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Diagnosis of equine neurologic problems. This is a review of the more common diseases of the spinal cord and various areas of the brain of horses. The results of a two and one-half year study of spinal cord disease are emphasized. After a description of the lesion the salient clinical signs are described and the features that differentiate them from other similar diseases. In the seminar, films of case and slides of lesions will be shown to document these diseases.
Common and species-specific esterases of Equidae–IV. Horse of przewalski, onager and Zebra hartmannae. 1. Among several species of Equidae only E. przewalskii possesses a serum esterase identical with that of E. caballus. 2. The esterases of Hemionidae differ slightly from that of domestic horse by electrophoretic migration and by antigenic structure. 3. Zebras (grevyi, burchelli) appear devoid of this component but Z. hartmannae possesses an esterase of high enzymatic activity, differing notably from that of horse by electrophoretic and antigenic properties.
The ‘normal range’ and precision of phytohaemagglutinin-induced equine lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Data are presented on lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin in 20 normal horses. The logarithms of transformation ratios were found to have an approximately normal distribution, giving (for the transformation ratios themselves) a geometric mean of 23.6, a range of 1.92 to 97.3, and an estimated 95 per cent tolerance interval of 1.1 to 488. Analysis of variance on the logarithms of the transformation ratios gave a coefficient of variation of 140 per cent of the transformation ratios themselves for the variation between horses; whereas the coefficient of variation between duplicate sa...
Factors influencing the quantity and quality of semen harvested from bulls, rams, boars and stallions. Several inherited conditions associated with testicular defects, abnormal spermatogenesis and morphologically abnormal sperm have been found. These usually are controlled by single gene pairs. A notable exception is testicular size, with heritability in young bulls ranging from .42 to .88. Testicular size directly affects sperm output potential. The major contributor to variation in semen quality is the environment. Environmental effects may be temporary or permanent. Permanent effects occurring during prenatal and prepubertal periods and temporary or permanent factors acting after spermatogen...
Presurgical care of the equine colic patient. The pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and medical management of the horse with intestinal obstruction is outlined. Emphasis is on early and accurate determination of the need for surgery and on providing optimal preoperative medical support.
Close linkage between the albumin and Gc loci in the horse. Evidence for close linkage between the structural loci for albumin and Gc protein in the horse was presented. A recombination frequency (c) of 0.009 +/- 0.006 (95% confidence limits: 0.001 less than c less than 0.032) was estimated. These results were based on a study of a large sire family comprising 223 offspring from informative matings. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed in one horse population studied.
Comparative studies on blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases from several mammalian species. 1. Peripheral blood serum alpha-L-fucosidases have been studied from various mammalian species: Sus scropha var domestica L. (pig), Capra hircus L. (goat), Bos taurus L. (bull, races Morucha and Charolais), Equus caballus L. (horse) and Equus asinus L. (donkey). 2. Fluorimetric and spectrophotometric procedures were used for determination of alpha-L-fucosidases. 3. alpha-L-Fucosidases were more active towards fluorescent substrates than towards chromogenic substrates. 4. pH optima values of the enzymes are: (A) 5.5 for sera from all above-mentioned species when fluorescent substrates were empl...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): identification of affected horses. Mean normal values for PaO, and max A Ppl for horses were determined. Using 2 standard deviations below (Pa0,) and above (max A Ppl) the mean normal values as a guide, horses affected with COPD were satisfactorily distinguished from other horses in a series of 100 animals. The frequency of occurrence of 20 different clinical parameters in affected, not affected and possibly affected horses was examined statistically. Poor work performance and a history of previous febrile illness occurred more often in COPD horses than in others. The presence of a chronic cough, dyspnoea, double expiratory eff...
Collateral flow resistance and time constants in dog and horse lungs. We studied collateral flow resistance in exsanguinated, excised lower lobes and accessory lobes of dog and horse lungs, respectively. A double lumen catheter obstructed a peripheral airway isolating a segment of the lobe. Oxygen flowed into the segment via a rotameter which measured flow (Vcoll) while the inner catheter recorded segment pressure (Ps). Gas delivered into the segment flowed out via collateral channels. Collateral flow resistance was calculated as (Ps - PL)/Vcoll, where PL = static transpulmonary pressure. Rcoll at PL = 20, 10, and 5 cm H2O averaged 0.24, 1.25, and 2.65 cmH2O.ml-...
[Hippotherapy–a supplementary treatment for motion disturbance caused by cerebral palsy (author’s transl)]. Neurodevelopmental treatment according to Dr. K. and B. Bobath can be supplemented by hippotherapy. At proper control and guidance, an improvement in posture tone, inhibition of pathological movement patterns, facilitation of normal automatical reactions and the promotion of sensorimotor perceptions is achieved. By adjustment to the swaying movements of the horse, the child feels how to retain straightening alignment, symmetry and balance. By pleasure in this therapy, the child can be motivated to satisfactory cooperation and accepts the therapy horse as its friend. The results of hippotherapy...
[Comparative study of the muramidase (lysozyme) activity in the blood cells of laboratory and agricultural animals]. Comparative studies have been carried out on the blood of certain laboratory and farm animals and birds, whereby the activity of muramidase (lysozyme) is established in neutrophilic cells of mice, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, dogs, hens, turkeys and geese and in the monocytes of rabbits and dogs. The percentage of cells with muramidase activity manifests species features. No cells with a presence of muramidase activity have been found in the perypheral blood of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, horses and bullalos. Certain questions of a general biological aspect about the origin of muramidase in the...
Polymorphic post-albumin of cattle and horse plasma identified as vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein). Cattle and horse plasma samples of known post-albumin types were radiolabelled with 14C-vitamin D3. These samples were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. The patterns observed were identical to those of post-albumin variants. The polymorphic post-albumin protein of cattle and horse was thus identified as the vitamin D binding protein and homologous to the Gc protein of human plasma.
Cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient Arabian foals. Five of six immunodeficient Arabian foals that died of adenoviral infection were found to be infected with an intestinal coccidian of the genus Cryptosporidium. Various developmental stages of the organism were found in the microvillous border of the intestinal mucosa. The foals had diarrhea but it was not possible to separate the effects of the cryptosporidial infection from those of the concomitant adenoviral enteritis.
Prevalence of latent cases of Babesia equi infection in some parts of North West India as measured by the capillary agglutination test. The prevalence of Babesia equi infection in north west India was assessed by means of the capillary tube agglutination (CA) test. The particulate antigen used in the test was potent and no cross reaction with other related haemaprotozoa was observed. The serological survey showed that from 323 horses from 3 localities there was an overall incidence of 50.1 per cent. In Haryana the incidence was 38.3 per cent in the 196 horses tested, in Uttar Pradesh it was 47.2 per cent from 72 animals and in Rajasthan it was 96.4 per cent from 55 horses.
Current status of semen preservation in the ram, boar and stallion. From the studies cited it was concluded that short and long term preservation of stallion semen has encountered major obstacles. Fertilizing capacity of extended or extended and cooled spermatozoa has been impaired. With the hydrogen ion extenders, the fertility was depressed either with or without glycerol when the semen was inseminated immediately after extension. With the cream-gel extender, fertility was not impaired when inseminated immediately after extension, but was impaired after storage at 5 C for 24 hr or in the presence of glycerol. The fertilizing capacity of extended frozen sperm...
Osteochondrosis in the horse. II. Pathology. An investigation was made of the pathology of osteochondritis dissecans of young foals and horses with clinical signs of the lesion. A randomly selected material of fetuses and young foals without clinical signs was also examined. It was demonstrated that osteochondritis dissecans is primarily a cartilaginous disease, as previously described in pigs and dogs. Thickening, disturbance of endochondral ossification, degeneration and necrosis of the cartilage were the four main features of osteochondritis dissecans. Cracks and fissures occurred in the degenerated and necrotic parts of the cartilage...
Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media. The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in t...
Isoelectric focusing of horse serum esterase isozymes and detection of new phenotypes. A new method for separating the isozymes of horse serum esterase is described. The improved resolution has enabled us to detect several previously undescribed phenotypes. This method has also been used to detect two different apparently 'silent' alleles.
Recovery from anaesthesia in ponies: a comparative study of the effects of isoflurane, enflurane, methoxyflurane and halothane. The duration and quality of recovery after separate 2 hour anaesthetic periods with equipotent alveolar concentrations of isoflurane, enflurane, halothane and methoxyflurane were evaluated in experimental ponies. Recovery was shortest after isoflurane anaesthesia, followed by enflurane, halothane and finally methoxyflurane, although standing was achieved more rapidly after enflurane than after isoflurane. This sequence of recovery times was compatible with the respective solubilities of the 4 agents. The smoothest recovery was obtained after isoflurane anaesthesia, followed by methoxyflurane, ...
Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 3: resistance to hydroxyurea and thymidine. The replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 3 (EHV-3) was unimpeded in three different cell types-equine epithelial cells, equine fibroblasts, and mouse fibroblasts-which had been blocked in their capacity to synthesize host DNA by 2.5 mM hydroxyurea (HU) or 2 mM thymidine (TdR). The rate of DNA synthesis in uninfected or equine herpesvirus-infected cells in the presence of HU or TdR was measured by pulse-labeling cell samples with a labeled DNA precursor at different times after infection. DNA synthesis in uninfected cultures was completely inhibited by both compounds. Howev...
The mini-pig as a model for penetration of penicillins. To be active, antimicrobials must reach the bacteria in the infectious foci in adequate concentrations. Direct measurements of levels in the various foci are difficult to perform, but a number of animal models with artificial extravascular foci have been developed. In many ways, the physiology of pigs resemble that of humans. Consequently, it was thought that pigs might also parallel humans in the handling of penicillins. General pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and flucloxacillin and the penetration of the substances to subcutaneously implanted teflon tistisue chambers were investigated. Ampici...
Bending properties of cortical bone of the horse. Bending properties of samples of cortical bone taken from the cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral quadrants of the midshaft of the radius, femur, and metacarpus of 12 ponies, 18 months old, were determined by 4-point loading at a rate of 10 mm/minute. The elastic modulus for all samples was between 16.2 and 20.2 GN/m2, and the ultimate breaking strength, between 204 and 255 MN/m2. There was greater variation in these properties between bone quadrants than between bones. Samples from the cranial and medial quadrants of both femur and radius were stiffer and had greater ultimate breaking streng...
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