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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Replication of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the testes and epididymides of ponies and venereal shedding of infectious virus. Six Welsh Mountain pony colts were infected intranasally with the Ab4 isolate of EHV-1. Clinical and virological monitoring demonstrated mild upper respiratory tract disease, with nasal shedding of virus and establishment of a cell-associated viraemia. Detailed pathological examination of the urogenital tract was performed post mortem on days 4-9 post-infection (PI). EHV-1 was isolated from the epididymis on day 8 and the testis on day 9 PI, with viral replication in endothelial cells of these organs and an associated necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis. Productive viral infection of germina...
Observations on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants, equines and cattle, in relation to tsetse challenge, in The Gambia. The prevalence of trypanosome infections in Djallonké sheep and West African Dwarf goats at different sites in The Gambia showed a significant, positive correlation with contemporary assessments of tsetse challenge. A similar correlation was observed in village N'Dama cattle which showed comparable prevalence values in the same areas. Trypanosome prevalences also tended to be higher in horses and donkeys in areas with high tsetse challenge compared with sites with relatively few flies. A ranking of the numbers of tsetse blood-meals from cattle, small ruminants and equines (1:0.06: > 0.03) ...
Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in healthy horses. Five healthy Equidae (4 horses and one pony) were given a single i.v. dose of ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg bwt) to determine the pharmacokinetics and concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Blood was drawn from an i.v. jugular catheter and CSF from a pre-placed, intrathecal catheter. Serum and CSF concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean serum concentration of ceftriaxone was 144.7 micrograms/ml 15 min after injection and declined to 0.3 microgram/ml 10 h after injection. The elimination rate constant (lambda 2) was 0.63 +/- s.e. 0.23/h, the elimination h...
Effect of omeprazole on sodium and potassium output in pentagastrin-stimulated equine gastric contents. To better characterize the source of the large nonparietal secretory response to pentagastrin (PG) expressed in gastric contents of cannulated horses. Methods: Adult cross-bred horses: 4 geldings and 1 mare. Methods: Horses were prepared by surgical insertion of a silastic gastric cannula from which gastric contents after feed was withheld could be continuously collected by gravity drainage. During experiments, the horses were lightly restrained in stocks, the gastric cannula was opened, and a catheter was inserted into a jugular vein. Over the next 5 hours, gastric contents were collected in ...
Modulation of matrix metalloprotease 13 (collagenase 3) gene expression in equine chondrocytes by interleukin 1 and corticosteroids. To determine whether matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP-13; collagenase 3) is produced by equine chondrocytes and to investigate modulation of its expression by recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) and corticosteroids. Methods: Equine chondrocytes in monolayer culture were stimulated with rhIL-1 beta. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and reverse transcribed into DNA. Using appropriate primers, a putative MMP-13 fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and cloned into a bacterial vector. The resultant fragment was purified and sequenced, then was used to prepare a digoxi...
Glyceryl trinitrate enhances nitric oxide mediated perfusion within the equine hoof. Laminitis, a microvascular disease of the equine hoof leads to severe lameness. Exogenous iv 1-arginine and transdermal nitric oxide donors, such as GTN, applied to the pasterns improve lameness during acute laminitis. Near Infrared spectroscopy in an earlier study showed haemostasis and ischaemia in the hoof during acute laminitis, both were alleviated by 1-arginine. Quantitative NIRS in the present study shows that transdermal GTN increases blood flow in the equine hoof. It is concluded that glyceryl trinitrate enhances nitric oxide mediated perfusion within the equine hoof in normal and chr...
Diagnostic results in animal dermatophytoses. Superficial mycoses caused by dermatophytes, as well as asymptomatic carriership of dermatophytes, have a high prevalence among domestic animals and pets. We examined 606 clinical specimens from skin lesions of animals with a significant tendency towards superficial mycosis due to their clinical features. Samples were obtained from horses, dogs, cats, small rodents, birds, and rabbits. The specimens were examined by microscopic and cultural techniques. Microscopically, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of structures which may develop fungal elements between the groups cultu...
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in two horses. This report contains the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in two cases of equine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nodular, sometimes crusty or ulcerated lesions were confined to the pinna and adjacent neck in both animals. The dermal inflammatory infiltrate was lymphohistiocytic in horse No. 1 and pyogranulomatous with formation of tuberculoid granulomas in horse No. 2. Numerous Leishmania organisms were found within macrophages in both animals. There was moderate to intense and specific reaction by immunoperoxidase using a polyclonal antiserum against Leish...
Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists in the horse–a review. In recent years the usefulness of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist drugs has been recognized in equine practice. Several agents have become available and are now licensed for use in a number of countries. The principle actions of all alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists are similar, in that they produce a reduction in heart rate and alteration of heart rhythm, an initial hypertension followed by a prolonged hypotension, a decrease in the cardiac output and respiratory depression. For clinical purposes, these agents produce sedation and analgesia, they are useful for premedication and markedly potenti...
High-speed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in thoroughbreds. To investigate the relation between several racing speed history characteristics and risk of fatal skeletal injury (FSI) in racing Thoroughbreds. Methods: 64 Thoroughbreds euthanatized during a 9-month period in 1991 at a California racemeet because of a catastrophic fracture incurred while racing (cases), identified retrospectively. For each race in which an FSI occurred, 1 control horse was randomly selected from the noncatastrophically injured participants. Methods: Racing and officially timed workout histories were obtained for each horse. Several history characteristics were calculated to...
Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of mare lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 80 kDa. The protein has two iron binding sites. It has two structural lobes, each housing one Fe(3+) and the synergistic CO(3)(2-) ion. The protein was isolated from the colostrum/milk of mares maintained at National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India. The purified samples of the protein were crystallized using a microdialysis method. The protein was dialysed against low ionic strength buffer solution. Several crystal forms were obtained, out of which three were characterized which have cell dimensions as follows. For...
Critical test evaluation (1977-1992) of drug efficacy against endoparasites featuring benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (population S) in Shetland ponies. Several compounds (n = 13 single or combinations; most at therapeutic dosages) were evaluated between 1977 and 1992 in critical tests (n = 91) against benzimidazole (BZ) resistant small strongyles (Population S) and several other species of internal parasites in Shetland ponies, mostly under 1 year old. The closed breeding herd, from which the test ponies were selected, had been treated every 8 weeks with cambendazole (CBZ) for 4 years (1974-1978) and oxibendazole (OBZ) for 14 years (1978-1992). Published field test data (1974-1992) on older ponies in the herd showed BZ resistance of small str...
Effects of flunixin, tolfenamic acid, R(-) and S(+) ketoprofen on the response of equine synoviocytes to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of 4 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the production of beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine synoviocytes. The agents studied were flunixin, tolfenamic acid, S(+)ketoprofen (KTP) and R(-)ketoprofen. LPS-induced release of beta-glu from synoviocytes was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by all 4 compounds, tolfenamic acid being the most potent. Of the 2 KTP enant...
Equine herpesvirus type 2: prevalence and seroepidemiology in foals. Whole blood and serum were collected from foals to determine the prevalence of Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV 2) infection in foals, age at which infection can first be identified and serological responses to infection. Equine herpesvirus type 2 was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 68 of 69 foals, 1-8-months-old, sampled once. Virus isolation was performed twice at intervals of 2-7 months on PBMCs from 33 foals and EHV2 was isolated on both occasions in all but one foal (negative, then positive). Regression analysis of log2-transformed reciprocal serum EHV2 virus ne...
Factors related to the time of fixation of the conceptus in mares. The temporal relationships among day of conceptus fixation (cessation of mobility), conceptus diameter, uterine tone, uterine contractility, and myometrial and endometrial thickness of the middle and caudal segments of the uterine horns were assessed in 13 pony mares with fixation in the caudal segment of a uterine horn. The mean day of fixation (14.9 +/- 0.3) was established by 2-h mobility trials. Uterine tone increased (P < 0.0001) gradually over Days 11 to 21, whereas uterine contractility decreased (P < 0.0001) between Days 14 and 18. The diameter of the spherical embryonic vesicle ...
Direct transfer of equine blastocysts frozen-thawed in the presence of ethylene glycol and sucrose. The present study was designed to examine the suitability of ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant for equine embryos. Blastocysts recovered nonsurgically from Day 6 donor mares were cryopreserved by conventional 2-step freezing in the presence of 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% glycerol (Gly), or 10% ethylene glycol + 0.1M sucrose (EG + Suc). After thawing, the EG and Gly were removed by a 6-step manner, and the EG + Suc was diluted to one fourth in the freezing straw. The postthaw blastocysts were transferred nonsurgically into the uteri of recipient mares on Days 4 to 7 after ovulation. Pregnan...
Solid-phase extraction and derivatisation methods for beta-blockers in human post mortem whole blood, urine and equine urine. This paper details various rapid and sensitive methods for the extraction and derivatisation of propranolol, metoprolol, sotalol, atenolol, pindolol, timolol, oxprenolol, alprenolol and penbutolol in equine urine and in human post mortem whole blood and urine. Three solid-phase extraction methods are described involving the use of either XtrackT XRDAH515, Bond Elut Certify or Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. Two derivatisation methods are also described involving the formation of cyclised silyl or pentafluoropropionate derivatives with either chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane or pentafluoropropionic anh...
Interaction of GroEL with conformational states of horse cytochrome c. GroEL interacts with proteins in denatured states and promotes their efficient folding. To understand the conformational features required for the substrate, we studied the interactions of GroEL with various derivatives of horse cytochrome c including porphyrin-cytochrome c, apo-cytochrome c, and the three fragments containing the heme group, i.e. fragments 1-65, 1-38 and 11-21. Size-exclusion chromatography was performed, taking advantage of the heme absorption of the fluorescence label. Under low-salt conditions, significant binding to GroEL was observed for porphyrin-cytochrome c, apo-cytoc...
Antagonistic effects of atipamezole on medetomidine-induced sedation in horses. The antagonistic effects of atipamezole (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/kg i.v.) on medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg i.v.)-induced sedation were evaluated in horses. Although 20 and 40 micrograms/kg of atipamezole were not sufficient to reverse the sedation, 60 micrograms/kg did effectively reverse the sedation. Atipamezole at 80 micrograms/kg was more potent, and significantly shortened the duration of sedation without any apparent side effects, but a higher dose of 100 micrograms/kg was not more effective than 80 micrograms/kg. The possible use of atipamezole as a reversal agent may enhanc...
Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated glycopeptide resistance were isolated by enrichment culture from the intestines and feces of several animal species, mainly horses and dogs (8% positive), chickens (7% positive), and pigs (6% positive). Other vanA-positive enterococcal strains were identified as E. durans in gallinaceous birds, E. faecalis in a horse, and E. gallinarum in a pheasant. Samples from pigeons, cage birds, and ruminants were negative. It was concluded that vancomycin resistance is widespread among isolates from farm and pet animals.
The effect of exercise on diaphragmatic activation in horses. Horses chronically-instrumented with costal diaphragmatic electromyographic electrodes were studied during exercise while unencumbered by a breathing mask. Exercise-associated changes in esophageal (Pes), gastric (Pga) and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures were measured and related to diaphragmatic electromyographic activity (CS EMG) and to left forelimb impact. In all breaths examined, CS EMG always coincided with decrements in Pes. For all exercise trials, linear increases in CS EMG, Pga and Pdi and linear decreases in Pes, as a function of exercise intensity, always occurred. During all ga...
Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares. To characterize, in mares, changes in peritoneal fluid that occurred within the first 7 days after routine foaling. Methods: Prospective observational trial. Methods: 15 mares. Methods: Abdominocentesis was performed within 10 days before foaling and again 12 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after each horse foaled. Data recorded for each sample included total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, specific gravity, fibrinogen concentration, and total protein concentration. Smears of each sample were examined by a single clinical pathologist. Results: There were not any significant difference...
Central nervous system neosporosis in a foal. No abstract available
PCR-RFLP analysis of the cytochrome b gene in horse mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondrial DNA sequence of cytochrome b gene in a Thoroughbred horse was determined. By comparing DNA sequences between the Thoroughbred and published sequence data (two horses and one Grevyi zebra), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for amplification of a 590 bp DNA fragment in the cytochrome b gene, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was studied in 140 horses of six breeds using three restriction enzymes (AciI, BamHI, RsaI). Two morphs were found using each of the three enzymes. By combining three enzymes morphs, the 140 horses examine...
Analysis of the equine tumor suppressor gene p53 in the normal horse and in eight cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Wild type equine p53 was amplified between exons 2 and 9 by the polymerase chain reaction using primers designed from conserved regions in other species. An 828 base pair region, corresponding to codons 25-313 of human p53, was sequenced in both directions. Human and equine amino acid sequences were 87% homologous in this region and 96% homologous in conserved domains II-V. Of eight equine cutaneous or mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinomas directly sequenced from exons 5-8, two had p53 point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions.
Mechanism of exercise-induced augmentation of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity in the horse. Intense exercise affects various parameters of the immune system. The overall effect of exercise on immune function is dependent upon the physical condition of the subject, the intensity and duration of the exercise period, and the immune parameter assessed. Unconditioned horses subjected to a single bout of intensive exercise exhibit multiple alterations in immune function, including an augmentation of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell function. This increase in LAK cell activity is not due to an increase in circulating LAK precursors. While peripheral blood mononuclear cells from exerci...
