Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
VAN UDEN N, DO SOUSA LC, FARINHA M.From the caeca of 252 horses, 503 sheep, 250 goats and 250 swine, 486 yeast isolates belonging to 28 species and 1 variety were obtained. The distribution of the yeasts of any species and for Candida albicans respectively was: horses, 52·4%, 4·4%; sheep, 6·8%, 4·2%; goats, 6·4%, 08%; swine, 88·8%, 9·2%. The suitability of the sheep and goats as hosts for yeasts of any species seems very limited.
The most frequent occurrences for single species were: Candida slooffii in swine (48·4%), Trichosporon cutaneum in horses (21·8%) and Saccharomyces tellustris (Candida bovina) in swine (14%...
BERGERET B, BLASCHKO H.The oxidative deamination of cystamine and homocystamine by mammalian oxidases has been studied. The histaminase of pig kidney oxidizes homocystamine much more slowly than cystamine. The amine oxidase of mammalian liver (guinea-pig, rabbit) oxidizes homocystamine more rapidly than cystamine. Both amines are oxidized by plasma (or serum) of ruminants (ox, sheep, goat) and of the horse. In the enzymatic oxidation of homocystamine both aminogroups are removed; there is no evidence that a ring compound analogous to cystaldimine is accumulating.
BARKHAN P, TOMLIN SC, ARCHER RK.This research article compares the coagulation properties of horse blood to human blood, aiming to explore several previous findings concerning naturally occurring deficiencies in horse plasma and their relevance to […]
Schliewert EC, Hooijberg EH, Goddard A.African horse sickness (AHS), caused by the vector-borne African horse sickness virus (AHSV), is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and infection results in high mortality in naïve equine populations. Clinical signs include submucosal petechiae and prolonged bleeding post venepuncture indicative of hypocoagulation. Pathological activation of haemostasis may result from tissue factor expression as a result of vascular endothelial damage or dysfunction, the proposed pathologic mechanism in AHS, potentially resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Objective: To describe haemostatic ...
Vargas J.To describe the application of water treadmill exercise for equine fitness and/or rehabilitation in a scientific and clinically reasonable manner. Unassigned: Horses owned by Spy Coast Farm were used for video content. Unassigned: A literature review was performed and compiled in this brief video to provide veterinarians with a comprehensive, evidence-based guide for implementing water treadmill exercise within fitness and rehabilitation programs. Unassigned: Equine water treadmill exercise is an aerobic modality that increases distal limb flexion and range of motion, with no reported adverse ...
Stöckle SD, Kannapin DA, Merle R, Lübke-Becker A, Gehlen H. The emergence and spread of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a growing threat in veterinary medicine, particularly in equine hospitals. This study investigated the colonization and infection dynamics of horses undergoing emergency laparotomy with two distinct antibiotic protocols (single-shot versus 5-day protocol) during hospitalization. Nasal swabs and fecal samples were collected from 67 horses undergoing emergency laparotomy at clinic admission as well as on postoperative days 3 and 10. These were screened for multi-drug-resistant indicator pathogens. As multi-drug-resistant indi...
Heilen LB, Roßgardt J, Dern-Wieloch J, Vogelsberg J, Staszyk C.Horses' hypsodont (high-crowned) teeth face permanent dental wear. This is compensated for by a continuous eruption, which requires a high adaptability of odontoblasts; otherwise, the dental pulp would be exposed. Here, we report on how equine odontoblasts respond to the challenge of maintaining a high production rate of dentin. We analyzed CD90, a marker of odontoblastic differentiation, and nestin, a marker of mature odontoblasts, in equine pulpal tissue via immunofluorescence. For comparison, we examined the hypselodont (ever-growing) incisors and brachydont (short-crowned) molars of rats. ...
Knickelbein KE.Numerous ocular diseases cause visual impairment and induce ocular pain that may be associated with undesired behaviors in horses. Horses with ocular pain, indicated by the presence of blepharospasm, blepharoedema, ocular discharge or rubbing the eye, should be rested from work to avoid worsening the ocular disease and to avoid undesired behaviors associated with pain or vision impairment. Horses with ocular disease are frequently head shy. Some stoic horses may not have obvious outward clinical signs despite significant visual impairment, and as such, undesired behaviors such as spooking, bal...
Honkavaara JM, Karikoski NP, Palvas L, Pypendop BH, Rinne VM, Raekallio MR.The aim of the study was to determine the exposure to subcutaneously administered butorphanol in horses pre-treated with intravenous (IV) detomidine, with or without vatinoxan, a peripherally selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist. Five healthy, adult horses received three IV treatments 7 days apart, in a randomized, cross-over design: detomidine 20 μg/kg (DET-B), detomidine 20 μg/kg with vatinoxan 200 μg/kg (DETVAT-B) and saline (S-B), all followed by 0.1 mg/kg of butorphanol administered subcutaneously 30 min later. Venous samples were collected between 10 and 270 min after...
Palomino Lago E, Roberts SJ, Orriss IR, Lumsden ES, Guest DJ.Bone is a dynamic tissue that is maintained through the co-ordination of bone resorption and bone formation. An imbalance of these processes can lead to bone disease. In vitro studies of osteoblasts can help to understand bone formation, but primary cells have a limited lifespan in culture. Herein, we report the successful generation of equine immortalized osteoblasts through the stable overexpression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen in osteoblasts isolated from trabecular bone taken from the third metacarpal of a two-year-old Thoroug...
Faugier C, Snyder LBC, Hyun M, Schroeder C.To evaluate sedation in horses following pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 (GV-24) compared to aquapuncture at GV-24 or an equivalent dose of dexmedetomidine administered via IV or SC routes. Unassigned: 10 adult mares received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover design: (1) dexmedetomidine administered at GV-24 (DexmedGV24; 1 μg/kg); (2) saline administered at GV-24 (SalineGV24; 1.5 mL); (3) dexmedetomidine administered SC on the lateral neck (DexmedSC; 1 μg/kg); or (4) dexmedetomidine administered IV (DexmedIV; 1 μg/kg). Sedation scores (fa...
Kim T, Lee S, Seo JP.Foot diseases are common causes of lameness in horses. Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable tool for diagnosing musculoskeletal lesions in horses and providing a detailed evaluation of foot diseases. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish reference ranges related to the feet of normal Jeju horses by measuring the angles and length of the hoof, and the Hounsfield Unit (HU) value of soft tissues in the foot. Methods: Sixteen normal Jeju horses (mean age: 4.25 years; mean body weight: 282.06 kg) without lameness were examined using CT. After CT scanning, the angles and lengths ...
Márquez-Moya A, Carreras-Vico N, Sala-Ayala L, Martínez-Boví R, Cuervo-Arango J.Transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration or ovum pick-up (OPU) has become the standard technique for oocyte collection in mares for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Although repeated follicular flushes and wall scraping are commonly used to improve oocyte recovery rate (ORR), the relative contribution of each remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of multiple flushes versus controlled scraping time on ORR in mares. A controlled trial was conducted in two phases: (1) an ex vivo phase using slaughterhouse ovaries (n = 32), and (2) an in vivo phase in c...
Hallowell KL, van Eps AW, Kulp JC, Schnabel LV.Lipemia is a common comorbidity in horses with obesity or equine metabolic syndrome, but the impact of lipemia on the measurement of insulin and adiponectin has not been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate endogenous and exogenous lipemic interference with equine insulin and adiponectin measurements via several commercial assays. Methods: Endogenous lipemia was evaluated using plasma and serum samples with triglyceride concentrations of 1000 mg/dL (n = 6 each). Sample insulin concentrations were determined via fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA), ELISA, and lateral flow assay (LFA). ...
Kamr A, Fortin-Trahan R, Arroyo LG, Hostnik LD, Gomez DE, Toribio RE.Hypocalcemia is frequent in horses with colitis. Information on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations and its association with bone turnover biomarkers in horses with colitis is lacking. We aimed to determine the association between serum bone resorption biomarkers (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-I]) and bone formation (osteocalcin [OCN]) with blood PTH, total calcium (tCa), ionized calcium (iCa), phosphorus (Pi), and total magnesium (tMg) concentrations, and mortality in horses with acute colitis. A total of 163 horses were divided into colitis (n = 127) and healt...
Mählmann K, Lischer CJ.This technical note describes the use of a manual graphic roadmap (MGR) to assist fluoroscopic guidance during transarterial coil embolization (TACE) for guttural pouch (GP) arterial hemorrhage. Horses underwent MGR-assisted TACE at the Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, between 2012 and 2024. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Following the initial angiogram, a transparent foil was secured to the fluoroscopy monitor, and an assistant traced the vascular anatomy with a waterproof marker to create the MGR, which then served as a guide for catheter ...
Campos Schweitzer A, Mespoulhes-Rivière C, Perkins JD, Ducharme NG, Piercy RJ, Lynch N, Rossignol F.To evaluate functional and histopathologic outcomes of standing selective laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) in horses with experimentally induced recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). Methods: Five Thoroughbred mares. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: The horses underwent left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy followed 8 weeks later by selective laryngeal reinnervation using the SAN. Follow-up evaluations at 4.5, 6, 8, and 12 months included treadmill exercising endoscopy, ultrasonography of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and percutaneous electrical stimul...
Teague P, Dark M, Verdugo D, Freeman D, McFarlane D.The equine pancreas remains understudied, particularly in the context of endocrine disease. This study aimed to characterize regional islet distribution and composition in the normal equine pancreas and investigate how hyperinsulinemia (HI) and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) influence pancreatic islet morphology and hormone expression. In the first experiment, pancreas samples from eight healthy horses were collected and analyzed across three anatomical locations: left lobe, body, and right lobe. The left lobe exhibited a greater relative islet area and perimeter compared to the ...
Amaral A, Cerveira-Pinto M, Santos C, Kordowitzki P, Skarzynski D, Ferreira-Dias G, Szóstek-Mioduchowska A.Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a pro-fibrotic cytokine that affects extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and fibroblast activity. 17β-Estradiol (E), the dominant ovarian steroid during the follicular phase (FLP) of the estrous cycle, can also influence ECM remodeling and fibrosis, through prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. PGs have opposing roles in fibrosis, with PGE₂ showing anti-fibrotic effects and PGF₂α promoting fibrosis. Equine endometrosis, whose main pathological feature is fibrosis, is marked by chronic inflammation and ECM accumulation, and may involve mediators like TGF-...
Markowitz JS.Equibase (EQB) race charts provide the official record of North American Thoroughbred races and often document catastrophic injury, euthanasia, or equine-ambulance transport. Because chart documentation and regulatory classification differ, fatalities occurring > 72 hours after a race fall outside international regulatory definitions applied by the Equine Injury Database (EID) and may not appear in EID aggregates. EQB charts confirm horse identity, race participation, finishing status, and last recorded start. Horseracing Wrongs (HRW), an advocacy group, publishes horse-level fatality data tha...
Díaz-Alvarado T, Alcala-Canto Y, Elghandour MMMY, Salem MZM, Mariezcurrena-Berasain MD, Salem AZM.Gastrointestinal endoparasitic diseases, particularly those caused by some strongyles, represent one of the main health challenges in equine production. The prolonged use of synthetic anthelmintics has led to the development of resistance, which has prompted the search for more sustainable therapeutic alternatives. However, plant extracts rich in secondary metabolites are emerging as a promising option. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts and bioactive compounds (total phenols and saponins) from Azadirachta indica and Cn...
Strugava L, Serighelli-Júnior G, Stadler LM, Flores LADS, Minozzo GA, Dornbusch LPTC, Moreno JCD, Dornbusch PT.Rectal amputation is a surgical approach indicated for the management of severe rectal lacerations or extensive rectal prolapse when transmural compromise or primary repair is unfeasible. These conditions, although uncommon, present substantial challenges in equine practice due to the anatomical complexity of the pelvic region and the potential for life-threatening complications if not adequately addressed. This study aimed to describe and standardize a reproducible surgical technique for rectal amputation in horse cadavers. Six equine cadavers (mean body mass, 441.83± 66.84 kg) were position...
Imai S, Sato R, Fujiwara R, Terui S, Kimura A, Ichijo T, Kasashima Y, Miyazaki T.A 15-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for examination due to chronic corneal opacity in the right eye, which had been noted for several years. An ophthalmic evaluation revealed dense, irregular corneal opacity; an absence of the direct pupillary light reflex; and a positive dazzle reflex. Fluorescein staining was negative and cytology of a corneal conjunctival swab identified nucleated squamous epithelial cells, but no inflammatory cells. Slit-lamp examination failed to visualize intraocular structure, and the lesion was deemed to be chronic and irreversible. An obstacle-avoidance t...
Ledbetter EC, Knickelbein KE, Irby NL, Schmidt C.To describe the clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) characteristics of horses with corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma (CSI-SCC). Methods: Retrospective study of 7 horses with histopathologically confirmed unilateral CSI-SCC. Methods: Horses with corneal CSI-SCC were examined by laser scanning IVCM. Signalment, clinical findings, and histopathology results were compared with IVCM findings. Results: Clinical ocular lesions in all horses included a heavily vascularized, opaque, gray or tan, anterior or midstromal opacity invading the cornea from the limbus. The corneal ...
Hmb O, L W, M V, Jm W, Ct F.A systematic study of regional skin thickness in different types of horses has not yet been described. Knowledge about regional skin thickness has long been used in human medicine to optimise wound care and skin grafting outcomes and similar knowledge could prove useful in equine wound management. The objective of the current study was to report the topographical variation in skin thickness of Warmblood (WB) and Coldblood (CB) type horses and to compare different methods for measuring skin thickness. Horses free of skin conditions and euthanised for reasons unrelated to this study were include...
Mendes RP, Gonzaga MS, Matheus MM, Bittar MJ, Doria RGS, Corrêa RR.Developmental and eruption abnormalities are common and can result in progressive dental diseases. Ectopic eruption of the affected tooth may be the result of these processes. This study aims to report the occurrence of a permanent mandibular tooth in a horizontal position, with retention of the corresponding deciduous tooth, in a miniature horse. A 2-year-old female miniature horse was admitted to the veterinary hospital with a hard swelling on the left mandibular ramus, which had been growing continuously for three months. After a complete evaluation, it was concluded that the swelling was t...
Andrade AC, Fonseca SMC, Silva Filho GB, Melo ET, Santos JRP, Frota MLSL, Duarte JMBS, Evêncio-Neto J, Brito LB, Lima TS, Wicpolt NS, Riet-Correa F....We report an outbreak of Crotalaria juncea intoxication in horses exhibiting progressive weight loss and respiratory distress in northeastern Brazil. Necropsy revealed firm, non-collapsed lungs with extensive interstitial fibrosis, bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia with club cells proliferation, and marked pulmonary arterial remodeling. Hepatic lesions consisted primarily of centrilobular necrosis, probably resulting from hypoxic injury related to anemia and prolonged agonic death. Pasture inspection identified significant invasion by shrubs of C. juncea in various phenological stages.
Lenarz J, Smit IH, Rhodin M, Lischer C, Fugazzola MC.Intramuscular vaccination is a routine component of equine medicine, but local muscle soreness may transiently affect gait symmetry. Objective data on vaccination-associated gait changes in horses are lacking. Objective: To investigate whether intramuscular vaccination induces measurable gait asymmetries depending on injection site, to inform recommendations on vaccination site selection and short-term exercise management. Methods: In this prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled study, eighteen clinically sound Warmblood horses were enrolled and received an intramuscular vaccinati...
Paulussen E, Delhaas T, Decloedt A, van Loon G, Van Steenkiste G.Twelve-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is essential in human cardiology but remains poorly investigated in equine medicine due to a lack of standardization and inconsistent findings. Objective: Describe the normal vectorcardiogram (VCG) variation in horses at rest and during exercise using Delta 12-lead ECG, including repeatability and intra- and interobserver variations. Methods: One hundred two healthy Warmblood horses, aged 3-20 years, were examined at rest, of which 30 also during exercise. Methods: Prospective, observational study. Electrocardiograms were recorded using a Δ 12-lead confi...
Zhang C, Cai E, Ma Y, Zhong G, Gao Y, Wu Y, Liu B, Li J.This study investigated the cyathostomin species composition, anthelmintic efficacy, and potential resistance-associated mutations in Chinese grazing horses. Fecal samples were collected from 90 adult horses. Fecal egg counts (FECs) were determined using a modified McMaster method. Third stage larvae (L3) cultured from the eggs were identified to species level by PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2). The main species included and spp. However, differences in the relative abundance of less common species, including and , suggests regional variation. A...
Hein M, Volkmann N, Probst J, Kemper N, Venner M.This retrospective report investigated whether starting racehorses' training and racing early is associated with a less successful and a shorter racing career. The data of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses from the German Racehorse Association's archiving programme were evaluated. The horses were classified into three groups regarding their different ages when starting training and racing: early training (16-24 months old)/early racing (two years old); early training/late racing (>two years old); and late training (25-30 months). Statistical models investigated effects on the horses' length of caree...
Donato GG, Necchi D, Gionechetti F, Ala U, Nebbia P, Robino P, Stella MC, Vandaele H, Pallavicini A, Nervo T.In the past, bacteria detected in the mare's uterus were generally interpreted as a sign of endometritis, since the uterus was considered a sterile environment. This assumption has been challenged by the introduction of culture-independent molecular techniques, particularly 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, which have demonstrated that healthy mares harbor an endometrial microbiota. The aim of this study was to characterize the endometrial microbiota of healthy mares and to determine whether microbial composition differs between estrus and diestrus. Endometrial samples were collected from eleven h...
Barrantes Murillo DF, Camillo G, Souza Serrano B, Almeida Luciano LP, Castilho Bichara GV, Chaves Vás CA, Furlan Gouvêa FH, Brandini Nespoli PE....Facial abnormalities and brain defects in aborted equine fetuses are rarely reported, and the causes that predispose the occurrence of this condition are difficult to identify. This work reports the morphological and tomographic findings of a case of cryptophthalmia, microphthalmia, oronasal malformation, and hydrocephalus in an aborted equine fetus with umbilical cord torsion in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from a primiparous Quarter Horse female, with 7 months of gestational age. The occurrence of miscarriage was associated with compromised maternal-fetal blood flow due to umbilical cor...
