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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Failure of calcium channel blockade to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions in ponies. Intra-abdominal adhesions were created by localized serosal trauma in 11 adult ponies at three locations on the small intestine. Six ponies received verapamil hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg) subcutaneously every eight hours for three days, and five ponies received an equal volume of saline solution at the same intervals. The investigators were not informed which treatments the ponies received. Systolic, diastolic, and mean carotid arterial pressures and heart rates were measured six hours before surgery, and then 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 8 hours after the first treatment on each day for three days. One pony...
Treatment and pathogenesis of navicular disease (‘syndrome’) in horses. The future directions of navicular disease research are unclear. Often researchers investigate only one of the multitude of factors likely to be important in understanding the disease. Two exceptions to this is work done by Wright in this issue of EVJ and by MacGregor (1988) who compared a number of the treatment regimens (e.g. rest, warfarin, isoxsuprine, shoeing with egg bars) and found that approximately 75% of the horses improved in their performance. Perhaps this percentage of 'recovered' horses from this disease is what can be realistically expected, as often horses with navicular diseas...
Unusual internal carotid artery branching that prevented arterial occlusion with a balloon-tipped catheter in a horse. A mare with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis was treated by insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter into the left internal carotid artery. During recovery from general anesthesia, the mare had profuse epistaxis, and was anesthetized again to determine the site of hemorrhage. The affected guttural pouch was opened to confirm that hemorrhage was from the left internal carotid artery. The mare was euthanatized, and, at necropsy, the balloon catheter was found in an aberrant branch that arose from the internal carotid artery and joined the basilar artery. The mycotic plaque was on the le...
Effect of heparin on capacitation/acrosome reaction of equine sperm. The onset of sperm capacitation/acrosome reaction was evaluated using heparin. Equine semen was incubated at 38 degrees C for 4.5 h in culture medium with and without 10 micrograms/mL heparin and with and without 0.1 microM of Ca2+ ionophore. Sperm acrosome reaction was detected using chlortetracycline fluorescence (CTC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CTC assay provided staining patterns that corresponded with the capacitation/acrosome reaction in other mammalian species (man, mouse, guinea pig). The percentages of incapacitated sperm (PUC), capacitated acrosome-intact sperm (...
Synovial fluid and clinical changes after arthroscopic partial synovectomy of the equine middle carpal joint. Changes in synovial fluid and clinical variables after arthroscopic partial synovectomy of the middle carpal joint were studied in 12 normal horses. A 7 mm motorized synovial resector was inserted into each middle carpal joint; one middle carpal joint of each horse was randomly selected to have arthroscopic synovectomy (treated) and the opposite joint was lavaged (control). Lameness examinations and synovial fluid analyses were performed before operation and at 8, 14, 21, and 28 days after operation. Lameness variables did not differ between treated and control legs. Middle carpal and carpomet...
Metabolic response to standardised exercise test in standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia. Plasma concentrations of lactate, amino acids, ammonia and products of purine catabolism were studied before, during and after a standardised incremental exercise test in 29 Standardbred trotters admitted to the clinic for exercise tolerance testing. According to their red cell volume the horses were divided into red cell normovolaemic and red cell hypervolaemic (polycythaemic) groups. The exercise-response curve for taurine differed significantly in the two groups, whereas all the other amino acids behaved similarly. The [branched-chain amino acid]/[alanine] ratio, a proposed indicator for th...
Multiple site electromyography recordings of uterine activity following an intrauterine bacterial challenge in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection. The electrical myometrial activity of three mares with a documented increased susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (CUI) and three mares considered to be resistant to CUI was investigated. Electrodes were surgically implanted in the myometrium of the mares and electrical activity was monitored by a Grass polygraph. Oestrus was determined by transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and teasing of the mares with a stallion. Findings were confirmed by blood progesterone concentrations 35 mm was detected, the uterus was infused with a genital strain of 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus ...
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: radiological features. Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique, lateromedial and palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique radiographic projections were used with standard techniques to examine 118 horses with clinical signs of navicular disease. All radiological features which have previously been reported as significant changes in the navicular bones of horses with navicular disease were recorded. Comparisons were made between these features in lame limbs and sound limbs in unilaterally lame horses and most lame limbs and least lame limbs in bilateral but asymmetrically lame animals. Their relationship to the degree of la...
Endoscopically assisted annular ligament release in horses. An endoscopically assisted technique for internally dividing the palmar or plantar annular ligament was developed in six cadaver limb specimens and two anesthetized horses. Under arthroscopic view, a slotted cannula was inserted into the digital sheath through a stab wound proximal to the annular ligament and advanced through the fetlock canal superficial to the flexor tendons with the slot oriented toward the fibers of the annular ligament. Division of the annular ligament by 90-degree tipped open and guarded blades was observed and verified by direct arthroscopic view. At necropsy, complete ...
Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and progesterone in mares during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Existence of ultradian variation in serum progesterone concentration and the relation between progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory patterns were investigated in nonpregnant and pregnant mares. Blood samples were taken every 15 minutes for a 24-hour period on day 8 of the estrous cycle and day 18 of pregnancy, respectively. Progesterone and LH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone was secreted in pulsatile manner in nonpregnant and pregnant mares. Luteinizing hormone also was secreted in a pulsatile manner in both groups of mares. There was little tempo...
Use of a stapling device to aid in the ovariectomy of nine mares with a granulosa thecal cell tumour. This paper describes the use of a linear stapling device as an aid to unilateral ovariectomy in nine mares with granulosa thecal cell tumours. The intraoperative and postoperative complications are described and follow up details on each case are presented.
Comparison of immunoaffinity chromatography combined with gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay for screening dexamethasone in equine urine. A comparison of the sensitive analytical methods of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) combined with gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the specific and reliable screening of dexamethasone in equine post-race urine is presented. Results from analyses of samples collected from a mare during 144 hours post administration of 26 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate are described.
Postoperative analgesia using phenylbutazone, flunixin or carprofen in horses. Horses undergoing surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to receive phenylbutazone at 4 mg/kg (n = 72), flunixin at 1 mg/kg (n = 68) or carprofen at 0.7 mg/kg (n = 63) by slow intravenous injection at the end of surgery, just before they were disconnected from halothane. Pain was assessed by either of two resident surgical clinicians (who did not know which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug had been given) when the horses first stood up, two and four hours later and the next morning. If repeated doses of analgesic drugs were given the time was recorded and taken as an end poi...
[Experiences with long-term intravenous therapy using teflon catheters in 80 horses]. In a retrospective study the tolerance to Teflon coated catheters in long-term intravenous medication was evaluated in 80 horses. Catheters were inserted into the jugular vein and remained there for 3 to 30 days (average 8.6 days). Catheters were flushed using an heparinized solution after each medication administration. The site of catheter placement was evaluated daily for swelling, pain and venous distensibility respectively. Swelling at the site of insertion was noted in 10 horses, a small subcutaneous abscess formation was identified in one horse. Fourteen sonographic evaluations were per...
Recovery of horses from inhalation anesthesia. To study behavioral and cardiopulmonary characteristics of horses recovering from inhalation anesthesia, 6 nonmedicated horses were anesthetized under laboratory conditions on 3 different days, with either halothane or isoflurane in O2. Anesthesia was maintained at constant dose (1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) of halothane in O2 for 1 hour (H1), halothane in O2 for 3 hours (H3), or isoflurane in O2 for 3 hours (I3). The order of exposure was set up as a pair of Latin squares to account for horse and trial effects. Circulatory (arterial blood pressure and heart rate) and re...
Immunocastration of colts and immunospeying of fillies. A series of experiments using an ovalbumin conjugated gonadotrophin releasing hormone was used to stimulate antibody production, suppress testosterone secretion and depress testicular function in yearling and 2 year old colts and fillies. In the preliminary experiment, an injectable oil-based formulation was administered to yearling colts. Testicular development and testosterone secretion were retarded for a period of approximately 28-32 weeks while antibody titres were greater than 1:1000. An implant and water-soluble vaccine (200 and 400 mg) is presently being tested in 2 year old colts. Tes...
Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia and reperfusion. Intramural vascular patterns of the jejunum and colon were evaluated during ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO, 70 minutes) and subsequent reperfusion (60 minutes) in 7 adult anesthetized horses. Microvasculature of experimental and control segments was described by comparison of results from microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. Experimental and control segments with isolated vascular arcades were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of reperfusion. Blood was flushed from the vascular system by u...
Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine small intestine after intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression. Effects of intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) and subsequent decompression (60 minutes) on intramural vascular patterns of the small intestine was evaluated in 7 anesthetized horses. Intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) was created in 2 jejunal segments in each horse. Experimental and control segments were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of decompression. The vascular system of experimental and control jejunal segments was lavaged with NaCl, then was injected with a blue-colored radiopaque medium for microangiography ...
Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms. Respiratory tract infections are prevalent in foals, yet the frequency with which the distal airways are affected in clinical episodes of respiratory tract disease has not been evaluated to our knowledge. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection (DRTI) in foals on a sample of Thoroughbred breeding farms (n = 10) in Ontario. In a pilot study, clinical criteria commonly used to select foals for antimicrobial treatment (detection of abnormal lung sounds, plus nasal discharge, cough, fever, tachypnea, and/or lethargy) were found to segregate f...
Measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and functional residual capacity during rebreathing in conscious thoroughbreds. A rebreathing method for measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and functional residual capacity (FRC) was evaluated in conscious horses. Horses were manually ventilated through an endotracheal tube, using a custom-made syringe filled with a gas mixture containing 18-carbon monoxide (18CO) and helium (He). The 18CO and He concentrations were continuously monitored by use of a mass spectrometer connected to the rebreathing circuit. Values for DLCO and FRC were calculated from changes in the concentration of these 2 gases. In 11 Thoroughbreds, mean (+/- SD) DLCO w...
Effects of bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy in mares: 23 cases (1984-1990). Postoperative performance and behavioral patterns were investigated retrospectively in 23 client-owned mares after bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy. The interval from surgery to postoperative inquiries ranged from 9 to 67 months. Information obtained from review of the medical record and client interviews included the reason for ovariectomy, postoperative complications, problems identified by owners after discharge of the mare from the hospital, postoperative level of athletic performance, postoperative signs of estrus, and overall owner satisfaction. Reasons given by owners for having mare...
Microdilution antimicrobial susceptibilities of selected gram-negative veterinary bacterial isolates. Gram-negative bacterial isolates (635) obtained from routine submissions to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory during 1983-1987 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for the following antimicrobials using commercially prepared microdilution assay materials: ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, spectinomycin, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, and tylosin. Results for isolates from cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs are presented. In only a fe...
Effects of diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, and xylazine on thiamylal anesthesia in horses. The cardiorespiratory effects of thiamylal (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and the effects of preanesthetic medication with diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine administered prior to a thiamylal dosage of 6 mg/kg, IV, were evaluated in 6 adult horses. The quality of recovery from thiamylal anesthesia also was evaluated. Intravenous administration of thiamylal at a dosage of 10 mg/kg increased heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary artery, and central venous blood pressures, as well as cardiac output and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). The maximal rate of right ventricular ...
Oviductal and uterine influence on the development of Day-2 equine embryos in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to contrast the influence of the oviductal and uterine environments on development of Day-2 embryos. Embryos were transferred to oviducts or uteri of synchronous recipient mares, or were incubated in oviductal co-culture, in uterine co-culture or in defined culture medium. Significantly more (P < 0.02) embryos transferred to the oviduct versus the uterus survived until Day 11 after ovulation (5 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Significantly more (P 0.1) in oviductal co-culture versus uterine co-culture (3 7 vs 6 7 , respectively), or in oviductal co-culture ve...
