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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Implications of dominance deviations for reproductive and morphological traits in the genetic management of the Pura Raza Española horse. Dominance is a non-additive genetic effect involving allele interaction at the same locus. In animal breeding, it has often been ignored due to its complexity and the low accuracy of pedigree-based estimates. This study analysed dominance variance components for reproductive traits [age at first foaling (AFF), reproductive efficiency (RE), interval between first and second foaling (I12)] and morphological traits [scapulo-ischial length (SIL), dorsal sternal diameter (DSD), knee circumference (KC)] in Pura Raza Española (PRE) mares. The aim was to assess the magnitude of dominance effects acro...
Pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricle in foals: Feasibility, inter- and intra-observer variability and wave pattern over the first days of life. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) may improve the assessment of myocardial function in neonatal foals. Objective: To document the feasibility of left ventricular pulsed wave (PW) TDI, inter- and intra-observer variability and wave pattern over the first 5 days of life. Methods: Prospective observational study. Methods: Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in 25 healthy Standardbred foals within the first 24 h after birth (T1), between 60-84 h (T2), and 108-132 h (T3) after birth using right parasternal short-axis (R-LV SAX) and subcostal long-axis views at the mitral annulus, both a...
Comparison of xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam protocols for constant rate infusion anesthesia in horses undergoing field castration. The common use of "triple drip" (xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin; XKG) is a popular protocol for constant rate infusion (CRI) in equine practice. However, due to restrictions on ketamine and guaifenesin in many countries, tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) could serve as an alternative. To date, there have been limited studies evaluating the use of xylazine in combination with TZ (XTZ) administered via CRI to maintain surgical anesthesia in equine field practice. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of XTZ infusion with the classical XKG protocol for field anesthesia. Methods: Twelve ...
Antimicrobial effects of equine regenerative medicine products: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies. Equine regenerative medicine products involving platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and their derivatives are increasingly explored for antimicrobial and therapeutic roles, but their efficacy and between-study variability remain unclear. Objective: To systematically review and meta-analyse in vitro and in vivo evidence on antimicrobial effects of equine regenerative medicine products and to evaluate their efficacy against key pathogens. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis: METHODS: We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses...
First Molecular Survey of Equine Adenovirus Type 1 Infection Among Horses in Poland. Equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV-1) infection has been recognised among horses worldwide. The virus predominantly targets respiratory tract but has also been recovered from other body systems. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of EAdV-1 infection among selected horse populations in Poland and to estimate genetic variability within the viruses obtained. A quantitative PCR assay targeting a partial gene was used to screen 1150 nasal swabs collected from 1145 horses from 19 horse studs throughout Poland. The samples were collected opportunistically between 2012 and 2025. A ...
Isolation, Expansion and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Fresh and Cryopreserved Umbilical Cord Tissues in Horse and Dog. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from perinatal tissues represent a promising resource for regenerative medicine due to their proliferative, immunomodulatory, and differentiation properties. Among these tissues, the umbilical cord is considered an accessible and ethically acceptable source of MSCs. This study evaluated the feasibility of whole umbilical cord cryopreservation in canine and equine species and assessed the biological properties of MSCs isolated from cryopreserved tissues compared with fresh samples. Equine Wharton's jelly and canine umbilical cord tissues were processed e...
Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Horses Naturally Infected with Theileria equi. Equine piroplasmosis, caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan , is a globally distributed tick-borne disease characterized by persistent infection and variable clinical manifestations. Although oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several hemoprotozoan diseases, information regarding redox imbalance and its relationship with inflammatory responses in horses naturally infected with remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative stress, antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines, and clinicopathological alterations in horses naturally infected with . Thirty-fiv...
Seasonal modulation of platelet indices in mares. Platelet indices provide valuable information on platelet activation, heterogeneity, and production kinetics, yet their physiological variability remains poorly characterized in horses. Although seasonal changes in platelet count have been described, the seasonal modulation of derived platelet indices in mares remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal variation of platelet count and derived platelet indices in clinically healthy mares from the Valencia region (Spain), and to assess their interrelationships. Forty clinically healthy Spanish Purebred mares (6-...
Species-specific effects of spinal stiffness on gait and actuation-cost proxy in simulated cheetah and horse galloping. Cursorial quadrupeds employ distinct mechanical strategies for high-speed locomotion, with felids relying more strongly on axial motion than equids. The biomechanical role of spinal stiffness, however, is difficult to isolate experimentally because it is coupled to limb mechanics, morphology, and coordination. Here, we used comparative three-dimensional trajectory optimization to test how spinal stiffness influences gait mechanics and actuation-demand proxies in simulated cheetah-like and horse-like galloping. Homologous cheetah and horse models were evaluated across spinal-stiffness values, p...
Approaches to Thoroughbred Horse Identification in Diverse Sample Types Using Multiplexed SNP-PCR Sequencing Panels. The ability to determine the identity of equine samples would be highly advantageous in cases of ambiguous sample source, as individual-specific controls for gene editing detection, or forensic examination of suspect biological materials in potential doping cases. To this end, a SNP-PCR sequencing-based panel comprising 93 markers in one reaction was designed and investigated for use in Thoroughbred horses. Marker amplification performance and discriminating power were calculated against a population survey of 264 Thoroughbred whole blood samples from routine doping testing. The sensitivity of...
The in vitro application of high-intensity laser therapy on equine platelet-rich plasma and autologous protein solution does not alter select cytokine and growth factor concentrations. To quantify the effects of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on the concentration of key immunomodulatory cytokines and growth factors in equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous protein solution (APS). We hypothesized that HILT treatment of PRP and APS in vitro would increase the concentration of cytokines and growth factors compared to untreated controls. Unassigned: Whole blood was collected from 6 adult horses housed at the University of Pennsylvania in March 2025 and processed into PRP or APS using commercially available systems (Zoetis). Platelet-rich plasma and APS samples wer...
Central nervous system lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis in equids. Lymphoma affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems in equids is rarely reported. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, neuroanatomical localization, laboratory and pathologic features, type of lymphoma, and outcome to further current knowledge. Methods: Fourteen equids (13 horses, 1 mule). Methods: Retrospective study. Medical records from a veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed (1993-2025). The inclusion criteria consisted of a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma of the nervous system. Data collected included signalment, neurologic findings, laboratory results, imagin...
Equine nuclear medicine: Current state of play. Equine nuclear medicine provides functional information on bone turnover, perfusion, inflammation and tracer biodistribution. Its role has evolved from planar scintigraphy toward SPECT, PET and quantitative imaging. This review synthesised the historical foundations and contemporary state of equine nuclear medicine, with emphasis on racehorse and performance-horse applications. Methods: A PRISMA-aligned systematic narrative review and evidence map were undertaken. MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and SciQuest were searched, supplemented by reference-list screening, forward ci...
Effect of neonatal rib fracture repair on racing and sales performance in Thoroughbreds. The racing outcome of horses that have undergone surgical repair of neonatal rib fractures is not well documented. Objective: To evaluate the impact of surgical repair of neonatal rib fractures on subsequent sales and racing performance in Thoroughbreds. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Medical records of neonatal Thoroughbreds that underwent surgical repair of rib fractures at a referral hospital between 2014 and 2025 were reviewed. Sales and racing data were obtained from publicly available databases. Outcomes assessed included sale price at weanling and yearling sales, total ca...
Oxidative Stress and Immunomarkers in Equine Dermal Melanomatosis: Single-Case Comparison with Healthy Individual. Dermal melanomatosis is a common tumor in grey horses, characterized by cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions with metastatic potential. While clinically well-described, oxidative stress involvement remains poorly understood. This case report compared oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes' activities in total protein extracts from melanomatosis lesions (grey horse) versus healthy control skin (black horse), alongside histopathology and immunohistochemistry, to correlate oxidative imbalance and tumor behavior. Melanomatosis tissue exhibited decreased antioxidant defenses confirmed by catala...
Somatic cell nuclear transfer as a complementary tool for genetic conservation of the Peruvian Paso horse. The Peruvian Paso horse, a breed of national significance in Peru known for its unique gait, has been selectively bred for nearly 500 years and now faces potential risks due to reduced genetic diversity. To investigate the potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer to enhance genetic conservation strategies, a program was initiated to produce cloned Peruvian Paso foals. Skin biopsies from a highly awarded stallion with exceptional breed-defining traits were used as the source of donor somatic cells. Of the 15 cloned embryos reconstructed, seven blastocysts were produced, and five were transfer...
Species-Specific Mechanisms of Sperm Transport: Predominant Roles of Motility in Ewes and Uterine Contractility in Mares. The factors controlling sperm transport within the female genital tract vary among species. The aim of this study was to quantify the respective roles of sperm motility and uterine contractions in passage of sperm within the reproductive tract of the mare and ewe. Sperm imaging was performed in vivo within the female genital tract of mares and ewes using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) after intrauterine insemination during two stages of the cycle characterized by high (oestrus) or low (luteal phase) uterine contractility. Fluorescent microbeads (2 µm in diameter) were insemi...
Combined effects of pre-freeze cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin and post-thaw pentoxifylline on the functional longevity of cryopreserved stallion sperm. Cryopreservation causes structural and metabolic damage to stallion spermatozoa, impairing post-thaw functional competence. Objective: This study evaluated whether cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) supplementation before freezing, combined with pentoxifylline (PTX) after thawing, improves the functional quality, oxidative status, mitochondrial activity, and preliminary fertility outcomes of cryopreserved stallion semen. Methods: Semen from twelve stallions was assigned to four CLC concentrations (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg), frozen, thawed, and divided into subgroups with or without PTX supplemen...
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration alters crypt distribution of the peroxisomal marker acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 in the equine right dorsal colon. To characterize and compare the distribution of peroxisomal markers in the right dorsal colon (RDC) and left ventral colon (LVC) of healthy horses and horses treated with NSAIDs. Unassigned: Archived colonic tissues were evaluated from 10 horses (n = 5/group) administered phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg, PO, twice daily for 10 days) or placebo prior to euthanasia. Samples from the RDC and LVC were analyzed using immunofluorescence to assess peroxisomal biogenesis factor 14 (PEX14) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) distribution. Marker abundance was quantified within colonic crypts and compared b...
Bacteremia in horses undergoing routine dental prophylaxis: Before, during, and after the procedure. Transient bacteremia after dental procedures is well-documented in the literature, but the prevalence and clinical significance in horses remains largely unexplored. Objective: To assess whether routine dental prophylaxis in clinically healthy horses is associated with detection of bacteria in blood, using culture and 16S rDNA sequencing. Our central hypothesis is that a percentage of horses would demonstrate detectable but transient bacteremia in the immediate post-procedural period following dental prophylaxis. Methods: Prospective, observational study. Methods: Venous blood samples from 20 ...
Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Horses with Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease. In human medicine, homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is used as a biomarker reflecting endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombogenesis, oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. An automated enzyme-cycling assay for homocysteine, established for humans, has been validated and reference ranges have been created for horses. In this study the homocysteine assay was further evaluated by assessing short-term stability (whole blood and plasma samples stored at 4 °C and room temperature for 24 h), long-term stability (two years), the effect of different anticoagulants (lithium h...
First experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation in horses with recurrent, persistent naturally occurring atrial fibrillation. Myocardial sleeves in the caudal vena cava and pulmonary veins are a potential trigger for initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses. Objective: Isolation of myocardial sleeves in the caudal vena cava or pulmonary veins might reduce the risk for AF recurrence. Methods: Case series. Methods: Records from seven horses with persistent, recurrent, naturally-occurring AF that were treated with three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in order to reduce recurrence risk were reviewed. Mapping of the caudal vena cava was performed...
Three-year evaluation of anthelmintic treatment efficacy against equine strongyles in France using FECRT. Reduced anthelmintic efficacy against strongyles in equids is a widespread concern, but up-to-date field data are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate, over a three-year period, the efficacy of the anthelmintic (AH) molecules available in France (fenbendazole, pyrantel, ivermectin and moxidectin) against strongyles in equids using faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs). A total of 104 complete FECRTs (i.e., required sample size reached) were conducted in 98 groups, involving 749 equids kept in 70 facilities. Fenbendazole-resistant populations were detected in 8/9 groups (89%) from ...
Molecular detection of African horse sickness virus from selected areas in Ethiopia. Equines are vital to global economies and support millions of livelihoods. However, their productivity and welfare are severely hindered by infectious diseases such as African Horse Sickness, which causes major socio-economic losses in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 to isolate and detect African horse sickness virus in equines across epidemic areas of Ethiopia. In total, 30 blood samples and 2 tissue representative specimens were aseptically collected from clinically sick and recently dead animals and transported under cold chain to the National ...
Effects of TECAR Therapy on Body Surface Temperature and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Tone in Thoroughbred Racehorses: A Pilot Study. Capacitive and resistive electric transfer (TECAR) therapy is increasingly used in equine physiotherapy; however, objective evidence regarding its immediate effects on equine back muscles remains limited. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of TECAR therapy on body surface temperature and muscle tone of the longissimus dorsi muscle in Thoroughbred racehorses. A randomized, single-blinded experimental study was conducted in 20 clinically healthy Thoroughbred racehorses aged 2-3 years. Horses were randomly assigned to either a TECAR treatment group ( = 10) or a sham-treatment control ...
The Transcriptomic and Proteomic Molecular Signatures of Equine Multiple-System Neuropathy (Grass Sickness). Equine grass sickness (EGS or equine dysautonomia) is a predominantly fatal multi-system neuropathy affecting grazing horses, likely caused by a neurotoxic phospholipase A2 (nPLA2) derived from a plant or microorganism. We studied neuronal tissue gene and protein expression patterns in EGS to elucidate the possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Tissue from the cranial cervical ganglion of eight EGS horses and six controls was examined histologically and used for transcriptomic analysis. These transcriptomic data were compared with previously published EGS-related proteomic...
The effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on stallion spermatozoa motility and vitality in vitro. This study evaluated the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) seed extract on stallion spermatozoa quality in vitro, focusing on motility, vitality, and functional competence. In vitro spermatozoa analyses showed that fenugreek seed extract did not demonstrate overt cytotoxicity under the tested conditions: S1 = 1562 µg/mL; S2 = 781 µg/mL; S3 = 390.5 µg/mL; S4 = 195.25 µg/mL; S5 = 97.62 µg/mL; S6 = 48.81 µg/mL; S7 = 24.40 µg/mL. Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) revealed a concentration- and time-dependent Treatment × Time interac...
Intratumoral para-toluenesulfonamide as a tumor-ablative therapy for equine cutaneous tumors: a case series of three horses. Equine neoplasia, including sarcoids, melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas, presents therapeutic challenges due to recurrence and limitations of conventional treatments. Para-toluenesulfonamide (p-TLS) is a tumor-ablating agent that is associated with localized tumor necrosis and subsequent lesion resolution. It has been evaluated in human clinical settings as an intratumoral treatment of malignant airway obstruction caused by non-small cell lung cancer. This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes and tolerability of intratumoral p-TLS in equine neoplasia. Three equine cases, includi...
Evaluation of the Brix refractometer for diagnosing the failure of transfer of passive immunity in 12-h-old foals. Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) is the most important cause of sepsis and mortality in neonatal foals. Unassigned: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the digital Brix refractometer for the diagnosis of FTPI in 12-h-old foals. Unassigned: Cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study. Unassigned: Jugular blood samples were collected from 124 foals at 12 ± 0.5 h after birth. IgG concentrations were estimated using a digital Brix refractometer and measured using the radial immunodiffusion test (RID). Correlation coefficients were calculated between serum Brix percentages...
