ASSR in 1980-1981 and 1987. As a result of extremely high aggregation of horse botfly larvae in their usual localization places, Gasterophilus pecorum larvae remained, due to interspecific competition, in nonspecific places (oral cavity, pharynx), adapted to new habitats and normally developed. Their number varied from 260 to 750 specimens. Localization of G. pecorum larvae in the mentioned ...
Copper salicylate and copper phenylbutazone as topically applied anti-inflammatory agents in the rat and horse. Topically applied copper phenylbutazone, phenylbutazone, copper salicylate, salicylate and dimethylsulfoxide glycerol (80:20) were investigated as anti-inflammatory agents in rats and horses. Dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol (80:20) or dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol and glycerol (60:20:20) were used as the drug solvents. Subcutaneously administered carrageenin was used to induce inflammatory oedema, either in the paws of rats or the alar fold of the horse. The severity of the oedema and the anti-inflammatory effect of the drugs were assessed by measuring changes in the paw or alar-fold diameters. Co...
Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse. The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous ...
