The study of cells in horses encompasses the examination of various cell types and their functions within the equine body. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and in horses, they contribute to numerous physiological processes, including growth, repair, and immune responses. Different cell types, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and muscle cells, each perform specific roles that are vital for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the horse. This topic includes research on cellular mechanisms, cellular responses to disease or injury, and the application of cellular biology in equine medicine. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and significance of cells in equine biology and health.
Brinsko SP, Ignotz GG, Ball BA, Thomas PG, Currie WB, Ellington JE.To compare the electrophoretic patterns of proteins synthesized and secreted by oviductal epithelial cell (OEC) explants obtained from young, fertile and aged, subfertile mares. Methods: Young, fertile (n = 5; 2 to 7 years old) and aged, subfertile (n = 5; 17 to 24 years old) mares. Methods: 2-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and computerized densitometry. Results: Variation in the synthesis and secretion of polypeptides from young, fertile mare OEC (YOEC) and aged, subfertile mare OEC (AOEC) was evidenced by differences in the intensity of radiolabeled pol...
Barton MH, Collatos C, Moore JN.Peritoneal fluid was collected aseptically from 30 healthy adult horses and 115 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease and supernatant was separated from cells by centrifugation followed by freezing until assayed for endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor activity. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from healthy horses were incubated in vitro for 3, 6, 12 or 24 h in the absence (media control) or presence of Escherichia coli 055:B5 endotoxin (final concentrations of 1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/ml). Macrophages obtained from horses with acute gastrointestinal disease were incubated for 12 h in the abs...
Yang X, Chasteen ND.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography were employed to study the molecular diffusion of a number of small nitroxide spin probes (approximately 7-9 A diameter) into the central cavity of the iron-storage protein ferritin. Charge and polarity of these radicals play a critical role in the diffusion process. The negatively charged radical 4-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (4-carboxy-TEMPO) does not penetrate the cavity whereas the positively charged 4-amino-TEMPO and 3-(aminomethyl)-proxyl radical and polar 4-hydroxy-TEMPO radical do. Unlike th...
Lunn DP, Schram BR, Vagnoni KE, Schobert CS, Horohov DW, Ginther OJ.Lymphokine activated killing (LAK) is an example of natural cytotoxicity, and as such is a critical means of defense against diseases such as viral infection and neoplasia. Despite this important role, the specific molecular interactions involved in LAK or other forms of natural cytotoxicity are only partially understood. In some species, cells capable of mediating natural cytotoxicity express the CD8 molecule, although no specific role has been demonstrated for CD8 in non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity. In this study the role of the EqCD8 equine homolog of CD8 in LAK cell activity was examined. ...
Vagnoni KE, Schram BR, Ginther OJ, Lunn DP.Equine chorionic girdle cells are a subpopulation of highly invasive trophoblast cells that attach and invade the uterine epithelium on Day 35 (Day 0 = day of ovulation). These invading chorionic girdle cells form endometrial cups that are associated with a marked local maternal leukocytic response that may result in the demise of the cups at Day 120 of pregnancy. Once endometrial cups become established in the uterine wall they do not express MHC antigens, and therefore may only be susceptible to non-MHC restricted cytotoxic cells. The susceptibility of cultured chorionic girdle cells to LAK ...
Yu MF, Ewaskiewicz JI, Adda S, Bailey K, Harris V, Sosnoski D, Tomasic M, Wilson J, Kotlikoff MI.We report adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into airway smooth muscle cells in cultured cells and organ-cultured tracheal segments. Incubation of cultured rat tracheal myocytes with virus (5 x 10(8) pfu/ml) for 6 h resulted in beta-galactosidase expression in 94.8 +/- 2.5% of cells (n = 4). Following incubation of thin (less than 200 microns diameter) equine trachealis muscle segments with virus in organ culture (5 x 10(8)-5 x 10(10) pfu/ml) the average expression of the Lac Z gene was approximately 19 +/- 10% (n = 9). Expression was markedly improved, however, in segments from neonatal rats (...
Riley CB, Archer FJ, Bailey JV.To compare the effects of different commercial nutrient media and sera on protein synthesis and maintenance of cellular density in cultures of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Methods: 8 healthy 2- to 4-year-old horses. Methods: First Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, RPMI 1640 medium, minimum essential medium with Earle's salts, minimum essential medium with Hanks' salts, and a Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's F12 nutrient mixture with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were compared. Then FBS, fetal equine serum, and donor horse serum, each...
Wilson DA, Adelstein EH, Keegan KG, Barrett BA, Kutz RR.To determine whether monokines produced by activated rabbit peritoneal macrophages can inhibit development of exuberant granulation tissue formation in distal limb wounds in ponies. Methods: Randomized block. Methods: 5 castrated male ponies, 2 to 6 years old and weighing 140 to 190 kg. Methods: In vitro activity of cell-free rabbit peritoneal macrophage supernatant was determined after incubation of fibroblasts from the flank and the distal portion of limbs of horses and ponies. Tritiated thymidine was then added, and after reincubation, radioactivity was measured. After creation of a 4-cm2, ...
Alm H, Hinrichs K.The period of protein synthesis necessary for meiotic maturation in horse oocytes initially having compact or expanded cumulus cells was studied. Oocytes incubated in the presence of cycloheximide after 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 h maturation in vitro (total incubation time 24 h) were matured for 24 h, or were incubated with cycloheximide for 24 h and then matured for 24 h. Incubation with cycloheximide from 0 h was effective in suppressing maturation (no significant increase in maturing oocytes compared with controls fixed directly after removal from the follicle) in both expanded and compact groups a...
Edens LM, Crisman MV, Toth TE, Ahmed SA, Murray MJ.The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a technique to analyze the in vitro cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from adult horses against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infected allogenic equine dermal fibroblasts (EDF); (2) evaluate the ability of a 72-h in vitro incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to enhance the lymphocytic cytolytic activity against EHV-1 infected EDF; (3) compare the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes isolated from pregnant mares and non-pregnant mares against EHV-1 infected EDF; (4) ascertain if any correlations existed between the percent cytotoxicity and percentag...
Maher JK, Tresnan DB, Deacon S, Hannah L, Antczak DF.Down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes by trophoblast cells is considered to be a primary mechanism preventing maternal immune rejection of the fetal-placental unit in mammalian pregnancy by rendering these cells, which form the primary barrier between mother and fetus, relatively non-antigenic. In situ hybridization with probes encoding human and horse MHC class I genes was used to characterize the pattern of MHC class I mRNA expression in the various forms of horse trophoblast. Strong hybridization signals were observed in the invasive trophoblast cells of chorionic ...
Benbarek H, Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Caudron I, Mathy-Hartert M, Lamy M, Serteyn D.The activation of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (the respiratory burst) can be studied by measuring their chemiluminescent response. This technique was adapted to equine leucocytes to investigate the effects of cell number, activator concentration, enhancers of chemiluminescence, pH, temperature and inhibitors. Leucocytes were isolated from citrated blood from healthy horses and chemiluminescence was measured with a Bio-Orbit luminometer sensitive to 900 nm light. The optimal cell density for the maximal chemiluminescent response ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) leucocytes 600 microliters-1. Ch...
Nagata K, Tsukita S, Tamura T, Sone N.A Helicobacter pylori membrane fraction oxidized yeast and equine cytochrome c, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). When ascorbate was used as reductant, the Vmax and apparent Km values were 612 nmol electron min-1 (mg protein)-1 and 14 microM for yeast, and 419 nmol electron min-1 (mg protein)-1 and 19 microM for equine cytochrome c, respectively. For TMPD oxidation, the Vmax and Km values were 640 nmol electron min-1 (mg protein)-1 and 182 microM, respectively. These oxidase activities showed a high affinity for oxygen. Inhibition of both cytochrome-c and TMPD oxidase activi...
The Journal of physiologyJune 15, 1996
Volume 493 ( Pt 3), Issue Pt 3 885-894 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021431
Ko WH, Chan HC, Chew SB, Wong PY.1. The ionic mechanism involved in Ca(2+)-stimulated electrolyte transport in cultured equine sweat gland epithelial cells was studied using the short-circuit current (ISC) technique. 2. Microscopy revealed that the cultured cells grown on Millipore filters formed polarized monolayers with tight junctions. Monolayers exhibited a mean transepithelial resistance of 333.9 +/- 40.4 omega cm2. 3. Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents, A23187 (1 microM) or thapsigargin (0.01-1 microM), stimulated ISC while forskolin exerted little effect on the ISC. 4. Replacement of external Cl- by gluconate significantly reduc...
Barteri M, Gaudiano MC, Santucci R.The influence of glycerol on the structural properties of Fe(III)-horse heart myoglobin has been investigated by absorbance, CD and SR-SAXS spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate that both the tertiary and the secondary (alpha-helix) conformations of the protein are influenced by glycerol; in particular, an increase of approx. 8% in helical content was observed. Further, analysis of both the acid- and guanidine-induced denaturation transitions points to a glycerol-induced decreased stability of the tertiary structure; conversely, the alpha-helix conformation is found to be stabilized by t...
Taddei N, Stefani M, Magherini F, Chiti F, Modesti A, Raugei G, Ramponi G.Asn41, Thr42, and Thr46 are invariant residues in both muscle and erythrocyte acylphosphatases isolated so far. Horse muscle acylphosphatase solution structure suggests their close spatial relationship to Arg23, the main substrate binding site. The catalytic and structural role of such residues, as well as their influence on muscle acylphosphatase stability, was investigated by preparing several gene mutants (Thr42Ala, Thr46Ala, Asn41Ala, Asn41Ser, and Asn41Gln) by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The mutated genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the mutant enzymes were...
Benton HP, Cheng TC, MacDonald MH.To determine the response of equine articular cartilage cells to heat and calcium stresses. Methods: Analysis of newly synthesized, [35S]methionine-labeled proteins after treatment of isolated primary equine chondrocytes. Methods: Primary cultures of equine articular chondrocytes were incubated at temperatures ranging from 37 to 42 C for heat stress experiments or incubated in the presence or absence of the intracellular calcium pump inhibitor, thapsigargin, for calcium stress experiments. Patterns of new protein synthesis were determined by incubating with [35S]methionine followed by separati...
Enders AC, Meadows S, Stewart F, Allen WR.The mature preinvasive chorionic girdles of horse, mule, donkey and extraspecies donkey-in-horse conceptuses, and the very young endometrial cups on d 37 of gestation in mares carrying horse, mule and transferred donkey-in-horse conceptuses, were compared histologically and ultrastructurally to determine possible mechanisms underlying failure of endometrial cup development in the donkey-in-horse model of equine abortion. The progenitor chorionic girdle from the failing donkey-in-house pregnancy was similar in size to the normal donkey chorionic girdle but the trophoblast cells within the forme...
Malone ED, Brown DR, Trent AM, Turner TA.To characterize the response of equine jejunal smooth muscle to adrenergic and cholinergic mediators. Methods: Evaluation of myogenic responses, using an in vitro model. Methods: Intestinal tissues were obtained from horses without gastrointestinal tract disorders or systemic disease. Methods: Baseline myogenic tone and amplitude and frequency of contraction were determined for suspended jejunal muscle strips. The level of adrenergic and cholinergic regulation was assessed, using atropine and adrenoceptor antagonists. The response of the muscles to norepinephrine was characterized, using adren...
Sandmann D, Boycott BB, Peichl L.The morphology of horizontal cells chiefly of the horse, but also of asses, mules, and a zebra, has been examined by Lucifer yellow injections into lightly fixed retinae and by immunocytochemistry. In common with other mammals, equids have a B-type horizontal cell, i.e., a cell with dendrites synapsing with cones and possessing a single axon synapsing with rods. Most mammalian retinae have a further type of horizontal cell, the A-type, also synapsing with cones but without an axon. The second type of horizontal cell in equids also has no axon; otherwise, it is most unusual. Compared with other...
Henson FMD, Davies ME, Schofield PN, Jeffcott LB.The synthesis and expression of collagen types II, VI and X were investigated in growth cartilage selected from a group of 31 horses and ponies in the age range 157 days of gestation to 12 years. Collagen isolation, immunolocalisation and in situ hybridisation techniques were used in order to provide information on the pattern of synthesis of these 3 collagens during endochondral ossification in normal horses. Type II collagen immunoreactivity and mRNA expression was found in each of the 3 zones of growth cartilage chondrocytes in all samples studied, whereas the localisation of both collagen ...
Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Hildebrand SV, Harmon FA, Woliner MJ, Barry SJ, Nieto J, Henry P, Enos LR, Magliano D, Brown SA, Drake C.To determine the effects of the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on reperfusion of the equine jejunum, using total (TVO) and partial (PVO) vascular occlusion during the ischemic period. Methods: TVO: 16 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 3 groups-4 horses received the vehicle alone, 6 horses received a low dosage (3 mg/kg o body weight), and 6 horses a high dosage (10 mg/kg) of U-7438G. PVO: 10 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 2 groups--5 horses received the vehicle alone, and 5 horses received the low dosage (3 mg/kg) of U-74389G. Methods: TVO was induced for 1 hour followed by 2 hour...
The Journal of physiologyApril 15, 1996
Volume 492 ( Pt 2), Issue Pt 2 347-358 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021313
Fleischmann BK, Wang YX, Pring M, Kotlikoff MI.1. The relationship between voltage-dependent calcium channel current (I(Ca)) and cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in fura-2 AM-loaded equine tracheal myocytes at 35 degrees C and 1.8 mM Ca2+ using the nystatin patch clamp method. The average cytosolic calcium buffering constant was 77 +/- 3 (n = 14), and the endogenous calcium buffering constant component is likely to be between 15 and 50. 2. I(Ca) did not evoke significant calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) since (i)[Ca2+]i scaled with the integrated I(Ca) over the full voltage range of evoked calcium currents, ...
Seidel GE.Principles and procedures for cryopreservation of equine embryos are described. Embryos less than 250 microM in diameter can be cryopreserved successfully if glycerol is used as the cryoprotectant. Cooling is takes place in such a way that most of the water leaves the cells before intracellular ice forms, and glycerol is removed after thawing without undue osmotic swelling of cells. Vitrification procedures also show promise for small embryos. Satisfactory procedures for cryopreserving embryos of more than 250 microM in diameter are not yet available.
Loredo GA, MacDonald MH, Benton HP.To investigate whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) regulates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and release from equine articular cartilage explant cultures. Methods: Equine articular cartilage explants were maintained in vitro for 7 days in the presence of 0 (control), 1, 10, or 100 ng of rhBMP-2/ml. Synthesis and release of GAG were assessed as measures of production and degradation of the extracellular matrix, respectively. Methods: 6 horses (age range, 2 to 25 years old) without clinically detectable musculoskeletal abnormalities. Methods: Rate of synthesis of G...
Dobrinski I, Suarez SS, Ball BA.Interaction of spermatozoa with oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) in the oviductal isthmus prolongs the life span of spermatozoa. The hypothesis that the interaction of equine spermatozoa with OEC affects their intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was tested in a sperm-OEC coculture model. Changes in [Ca2+]i in spermatozoa loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator indo-1 acetoxymethylester (AM) were determined for spermatozoa attached to OEC or to Matrigel, as well as for free-swimming spermatozoa incubated without oviductal epithelium. [Ca2+]i was determined before incubation and ...
Veeramachaneni DN, Sawyer HR.Conventional light microscopic evaluation does not fully utilize potential indicators in seminal ejaculates for diagnosis of disorders of the reproductive tract. The technique of evaluation of all cellular components of semen, as described in this article, utilizing both light and transmission electron microscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool. Compare with other common biopsy procedures, use of semen as biopsy material is noninvasive, more representative than excisional biopsy, less expensive, and helps in the longitudinal evaluation after a therapeutic regimen.
Raulo SM, Hyyppa S, Räsänen LA, Pösö AR.The activities of lysosomal enzymes, such as beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, have been shown to increase in muscle after endurance exercise. We examined whether measurable activities of lysosomal enzymes are present in equine plasma and whether the exercise-induced changes in the muscle are reflected in plasma. Six trained Standardbred trotters performed three exercise bouts with 1 h intervals and the same procedure was repeated 3 days later. Venous blood samples and muscle biopsies from the middle gluteal muscle were taken before and after exercise. The activities of b...
Evans MJ, Mulligan RS, Livesey JH, Donald RA.Perifused equine anterior pituitary cells were used to investigate the relationships between the secretion of ACTH and substances known to either stimulate (corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), and arginine vasopressin (AVP)) or inhibit (cortisol) ACTH secretion. The experiments were designed to mimic the hormone milieu present in vivo in the horse, with cortisol (0 or 100 nmol/l) and CRH (0 or 0.02 nmol/l) perifused continuously, and pulses of AVP (10 nmol/l) applied for 5 min at 30-min intervals. In columns perifused with 0.02 nmol CRH/l there was no significant overall effect of 100 nmol...
Johnson GC, Miller MA, Floss JL, Turk JR.The histologic and immunochemical characteristics of benign vascular tumors excised from the skin of seven young horses were evaluated. The patients were male horses of various breeds and were 16 months of age or younger at the time of presentation. Six tumors occurred on the extremities, and one was removed from the lip. Histologically, most tumors consisted of cellular nodules of varying compactness with few to many blood-filled lumina. Nodular growth separated preexisting adnexa and subcutaneous collagen. Some tumors contained or consisted predominantly of loosely packed arrays of ramifying...
Gómez-Torres F, Ruíz-Sauri A.The His bundle is a part of the specialized electrical conduction system that provides a connection between the atrial and ventricular myocardial compartments in both normal and abnormal hearts. The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric analysis of His bundle characteristics of in humans, dogs, horses and pigs and compare them in these studied species. Histological sections of 5 μm thickness were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome; the desmin and periodic acid-Schiff methods were also used for precise identification of cells. The His bundle was found...
John HA, Marrs J, Laffling AJ.In the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of equine grass sickness (GS) cases, some neurones show abnormal changes while neighbouring neurones are unaffected. To test whether noradrenergic neurones showed variable susceptibility to the GS toxin in culture, clonally-derived populations isolated from the same fetal thoracic sympathetic chain ganglion were challenged with plasma from GS cases previously shown to induce ANS damage when injected into normal horses. During the early stages of exposure to toxic plasma, cells within a clonal population showed variable susceptibility ranging from no obviou...
Deeg CA, Amann B, Hauck SM, Kaspers B.The major cell types in the mammalian retina are photoreceptors, amacrine, horizontal, bipolar, ganglion and Mueller glial cells. Most of the specific cell types are conserved, but cytochemical markers vary between species. The aim of our study was to characterize cytochemically distinctive markers for different cell types in the equine retina. We were able to define specific markers for equine Mueller glial cells and photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, we describe markers for large ganglion cells, horizontal and amacrine cells and a subpopulation of bipolar cells. Additionally, discrimination b...
Ekfalck A, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Obel N.Explants from the matrix of the stratum medium of the wall of the equine and bovine hoof each were cultured on a microporous membrane, using a standard culture medium. After incubation at 37 C, the outgrowth was a mixture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, with predominance of the latter. After incubation at 34 C, the keratinocytes dominated, covering the lateral surfaces of the explant as well as the basal surface. Lateral outgrowth of keratinocytes was observed at the borderline of the original epidermis and at the borderline of the explant's contact with the membrane. Epithelial outgrowth fr...
Geyer C, Hafner A, Pfleghaar S, Hermanns W.Six canine, one feline and one equine granular cell tumours (GCTs) were investigated electron microscopically and immunohistochemically. The tumours were tested for reactivity with monoclonal antibodies against vimentin and desmin and with polyclonal antibodies against cytokeratin, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE). All GCTs were characterized by their PAS positive cytoplasmic granules in light microscopy, which in electron microscopy appeared as lysosome-like granules. In each case two canine GCTs were stained by the antibody against cytok...
Uhl PB, Amann B, Hauck SM, Deeg CA.Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) builds the outer blood-retinal barrier of the eye. Since one typical feature of the autoimmune disease, equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), is the breakdown of this barrier, we recently performed comparative analysis of healthy and uveitic RPE. We identified for the first time peripherin 2, which is responsible for visual perception and retina development, to be localized in RPE. The purpose of this study was therefore to validate our findings by characterizing the expression patterns of peripherin 2 in RPE and retina. We also investigated whether peripherin 2 expr...
Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Watson JL, Hyde DM, Mihalyi J, Plopper CG.To determine whether oral administration of erythromycin alters the inflammatory response to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in young horses. Methods: 12 healthy, unweaned, mixed-breed foals of either sex, between 2 and 4 months old. Methods: BAL was performed; 250 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (300 mOsm, pH 7.4) was administered in 50-ml aliquots. Foals were carefully monitored for 4 days, then erythromycin base (25 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) was given to foals of the treated group. After 4 days, foals were reanesthetized, and the same lung was relavaged. Cytologic examination ...
Saltiel A, Gutierrez A, de Buen-Llado N, Sosa C.After parturition, Thoroughbred mares were mated at the first post-partum oestrus (N = 24) or at a subsequent oestrus (N = 12). All mares were examined daily for: oestrous detection, palpation per rectum of the genital tract, vaginoscopic examination and cervico-endometrial cytology. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out at Days 18, 35 and 45 after mating. An identical first service conception rate of 50% was found in both groups. The number of neutrophils followed a descending profile to only scattered cells at the first post-partum oestrus and in Group II mares remained at this very low level ...
Rodgerson DH, Belknap JK, Moore JN, Fontaine GL.To determine messenger RNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin- (IL)-1beta from cultured equine smooth muscle cells (SMC). Methods: Segments of palmar digital artery harvested from 6 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Explants were collected from the tunica media of arteries for primary culture of SMC. Equine mononuclear cells were used as control cells. Subcultured vascular SMC and control cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (20 microg/ml and 100 ng/ml, respectively). Northern blot analysis with equine-specific probes for COX-2, ...
Andrade AFC, Knox RV, Torres MA, Pavaneli APP.When preserving sperm in the liquid or cryopreserved state, seminal plasma (SP) components within ejaculates can alter fertilizing capacity of these gametes. Depending on the species or how semen is collected, volume and concentration of SP components varies considerably. The SP contains substances essential for maintenance of sperm viability and fertility; however, these components can be deleterious depending on quantity, or duration of time before there is removal of SP from sperm in semen processing. Substances that impair (e.g., BSP - bull; HSP-1 - stallion; Major seminal plasma protein P...
Nicpoń J, Siudzińska A, Marędziak M, Śmieszek A, Basińska K, Koszykowska M.The influences of NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)--non-selective metamizole and selectively-acting tolfenamic acid were estimated on morphology, ultrastructure, and cytophysiological activity of canine (Ca) and equine (Eq) adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). The lowest concentration of metamizole (0.01 mg/mL) stimulated the viability and cytophysiological activity of Ca ASCs and did not affect cell morphology. Stimulated cells possessed a proper, fibroblastic shape, with large, eccentrically located nuclei. Similar effects to those observed in Ca ASCs were found in Eq ...
Benbarek H, Ayad A, Deby-Dupont G, Boukraa L, Serteyn D.The purpose of this study was to explore the potential modulation of equine neutrophil oxidative burst by a series of classical NSAIDs which was subsequently monitored by the luminol or lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) technique. A significant dose-dependent inhibition of the luminol CL was observed with the majority of investigated drugs. This inhibition was very significant for phenylbutazone and Indomethacin; while for aspirin, a higher concentration is required. The action of Ketoprofen was significant during the first 5 min and only when the concentration was above 1 mM. Indometh...
Simmons TR, Cook JA, Moore JN, Halushka PV.Thromboxane (TX) A2 has been implicated as an important pathophysiologic mediator of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Monocytes synthesize TXA2 and it modulates their function. This study sought to characterize monocyte TXA2 receptors. Radioligand binding studies were performed on membranes prepared from equine peripheral blood monocytes using [125I]BOP, a TXA2 receptor agonist. [125I]BOP bound to a single class of binding sites (Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.3 nM and Bmax = 389 +/- 191 fmol/mg protein; n = 5). Several TXA2 receptor agonists and antagonists competed for binding with [125I]BOP. I-BOP pro...
Gibson JS, Hall AC.The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the KCl co-transporter of equine erythrocytes were studied to determine factors involved in its regulation. Pressure (0.1-40MPa) increased Cl-dependent K+ transport; in the presence of the putative kinase inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) which stimulates the transporter, or the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A, pressure had no significant effect. The sequential application of NEM and calyculin A clamped the transporter at about 30% of maximal flux compared to NEM alone; pressure also had no further effect. These results suggest that pressure acts on the ...
Vagnoni KE, Schram BR, Ginther OJ, Lunn DP.Equine chorionic girdle cells are a subpopulation of highly invasive trophoblast cells that attach and invade the uterine epithelium on Day 35 (Day 0 = day of ovulation). These invading chorionic girdle cells form endometrial cups that are associated with a marked local maternal leukocytic response that may result in the demise of the cups at Day 120 of pregnancy. Once endometrial cups become established in the uterine wall they do not express MHC antigens, and therefore may only be susceptible to non-MHC restricted cytotoxic cells. The susceptibility of cultured chorionic girdle cells to LAK ...
Jung HS, Yun JU, Jung MJ, Song HS, Kim YB, Kim Y, Kim JG, Jeon CO, Roh SW, Whon TW, Lee SH.A novel, anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive coccoid strain, CBA3646, was isolated from the faeces of a thoroughbred racehorse. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing yielded results indicative of CBA3646 representing a member of the genus , with the species most closely related to it being DSM 20463, with a similarity of 94.79 %. DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity values between CBA3646 and DSM 20463 were 21.4 and 67.6 %, respectively. CBA3646 has a circular chromosomal genome of 1 709 189 bp (45.5 mol% DNA G+C content), containing 1652 genes in tota...
Carvalho Seabra J, Martinez do Vale M, Spercoski KM, Hess T, Patricio Viviani de Moura P, Dittrich JR.Keeping horses in single stalls can lead to the development of abnormal and stereotypic behaviors (ASB). Opportunities for social interactions and stall architecture can influence behavior. The current study aimed to identify how three different stall architectures influenced time-budget and physiological parameters in horses. Stall types included: (1) 3.2 × 3.7 m with tactile contact between horses (B1); (2) 2.6 × 3.5 m with visual contact between horses and outside view (B2); (3) 2.3 × 3.4 m with visual contact and outside view (B3). Ten horses from B1 and B3, and nine from B2 were ...
Testicular degeneration (TD) is the most frequent cause of sub or infertility in stallions. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been studied as a therapeutic option for several diseases including induced-TD in laboratory animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of intratesticular MSC therapy on the testicular histology of stallions submitted to scrotal heat stress. Ten healthy Miniature-horse stallions were submitted to testicular heat stress induced by a heating wrap device (42-45°C). Afterward, the stallions were divided into two groups and treated seven days lat...
Lee DF, Everest DJ, Cooley W, Chambers MA.Equine asthma, previously known as Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) or Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD), is an often-debilitating condition that may severely affect both performance and quality of life. Research is hindered by the low sample numbers of subjects recruited to studies, a consequence in part of the invasive nature of the sampling methods of bronchial brushing and biopsy. We present an alternative method of sampling equine airway epithelial cells, the 'nasal brush method' (NBM). Obtained by light brushing of the ventral meatus whilst the horse is under standing sedation, these c...
Falk J, Donadeu FX.Groundbreaking work by Takahashi and Yamanaka in 2006 demonstrated that non-embryonic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by forcing the expression of a defined set of transcription factors in culture, thus overcoming ethical concerns linked to embryonic stem cells. Induced PSCs have since revolutionized biomedical research, holding tremendous potential also in other areas such as livestock production and wildlife conservation. iPSCs exhibit broad accessibility, having been derived from a multitude of cell types and species. Apart from humans, iPSCs hold particular med...
Canonici F, Marcoccia D, Bonini P, Monteleone V, Innocenzi E, Zepparoni A, Altigeri A, Caciolo D, Tofani S, Ghisellini P, Rando C, Pechkova E, Rau JV....Subchondral bone cysts in horses represent one of the main causes of lameness that can occur in different anatomical locations. The study describes the treatment in regenerative therapy of the intracystic implantation of adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSCs) included in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The ability of AMSCs to differentiate in osteogenic cells was tested in vitro and in vivo. Given the aim to investigate the application of AMSCs in bone defects and orthopedic pathologies in horses, a four-year-old male thoroughbred racing horse that had never raced before was treated for ...
Palomino Lago E, Baird A, Blott SC, McPhail RE, Ross AC, Durward-Akhurst SA, Guest DJ.Fractures caused by bone overloading are a leading cause of euthanasia in Thoroughbred racehorses. The risk of fatal fracture has been shown to be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors but, to date, no specific genetic mechanisms underpinning fractures have been identified. In this study, we utilised a genome-wide polygenic risk score to establish an in vitro cell system to study bone gene regulation in horses at high and low genetic risk of fracture. Candidate gene expression analysis revealed differential expression of and genes in osteoblasts derived from high- and low-risk...
Qasem B, Dąbrowska A, Króliczewski J, Łyczko J, Marycz K.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a significant global health concern in veterinary medicine. There is increasing interest in utilizing molecular agents to modulate hepatocyte function for potential clinical applications. Recent studies have shown promising results in inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) to maintain cell function in various models. In this study, we investigated the effects of the inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) on equine hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) under lipotoxic conditions. We examined proliferative activity, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial morphogenesi...
Degroote RL, Schmalen A, Hauck SM, Deeg CA.The perception of circulating granulocytes as cells with a predetermined immune response mainly triggered by pathogens is evolving, recognizing their functional heterogeneity and adaptability, particularly within the neutrophil subset. The involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune uveitis has become increasingly clear, yet their exact role remains elusive. We used an equine model for autoimmune-mediated recurrent pan-uveitis to investigate early responses of granulocytes in different inflammatory environments. For this purpose, we performed differential proteomics on gran...
Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho MV, Caseiro AR, Rêma A, Briote I, Mendonça CM, Santos JM, Atayde LM, Alvites RD, Maurício AC.Horses are high-performance athletes prone to sportive injuries such as tendonitis and desmitis. The formation of fibrous tissue in tendon repair remains a challenge to overcome. This impels regenerative medicine to develop innovative therapies that enhance regeneration, retrieving original tissue properties. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been successfully used to develop therapeutic products, as they secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration. These factors are released in culture media for producing a conditioned medium (...
Leal Reis I, Lopes B, Sousa P, Sousa AC, Branquinho MV, Caseiro AR, Rêma A, Briote I, Mendonça CM, Santos JM, Atayde LM, Alvites RD, Maurício AC.Horses are high-performance athletes prone to sportive injuries such as tendonitis and desmitis. The formation of fibrous tissue in tendon repair remains a challenge to overcome. This impels regenerative medicine to develop innovative therapies that enhance regeneration, retrieving original tissue properties. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been successfully used to develop therapeutic products, as they secrete a variety of bioactive molecules that play a pivotal role in tissue regeneration. These factors are released in culture media for producing a conditioned medium (...
Vargas A, Mainguy-Seers S, Boivin R, Lavoie JP.Neutrophilic inflammation is associated with the degree of airway obstruction in severe equine asthma (SEA), but the contribution of these leukocytes to bronchial remodeling remains ill defined. Neutrophils could cause structural alterations of the airways by the release of exosomes, a type of cell-derived nanoparticles that can modify the biology of local and distant cells. Neutrophil-derived exosomes have been shown to increase airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation in humans and horses. Therefore, this study aimed to identify neutrophil exosomal microRNAs (miRs) implicated in the reg...
Machado M, Queiroz-Machado CRR, Gardner DR, Castro MB, Câmara ACL, Pimentel LA, Galiza GJN, Riet-Correa F.Leucaena leucocephala poisoning is reported in horses in different Brazilian regions. The poisoning occurred one month after the horses were introduced into paddocks invaded by the plant or after 10 days of consuming cut Leucaena administered as the only food. Affected horses showed moderate to severe hair loss on the mane and tail, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with marked follicular telogenization, and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells. Mimosin concentration in leaves (5.5 mg/g) was determined by a new HLPC-UV method which is also reported.
Gao Y, Packeiser EM, Wendt S, Sekora A, Cavalleri JV, Pratscher B, Alammar M, Hühns M, Brenig B, Junghanss C, Nolte I, Murua Escobar H.Malignant melanomas (MMs) are the abnormal proliferation of melanocytes and are one of the lethal skin cancers in humans, equines, and canines. Accordingly, MMs in companion animals can serve as naturally occurring animal models, completing conventional cancer models. The common constitutive activation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways in MMs has been described in all three species. Targeting the related pathways is considered a potential option in comparative oncologic approaches. Herein, we present a cross-species comparative analysis exposing a set of ten melanoma cell lines (one human, three e...
