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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in healthy horses and horses with acute kidney injury. There are limited options to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI) in horses. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is routinely used in human and small animal medicine. The aim of this study was to assess serum SDMA concentrations in healthy horses and horses with AKI. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) body weight and 4) serum creatinine and urea levels on serum SDMA concentrations. Fifty-three healthy horses, including 17 foals (2-6 months of age) and 36 adult horses (3-29 years of age), and 23 horses with AKI were included in the study based on ...
Diagnostic needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint in standing sedated horses. To describe the technique to perform diagnostic standing scapulohumeral joint needle arthroscopy with a 1.2-mm-diameter arthroscope in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Eight thoracic limbs in phase 1 and six horses in phase 2. Methods: In phase 1, the feasibility of the technique was evaluated by using a craniolateral arthroscopic approach. An evaluation of the visible structures of the scapulohumeral joint was performed with both a needle arthroscope and a 4-mm-diameter arthroscope. In phase 2, the technique was performed in six healthy sedated horses to validate the technique in...
Radiographic parameters of the digit in a cohort population of Amiata donkeys. The most common musculoskeletal conditions reported in donkeys are related to the foot. Radiographic examinations are clinically important in the diagnosis of foot abnormalities and are commonly used. However, few studies have been conducted to establish the normal radiographic appearance of a donkey's foot. To determine the radiographic features of the front digit in healthy Amiata donkeys. Radiographic examinations were performed on 56 forefeet of 28 Amiata donkeys. Three radiographic views of each front foot were taken: lateromedial, dorsopalmar and dorso-65°proximal/palmarodistal oblique....
Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. All around the world, intestinal helminths constitute one of the most prevalent life-long occurring infections and re-infections affecting all horse age groups. A range of parasite species among strongyles, ascarids, and tapeworms is known to have the potential to cause colic in horses. However, there is a lack of current scientific evidence on the actual relevance of helminth infection levels in the context of colic in horses kept during prevailing epidemiological conditions. Thus, a prospective case-control study on the occurrence of intestinal helminths in a total of 620 mainly adult equine...
Current Trends in Understanding and Managing Equine Rhodococcosis. The aim of this review was to summarize studies on equine rhodococcosis over the last decade. For many years has remained one of the major health challenges in the equine breeding industry worldwide. Recently, many novel approaches and ideas have been described and some of them were initially implemented into the clinical practice. This study reviews a variety of new information about neonatal susceptibility, clinical appearance, considered and applied diagnostic procedures and treatment alternatives, factors limiting accurate prognosis, ideas regarding environmental management and prophylax...
Relative Deficiency in Albumin Methionine Content is Associated With Decreased Antioxidant Capacity of Equine Plasma. Relative to other species, horses seem particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. Plasma albumin plays an important role in preventing oxidative damage, in part due to its methionine (MET) content. Equine albumin is highly unusual in that it contains no MET residues. Whether or not this causes deficient antioxidant capacity in equine plasma relative to that of other species has not yet been explored. The objective of this study was to compare the redox status of equine (no MET) to that of bovine (moderate amount of MET) plasma. Plasma was collected from healthy, nonpregnant Quarter Horse ma...
Effect of oral administration of omeprazole on the microbiota of the gastric glandular mucosa and feces of healthy horses. Omeprazole administration is associated with changes in gastric and fecal microbiota and increased incidence of Clostridioides difficile enterocolitis in humans and dogs. Objective: Study purpose was to assess the effect of omeprazole on gastric glandular and fecal microbiota in healthy adult horses. Methods: Eight healthy horses stabled on straw and fed 100% haylage. Methods: Prospective controlled study. Transendoscopic gastric glandular biopsies, gastric fluid, and fecal samples were obtained from each horse twice at a 7-day interval before the administration of omeprazole. Samples were tak...
Do Metal Shoes Contract Heels?-A Retrospective Study on 114 Horses. Heel contraction is an undesired but common condition in domestic horses. Some authors indicate shoeing as a risk factor. There is a correlation between shoeing and a restriction of heel expansion, but the clinical significance is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of shoeing and other risk factors, such as age, access to paddock, and breed, on heel contraction. This study included 114 horses, 55 of which were barefoot their whole life and 59 had been shod consistently for at least the previous year. The width and length of the frog were measured. Linear mixed-effects models w...
Effects of Feeding Coenzyme Q10-Ubiquinol on Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Concentrations and Semen Quality in Stallions. Although coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) serves as an antioxidant and energy source for spermatozoa when added to stallion semen before cooling or freezing, the effects of feeding CoQ10 on semen quality have not been studied. We assessed the effects of daily oral ingestion of CoQ10-ubiquinol by stallions on their plasma CoQ10 concentrations and semen quality. Seven mature Andalusian stallions ate 1g ubiquinol/day for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week washout period. Four horses initially completed an additional 4-week control period without ubiquinol. Blood was sampled weekly for determination of plasma CoQ1...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic integration for optimal dosage of cefquinome against Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in foals. Cefquinome is administered in horses for the treatment of respiratory infection caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and septicemia caused by Escherichia coli. However, there have been no attempts to use cefquinome against Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi), the causative agent of strangles. Hence the objective of this study was to calculate an optimal dosage of cefquinome against S. equi based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics integration. Cefquinome (1.0 mg/kg) was administered by intravenous and intramuscular routes to six healthy thoroughbred foals. Serum cefqui...
Evaluation of podocin in urine in horses using qualitative and quantitative methods. No sensitive method for diagnosing early kidney dysfunction in horses has been identified so far. Many studies carried out in humans and small animals show that podocin can be useful to diagnose various kidney diseases, mainly affecting the glomeruli. The aim of this study was to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis of podocin in urine samples obtained from healthy horses, horses with clinical kidney dysfunction and horses at risk of acute kidney injury. The study objectives aimed to assess: (1) whether the selected podocin tryptic peptide for LC-MS-MRM allows for podocin detection ...
High Seroprevalence Against Lawsonia intracellularis Among Adult Horses in Belgium. Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is an obligate intracellular gram-negative rod causing equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Occasional cases of EPE have been reported in foals living in Belgium, but the seroprevalence of equine LI in this country is unknown. The target population included clinically healthy adult horses, whose blood samples were collected and analyzed for specific IgG antibodies against LI using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The results were expressed as percentage of inhibition (PI). Samples that had a PI <20% were judged as negative, those between 20 an...
Equine-assisted biographical work (EABW) with individuals in the second half of life: study protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Equine-assisted therapy is more often practiced with children and adolescents than with the elderly, although individuals in the second half of life could also profit from it. This group, from the age of 50, is characterised by increasing emotional, social, health-related and cognitive changes; a critical life event, such as a neurological illness or loss of a family member, can increase the likelihood of subclinical depression. Individuals who exhibit depressive symptoms not necessarily diagnosed with a major depression may suffer from relevant losses of quality of life (e.g. sleep disorders,...
Equine Sinus Surgery. The anatomy of the equine paranasal sinuses is critical to understand to assess the extent of the disease process, the optimal surgical approach, and the ability to drain through the normal nasomaxillary pathway. By following established anatomic landmarks, direct sinus access can be used to further explore the sinus compartments, remove compromised cheek teeth, remove any purulent debris or feed contamination, and establish drainage. Many complications can be avoided or minimized by thoroughly evaluating all sinus compartments and critically assessing the ability of the sinus to drain.
Dental Radiography and Radiographic Signs of Equine Dental Disease. Radiography is an important imaging modality and is available to most equine veterinarians providing primary care. Diagnostic radiographic imaging of the equine skull and dentition requires careful positioning and technique. This article is aimed at providing the veterinarian with instructions and guidelines for obtaining diagnostic skull and dental radiographs and a discussion of the radiographic signs of dental disease with case-based examples. The limitations of radiography are discussed with regard to determining the need for adjunct diagnostic techniques and more advanced imaging techniqu...
Equine Oral Endoscopy. Oral endoscopy is a valuable addition to the equine dental examination process. It enables veterinarians to visualize subtle oral disorders and is a useful client education tool. There are several commercially available oral endoscopic systems on the market. Practitioners can also assemble their own systems. An oral endoscope is used to perform a thorough and systematic oral examination and to visualize normal oral structures as well as oral disorders. It is also used to guide instrument placement during oral surgeries and other dental procedures.
Equine Imaging: Computed Tomography Interpretation. Computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized the veterinarian's ability to image the equine skull and led to improved diagnostic accuracy and clarity for surgical planning. The increased cost for this evaluation is offset by more accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy. As novel technology is developed that allows for increased availability of equine head, the price will continue to decrease and more examinations will be performed. New skills are needed for the veterinarian to accurately interpret this modality. This article reviews the normal CT appearance of the equine skull and presents exam...
Adjunct Extraction Techniques in Equine Dentistry. Adjunct extraction techniques are used when the shape or integrity of the tooth, the shape or size of the patient's oral cavity, the location of the tooth, or the location of the proximal teeth prevents or complicates standard oral extraction. Techniques described and discussed include partial coronectomy, tooth sectioning, minimally invasive buccotomy, transbuccal screw extraction, and commissurotomy.
Equine Nasal Endoscopy: Treating Bullae Disease and Sinus Disease. The nasal conchal bullae (dorsal and ventral) are separate, air-filled structures within their respective dorsal and ventral nasal conchae. Computed tomography scans have assisted with the increasing diagnosis of empyema of the nasal conchae. This condition is usually associated with dental or sinus disease. Drainage of affected bullae is considered critical for resolution of clinical signs. The ventral conchal bullae can be easily viewed with a standard 10 mm diameter flexible endoscopy via the middle nasal meatus. This approach can also be used for fenestration of the bullae, using a diode ...
Equine Dental Floating (Crown Osontoplasty). Odontoplasty (floating and occlusal equilibration) is the most commonly performed procedure in equine dentistry. From an anatomic perspective, an irregular occlusal surface, prominent cingula, transverse ridges, and enamel points all contribute to the function, form, and longevity of the equine cheek tooth. With limited reserve crown available and an average functional life range between 18 and 25 years, removal of tooth structure should be conservative. The authors consider a quality oral examination to be the most important dental procedure performed in the horse. Individual tooth evaluatio...
Update on Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) is a progressive, painful disease, affecting incisors, canines, and cheek teeth. Examination findings include gingival inflammation, gingival recession and/or hyperplasia, subgingival swelling, bulbous enlargement of teeth, associated periodontal disease, pathologic tooth fracture, and/or tooth mobility and loss. Current hypotheses include biomechanical stresses and secondary bacterial involvement. Early recognition allows case management, but it is a progressive disease. Owner education is crucial; horses with complete or multi...
Oral misoprostol does not hasten oviductal transport of day-5 horse embryos. In horses, prostaglandin E (PGE) is produced by embryos around Day 5 post-ovulation; PGE functions directly at the oviduct promoting embryo transport into the uterus. Non-surgical collection of horse embryos for cryopreservation is recommended at Day 6.5-7 post-ovulation. It was proposed that misoprostol administered orally will hasten oviductal transport of horse embryos. In Experiment 1 (n = 15) there was comparison of time of embryo recovery (Day 6 and 6.5 post-ovulation) from mares administered misoprostol (Day 5 and 5.5) orally to that of untreated mares. On Day 6, embryo collections were...
Bugs and drugs: a systems biology approach to characterising the effect of moxidectin on the horse’s faecal microbiome. Anthelmintic treatment is a risk factor for intestinal disease in the horse, known as colic. However the mechanisms involved in the onset of disease post anthelmintic treatment are unknown. The interaction between anthelmintic drugs and the gut microbiota may be associated with this observed increase in risk of colic. Little is known about the interaction between gut microbiota and anthelmintics and how treatment may alter microbiome function. The objectives of this study were: To characterise (1) faecal microbiota, (2) feed fermentation kinetics in vitro and (3) metabolic profiles following m...
Cervical disc width index is a reliable parameter and consistent in young growing Dutch Warmblood horses. Intervertebral disc disease, as well as the associated alteration of the radiographic intervertebral disc space width, has been reported in horses. Disc height index (DHI) has proven to be an accurate and objective parameter in other species but data related to this parameter are lacking in horses. Therefore, the aims of this retrospective longitudinal diagnostic accuracy study were (a) to evaluate the reliability of measurements within and between observers of the equine Disc Width Index (EDWI) as a parameter for radiographic equine cervical intervertebral disc space width, and (b) to evaluat...
Improvement of the clinical signs of gait abnormality after treatment with levothyroxine in a horse with shivering and hypothyroidism. An 11-year-old Hanoverian gelding used for jumping was evaluated for gait abnormalities and hoof problems in the hindlimbs. Clinical examinations revealed signs consistent with shivers. A thyroid gland enlargement was noticed, baseline serum thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations were low, and a low response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration was observed. Hypothyroidism was suspected. The horse was treated with levothyroxine for 1 year. TH concentrations returned to the normal range by week 4 of treatment. Thirty weeks after the initiation of levothyroxine therapy, the gait abnormal...
Characterization of total adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and its isoenzymes in saliva and serum in health and inflammatory conditions in four different species: an analytical and clinical validation pilot study. Measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) can provide information about cell-mediated immunity. This report's objective was to study the enzymatic activity of total ADA (tADA) and its isoenzymes ADA1 and ADA2 in canine, equine, porcine, and bovine serum and saliva and their changes in different inflammatory situations in each species. Besides, an automated method for ADA2 measurement was developed and validated. Results: tADA was present in serum and saliva of healthy animals of the four species. Erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) concentration of 0.47 mM was needed for ADA1 inhibit...
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the width, thickness, and length of the normal linea alba in standing and dorsal recumbent horses. To determine the variability in length, width, and thickness of the equine linea alba (LA) and the effect of a standing vs dorsal recumbent position on these measurements. Methods: Descriptive anatomical comparative study. Methods: Standing horses (N = 75; in 30 horses, measurements were obtained in dorsal recumbency first and repeated after horses were standing). Methods: Linea alba length was measured in standing position from xiphoid to umbilicus, and transverse ultrasonographic images were obtained at five reference points to measure LA width and thickness. In 30 horses, measurements were ...
Factors associated with the risk of positive blood culture in neonatal foals presented to a referral center (2000-2014). Bloodstream infections (BSI) are common in sick foals and increase foal morbidity and mortality when they occur. Recognition of risk factors for BSI could be an important means to limit their occurrence, but studies on this topic are limited. Objective: Historical as well as maternal and foal physical examination findings will predict risk of BSI in neonatal foals. Methods: Foals <14 days of age admitted to a referral equine hospital for care. Methods: Retrospective case-control study with univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Four hundred twenty-nine (143 cases...
Furosemide administration onehour before bone scintigraphy examination in horses does not improve the image quality or reduce the radiation dose rate. This prospective, cross-sectional, pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of furosemide as a diuretic on the image quality of bone scintigraphy performed using Tc-HDP and to investigate the impact of furosemide on the radiation dose rate. Thirty-one horses undergoing bone scintigraphy were included. The horses were divided into the control (n = 14) and furosemide group (n = 17), which received 1 mg/kg furosemide intravenously 1 h post Tc-HDP administration. The image quality was assessed subjectively and semi-quantitatively. The bone-to-soft tissue (B:S) ratio was calculated from...
