Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Tobiasch E, Kehm R, Bahr U, Tidona CA, Jakob NJ, Handermann M, Darai G, Giese M.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a member of the Arteriviridae family, that includes lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Equine arteritis is a contagious disease of horses and is spread via respiratory or reproductive tract. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the possibility for developing a model system for prevention horses against an EAV infection by DNAvaccination. A cDNA bank from the RNA of EAV was established. This gene library contains the translation unit of ...
Sharp DC, Wolfe MW, Cleaver BD, Nilson J.The process of sexual recrudescence in the springtime in mares is characterized by renewal of follicular growth and acquisition of steroidogenic competence. Concomitant with renewal of follicular steroidogenesis is re-establishment of LH biosynthesis and secretion. Research results from our laboratory indicate that increased estradiol and LH secretion occur in close temporal association before the first ovulation of the year. Therefore, the hypothesis tested in this experiment was that estrogen administration to ovariectomized pony mares during the equivalent time of early vernal transition wo...
Vaughan L, Schofield W, Ennis S.A three year old pony with sexually ambiguous external genitalia was found to have a normal female karyotype (64, XX) and bilateral inguinal testes. The PCR analysis of blood samples revealed the absence of the Y chromosome sequences SRY, eTSPY and ZFY. No Y chromosome sequences were identified in DNA extracted from the gonads. The mechanism whereby XX sex reversal occurs in the absence of SRY is unknown.
Greaves HE, Kalariotes V, Cleaver BD, Porter MB, Sharp DC.The potential involvement of ovarian factors in regulating GnRH and LH postovulation was studied in ovarian intact (Group 1; n=3) and ovariectomized (OVX; Group 2; n=3) mares (OVX within 12 hr of ovulation). Blood samples were collected every 10 min for 6 hr from jugular vein (JV) and intercavernous sinus (ICS) during estrus and on Day 8 postovulation for LH and GnRH analysis. Additionally, JV samples were collected twice daily (12-hr intervals) for 30 days for LH and progesterone (P4) analysis. A significant treatment x day effect (P<0.0001) describes declining plasma LH concentrations in ...
Collingsworth MG, Fuller Z, Cox JE, Argo CM.Concentrations of gonadotrophins and prolactin were recorded in pony stallions castrated during the early breeding season, to examine the regulatory role of the gonad at a time when testosterone has been postulated to exert positive feedback on LH secretion. Further, gonadotrophin concentrations in geldings are reported to return to values within the normal range of the entire stallion. In an attempt to characterize this species-specific reversal, the gonadotrophin concentrations of 6 male ponies castrated on 25 March were monitored for 4 months, and 4 stallions were used to generate control d...
Booth TM, Butson RJ, Clegg PD, Schramme MC, Smith RK.Gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads were used to treat infective arthritis in the small tarsal joints of 11 severely lame horses. Under general anaesthesia, between five and 10 beads were placed into a 7 to 8 mm tract drilled across the affected joint and, in all except one horse, they were left in place for 14 days. Two of the horses were euthanased for reasons other than persistent tarsal joint sepsis, but the other nine survived and seven of them returned to their previous level of athletic performance.
Hill AE, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Kane AJ, Whitcomb MB, Emerson AG.To evaluate effects of toe grabs, exercise intensity, and distance traveled as risk factors for subclinical to mild suspensory apparatus injury (SMSAI) in Thoroughbred racehorses and to compare incidence of severe musculoskeletal injury (MSI) in horses with and without SMSAI. Methods: Nested case-control study. Methods: 219 Thoroughbred racehorses racing or in race training. Methods: Racehorses were examined weekly for 90 days to determine incidence of suspensory ligament injury and monitor horseshoe characteristics. Every horse's exercise speeds and distances were recorded daily. Conditional ...
Ewart SL, Schott HC, Robison RL, Dwyer RM, Eberhart SW, Walker RD.To determine sources of Salmonella organisms in a veterinary teaching hospital, compare bacterial culture with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for detection of Salmonella organisms in environmental samples, and evaluate the effects of various disinfectants on detection of Salmonella organisms on surface materials. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Fecal samples from 638 hospitalized horses and 783 environmental samples. Methods: Standard bacterial culture techniques were used; the PCR test amplified a segment of the Salmonella DNA. Five disinfectants were mixed with Salmonella suspe...
The Journal of parasitologyApril 25, 2001
Volume 87, Issue 2 345-353 doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0345:COTOIO]2.0.CO;2
Dubey JP, Liddell S, Mattson D, Speert CA, Howe DK, Jenkins MC.Neospora hughesi was isolated in cell cultures inoculated with homogenate of spinal cord from a horse in Oregon. Tachyzoites of this Oregon isolate of N. hughesi were maintained continuously by cell culture passage and tachyzoites were infective to immunosuppressed mice. Gamma interferon gene knockout (KO) mice injected with tachyzoites developed fatal myocarditis and numerous tachyzoites were seen in lesions. Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) inoculated with tachyzoites developed antibodies (> or = 1:500) as indicated by the Neospora caninum agglutination test but did not develop clinical si...
Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, David JB, Boston RC.To determine the effect of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) on colloid oncotic pressure (pi) during fluid resuscitation of hypoproteinemic horses and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of direct and indirect methods for determination of pi before and after infusion of a synthetic colloid. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: 11 hypoproteinemic horses. Methods: Horses received IV infusions of 8 to 10 ml of a 6% solution of HES/kg (3.6 to 4.5 ml/lb) of body weight during fluid resuscitation. Blood samples were obtained for determination of plasma measured colloid oncotic pressure (pi meas) an...
Morton AC, Begg AP, Anderson GA, Takai S, Lämmler C, Browning GF.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA from a large collection of clinical isolates of Rhodococcus equi, an important pathogen of foals, was used to compare strain distribution between farms and over time. Forty-four strains were found among 209 isolates, with 5 of these accounting for over half the isolates and the 22 strains isolated more than once accounting for 90% of the isolates. The average genotypic diversity on each farm and in each year was found to be less than the genotypic diversity of the isolates taken as a whole, with 5.2% of the total...
The Journal of parasitologyApril 25, 2001
Volume 87, Issue 2 442-445 doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0442:ETPIGN]2.0.CO;2
Medica DL, Sukhdeo MV.Microparasite virulence (the potential to cause harm in the host) is thought to be regulated by a direct trade-off with pathogen transmission potential, but it is unclear whether similar trade-offs occur in macroparasites (helminths). In this analysis, the transmission potentials of 5 nematode species (order Strongylida), known to differ in their virulence, were estimated using an index based on egg production and larval survivability. Virulence estimates were based on the minimum number of worms that cause host death. In nematode species where mature adults cause pathology (trichonematidic de...
Walter I.Uterine tubes from cow, sheep, horse, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, and guinea pig were examined immunohistochemically for presence and distribution of contractile cells in the mucosal lamina propria. We tested for the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin, tropomyosin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin (heavy chain) and cytoskeletal proteins vimentin and cytokeratin. Immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin showed two distribution patterns: either positive cells were freely dispersed in the mucosal lamina propria or a distinct subepithelial layer of positive cells was seen. The first distribution pat...
Herholz C, Straub R, Moens Y, Busato A.The shape of the volumetric capnogram is modified by airway obstruction, and the evaluation of this deformation could allow an indirect measurement of bronchial patency. The study included 35 horses; five horses without evidence of pulmonary disease (group I) and 30 horses suffering from different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (groups II-IV). Data of recorded CO2 and volume curves were off-line plotted and statistically analysed using regression analysis. Analyses were performed separately for fractions 25-95% (VTE25-95), 25-50% (VTE25-50) and 50-95% (VTE50-95) of exp...
Rho JY, Currey JD, Zioupos P, Pharr GM.The equine radius is a useful subject for examining the adaptation of bone histology to loading because in life the anterior cortex is loaded almost entirely in tension, the posterior cortex in compression. The histology of the two cortices is correspondingly different, the osteones and the interstitial lamellae in the posterior cortex having a more transversely oriented fibre arrangement than those in the anterior cortex. Presumably as a result of this histological difference, the posterior cortex is stronger in compression than the anterior cortex; the anterior cortex is stronger in tension ...
Harris PA.Equine feeding and stable management practices for horses kept in the UK vary greatly and it is probable that almost any permutation of regimen could be found somewhere. Unfortunately, there is uncertainty about the number of horses in the UK and very limited data are available on the ways horses are being fed and managed. This paper reviews some of the information that is available and provides an outline of some of the factors influencing the practices used. To a certain extent, the way UK horses are fed and managed primarily reflects the purpose for which they are kept (e.g. racing Thorough...
Odberg FO, Bouissou MF.Many saddle horses are slaughtered at a young age which could be indicative of a welfare problem. Bad riding is probably an underestimated source of poor welfare. Widespread knowledge of 'academic' riding should be encouraged and should be beneficial to all horses, at all schooling levels, for all purposes. In particular, 18th century principles tend to be forgotten and in this article the authors illustrate some differences to modern dressage. Various suggestions are made in order to improve welfare.
Endenburg N.In spite of the fact that horses were domesticated between 5000 and 3000 B.C., the relations between humans and horses constitutes a relatively unexplored area. This may be due to the fact that horses in middle class western society are seen as companion animals, of primarily social and recreational value. Horses, however, have historically enjoyed an enormously important utilitarian, economic and sporting significance and in many countries horse meat is also eaten. Nowadays, we can classify the different ways in which horses are used into four different fields: recreational and/or social purp...
Nunez R, Gomes-Keller MA, Schwarzwald C, Feige K.RATIONALE: Thrombocytopenia is a platelet associated process that occurs in human and animals as result of i) decreased production; ii) increased utilization; iii) increased destruction coupled to the presence of antibodies, within a process know as immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT); or iv) platelet sequestration. Thus, the differentiation of the origin of IMT and the development of reliable diagnostic approaches and methodologies are important in the clarification of IMT pathogenesis. Therefore, there is a growing need in the field for easy to perform assays for assessing platelet morpho...
Goodwin D.Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long asso...
Nicol C.It is frequently asserted that equine stereotypies, such as crib-biting, wind-sucking and weaving, are caused by boredom. However, this explanation is too general to be of practical use in discerning the causes of each stereotypy or in devising management practices to prevent their occurrence. The majority of equine stereotypes start within one month of weaning when both the nutritional and social environment of the foal are substantially altered. Epidemiological research has revealed that the provision of low quantities of forage and minimal opportunities for social contact are associated wit...
Suggett RH.The horse industry is large and varied, but until comparatively recently its contribution to the economy of the UK has been virtually ignored and this, together with the disparate nature and small size of the individual businesses involved, has resulted in a general lack of universally available data. What is undoubtedly true, however, is that the horse touches upon the professional and recreational aspects of many peoples' lives and that, without the horse, not only would a significant proportion of the rural working population be unemployed but many ancillary industries would have considerab...
Shimozawa K, Ueno Y, Ushiya S, Kusunose R.Medical and racing records of 155 Thoroughbred racehorses that underwent arthroscopic surgery for carpal chip fractures were investigated. Articular damage for 98.4% of the fractures was classified as G1 or G2 using McIlwraith's criteria. The rate of return to racing after surgery was 82.6%. Evaluation of racing performance after surgery was attempted using a placing index (PI) based on race finish position. There was no significant difference in the PI distribution between horses that underwent surgery and other healthy horses.
Leroux C, Craigo JK, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC.A primary mechanism of lentivirus persistence is the ability of these viruses to evolve in response to biological and immunological selective pressures with a remarkable array of genetic and antigenic variations that constitute a perpetual natural experiment in genetic engineering. A widely accepted paradigm of lentivirus evolution is that the rate of genetic variation is correlated directly with the levels of virus replication: the greater the viral replication, the more opportunities that exist for genetic modifications and selection of viral variants. To test this hypothesis directly, we ex...
Egenvall A, Franzén P, Gunnarsson A, Engvall EO, Vågsholm I, Wikström UB, Artursson K.A cross-sectional study of the seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. in Swedish horses was conducted to evaluate associations with demographic, clinical and tick-exposure factors. From September 1997-1998, blood samples from 2018 horses were collected from the animals presented to veterinary clinics affiliated with the Swedish Horserace Totalizator Board (regardless of the primary cause for consultation). Standardized questionnaires with information both from owners and attending veterinarians accompanied each blood sample. The apparent seroprevalenc...
Alford P, Geller S, Richrdson B, Slater M, Honnas C, Foreman J, Robinson J, Messer M, Roberts M, Goble D, Hood D, Chaffin M.Risk factors for equine laminitis were examined in a prospective case-control study of the 258 cases seen at six collaborating veterinary teaching hospitals over a 32-month period. Case-control pairs were matched on institution, clinician, and season of diagnosis. The 90% of case-control pairs (78 acute, 155 chronic) that had complete data for age, gender, and breed were used in separate conditional logistic-regression models for acute and chronic laminitis. There was an increase in risk for horses with acute laminitis from 5 to 7 years of age (OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.3-16) and from 13 to 31 years of...
Denny HR.Brucella abortus infection in horses is important not only as a clinical entity but also as a potential source of infection for man and other animals. A review of the current knowledge of this disease in the horses is therefore thought to be useful. The incidence of infection in horses has been the subject of many surveys. Most authors used the serum agglutination test as an indication of infection. The majority of surveys were carried out in about 1930 and these showed a wide range in the proportion of positive reactors from 0.5 to 40 percent. Several factors would account for this: variation...
Peterman BF, Morton RA.The research explores how different binding ions affect the oxidation speed of horse heart ferrocytochrome c, a protein, by potassium ferricyanide at a constant ionic strength. Studying the Ion Effect […]
Garcia-Tamayo J.The mode of development of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and the activity of acid phosphatase in the central nervous system of newborn mice were investigated. Precursor particles appeared to be formed in masses of viroplasm, migrating to the membrane of the Golgi cisterns and vacuoles or to the plasma membrane and being transformed into mature viral particles by budding. Mature viral particles were also found in the lumen of the blood vessels and around the myelin sheath of axons. Increased number of Golgi complexes and depletion of polysomes were the main ultrastructural alteratio...
Colborne GR, Lanovaz JL, Sprigings EJ, Schamhardt HC, Clayton HM.A method is described for the estimation of joint moments of force and power in the equine forelimb using S-VHS video and force platform data. Video and force data were collected for 5 walking trials in a sound Dutch Warmblood horse. The sagittal plane positional and angular data were combined with the vertical and cranio-caudal ground reaction forces to calculate net joint moments of force in the sagittal plane across the carpal, fetlock and coffin joints during the stance phase of the forelimb. The mechanical power was calculated as the product of the netjoint moment and the joint's angular ...
Fukuda K, Kuroda T, Tamura N, Mita H, Miyata H, Kasashima Y.This study aimed to verify the effects of platelet lysate (PL) administration on the repair of injured horse tissue. Skeletal muscle injuries were induced in 26 Thoroughbreds by bupivacaine administration. PL or saline was administered 1 day (1D) after injury. Muscle samples from 22 horses injected with PL or saline were obtained by needle biopsy at 2, 3, 4, or 7 days (2D, 3D, 4D, or 7D, respectively) after injury, and growth-factor concentrations and muscle regeneration-associated gene expression levels were determined. Intact samples were similarly collected before injury, and samples of inj...
Rubio-Martínez LM, Rioja E, Castro Martins M, Wipawee S, Clegg P, Peffers MJ.Chondrotoxic effects of local anaesthetics are well reported in humans and some animal species but knowledge on their toxic effects on synoviocytes or equine chondrocytes or the effects on cellular production of inflammatory cytokines is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of local anaesthetics, morphine, magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) or their combinations on cell viability and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression of equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes. Equine synoviocytes and cartilage explants harvested from normal joints in a co-culture system were exp...
Wang X, Asgenbaatar N, Shen Y, Yi M, Zhao B, Ren H, Davshilt T, Ulaangerel T, Wang M, Burenbaatar A, Tian S, Li B, Dugarjav M, Bou G.Proliferation of embryonic fibroblasts under the same cell culture conditions, hinny embryonic fibroblasts (HiEFs) was slower than horse embryonic fibroblast (HEFs), donkey embryonic fibroblasts (DEFs) and mule embryonic fibroblasts (MuEFs). The imprinted genes IGF2 and IGF2R are important for cell proliferation. Therefore, we investigated whether the slower proliferation of HiEFs is related to an aberrant gene expression of IGF2 or its receptors or genes influencing the expression of the IGF2 system. Results: Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and cell starving experiment...
Rifkind JM.The reduced glutathione in the erythrocyte was found to inhibit the autoxidation of purified horse hemoglobin. It was observed that much higher concentrations of oxidized glutathione also stabilize hemoglobin. The stabilization by oxidized glutathione most likely involves the formation of a mixed disulfide with the reactive β-93 sulfhydryl groups on the hemoglobin. A similar effect is also observed with N-ethyl- maleimide and HgCl2 which also react with the sulfhydryl groups. The apparent stabilization by reduced glutathione is partially due to the reduction of ferrihemoglobin formed by autox...
Oriol JG.In most domestic animals, the zona pellucida is the outermost extracellular layer that covers the blastocyst before implantation. However, in the horse, an acellular membrane, the capsule, replaces the zona pellucida and envelops the developing conceptus during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of gestation. Although this structure was first described by Bonnet in 1889, it received little attention until the 1970s when its rediscovery by Marrable and Flood (1975) led to a series of reports (see review by Betteridge 1989). Nevertheless, until recently the structure, origin, and function of the capsule have...
Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Poli E, Dacasto M, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Passeri B, Zullian C, Gobbetti T, Bertini S.We investigated the effects of nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (indomethacin and flunixin meglumine) and selective COX-1 (SC-560) or COX-2 (celecoxib, DUP-398 and NS-697) inhibitors on horse small bowel motility in vitro. At this purpose, samples of equine ileum were put in isolated organ baths for the motility experiments. Nonselective COX inhibitors were devoid of major effects on motility, except for an inhibition of tonic contraction shown by flunixin meglumine. SC-560, selective COX-1 inhibitor, was devoid of significant effects on ileal motility. Selective COX-2 inhibitors r...
Gibson JS, Hall AC.The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the KCl co-transporter of equine erythrocytes were studied to determine factors involved in its regulation. Pressure (0.1-40MPa) increased Cl-dependent K+ transport; in the presence of the putative kinase inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) which stimulates the transporter, or the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A, pressure had no significant effect. The sequential application of NEM and calyculin A clamped the transporter at about 30% of maximal flux compared to NEM alone; pressure also had no further effect. These results suggest that pressure acts on the ...
Hanka J, van den Hoven R, Schwarz B.Cor pulmonale is considered an uncommon complication in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). This case report describes the history, clinical and further examination findings, treatment, progression and outcome of a horse diagnosed with cor pulmonale and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation of 2 days duration due to a severe exacerbation of RAO. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of RAO induced pulmonary hypertension in a horse causing atrial fibrillation. However, even severe cardiac changes due to respiratory dysfunction seem to be largely reversible in horses.
Keen JA, Hillier C, McGorum BC, Nally JE.Endothelin-1 (ET-1) may be a key mediator in the pathogenesis of laminitis, but endothelin-mediated responses in the venous microcirculation of the equine foot have yet to be fully characterised. Objective: To characterise the response of equine laminar veins to ET-1 and evaluate the ET-1 receptor subtypes that mediate this response. Methods: Small veins (150-500 microns) draining the equine digital laminae from healthy horses and ponies subjected to euthanasia at an abattoir were investigated using wire myography. Concentration response curves were constructed for ET-1 in the presence of ETA ...
Modransky P, Thatcher CD, Welker FH, Booth LC.This research journal article documents a rare case of a five-day-old foal suffering from a congenitally malformed hoof and the associated lameness. The disorders studied were unilateral navicular bone agenesis […]
Boado A, López-Sanromán FJ.Articular osteochondrosis (OC) is commonly reported in horses but there are no reports of its prevalence in the Spanish Purebred (SP). The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of OC of the tarsocrural, dorsal metacarpo-metatarsophalangeal and femoropatellar joints in the SP in a retrospective study. The data were obtained from the radiographs of 309 SP horses and the prevalence and characteristics of lesions were calculated. Osteochondral lesions at predilected sites were diagnosed in 48.8% of the horses. It was more common to find the presence of fragments ...
Lester GD, Bolton JR, Thurgate SM.Extracellular myoelectric activity from the terminal ileum, cecum, and colonic pelvic flexure was assessed in 4 adult horses. The collection and analysis of myoelectric data involved the development and use of a computer-based system. After collection, the myoelectric signal was digitally filtered to enhance the activity of interest. The smoothed signal was then processed by use of computer programs designed to identify and count spike-burst activity and estimate burst duration. The intense phases of myoelectric complexes also were identified. The propagation of myoelectric spike-burst activit...
Müller EMT, Vanderperren K, Merle R, Rheinfeld S, Leelamankong P, Lischer CJ, Ehrle A.The objective of this retrospective, observational, controlled study was to evaluate bone and soft tissue window CT images of the proximoplantar metatarsus III region in twenty horses with pain localized to the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) and 20 horses with findings nonrelated to tarsal pain. All horses underwent CT and radiographic examination. Images were reviewed by three independent observers who graded the severity and localization of findings. Bone-related categories as well as soft tissue-related categories were evaluated. For the comparison of imaging findings in horses with and...
Muñoz JA, Marcoux M, Picandet V, Theoret CL, Perron MF, Lepage OM.Palatal sclerotherapy using sodium tetradecyl sulfate has been suggested as a treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in young Standardbred horses. The present study evaluated histological and biomechanical changes in the equine soft palate following trans-endoscopic treatment with a low dose of this compound. Two horses were euthanased and examined at 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 months post-sclerotherapy, while two further horses served as untreated controls. The technique was easily performed in all cases without major complications. On histological examination there was no evi...
LEVINE L, WYMAN L, CHEN BL, MURPHY J.1. A method is presented for estimating the relative reactivity with respect to horse serum of antitoxins processed from horse plasma, by observing skin reactions of sensitized rabbits.
2. It is feasible to test 4 preparations, each on 3 rabbits, with standard fiducial limits of from 53% to 188% of the true value.
3. As the sensitizing dose was increased, the relative reactivity of a given test material appeared greater. The function was asymptotic at higher dose levels.
4. The greater the sensitizing dose, the smaller was the variance of the relative reactivity within its replicates.
5. M...
Carleton CL, Donahue JM, Marteniuk JV, Sells SF, Timoney PJ.This study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial and fungal microflora on the external genitalia of a population of healthy male donkeys in the state of Michigan, USA. The aim was to identify and determine the frequency of occurrence of these microorganisms using seven different isolation media and standard microbiological procedures. The sites (urethral fossa [fossa glandis], dorsal diverticulum of the urethral sinus, distal urethra, and penile surface) in the distal reproductive tract were cultured and each isolated microorganism identified. Ten different genera of gram-positive bacter...
Muirhead T, McClure JT, Bourque A, Pack L.A lesion in the cervical region of a 14-month-old Belgian gelding with severe ataxia was suspected. Necropsy revealed symmetric focal cartilage defects compatible with osteochondrosis of the occipital condyles and atlanto-occipital dysplasia. To our knowledge this is the first equine report of symmetrical osteochondrosis of the occipital condyles causing neurologic signs.
Turner GV.Some aspects of the pathogenesis and comparative pathology of toxoplasmosis are described. The general pattern of infection, with or without necrosis, and tissue cyst formation as it occurs in all species is dealt with. The wide pathological manifestations of toxoplasmosis as seen in sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, chinchillas and man are reviewed.
Whelchel DD, Tennent-Brown BS, Giguère S, Epstein KL.To compare the pharmacodynamics of once daily and twice daily administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) administration in horses. Methods: Randomized cross over study. Methods: Adult mixed breed healthy mares (n = 6). Methods: LMWH (dalteparin) was administered (50 U/kg subcutaneously) either every 12 or 24 hours for 3 consecutive days. Anti-factor Xa activity was measured before and at select time points after LMWH administration. Packed cell volume (PCV), platelet count, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and anti-thrombin (AT) activity were monitored throughout the study. Result...
Stockert JC, Trigoso CI, Tato A, Ferrer JM.The structure of specific granules from horse eosinophil leukocytes is still largely unknown. In this work, electron microscopical studies of horse eosinophils reveal that the large cytoplasmic granules contain an external membrane, a matrix of less density, and a dense (non crystalline) core. Round vacuolar inclusions of matrix materials were often observed within the cores. Horse eosinophil granules showed a considerable heterogeneity, and three morphological types could be identified according to structural features of the core and matrix.
Lindner A, Bauer S.The effect of storage duration at different storage temperatures on the plasma ammonia concentration of equine EDTA whole blood, EDTA plasma and heparin plasma samples was investigated. Further, the effect of jugular vein compression before and during blood sampling on the plasma ammonia values was evaluated. In EDTA whole blood kept at 4 degrees C there was no significant increase of ammonia content after 6 hours of storage, whereas the increase was already significant 3 hours after collection if the EDTA whole blood was kept at 20-22 degrees C. EDTA plasma samples stored at 20-22 degrees C, ...
Klymiuk MC, Balz N, Elashry MI, Wenisch S, Arnhold S.Nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are of increasing interest for research and clinical use in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including also previously named exosomes, provide a promising cell-free tool for therapeutic applications, which is probably a safer approach to achieve sufficient healing. Storage of EVs may be necessary for clinical applications as well as for further experiments, as the preparation is sometimes laborious and larger quantities tend to be gained. For this purpose, nanoparticles were obtained from mes...
Leduc L, Leclère M, Lavoie JP.Although horses with asthma share similar clinical signs, the heterogeneity of the disease in terms of severity, triggering factors, inflammatory profile, and pathological features has hindered our ability to define biologically distinct subgroups. The recognition of phenotypes and endotypes could enable the development of precision medicine, including personalized, targeted therapy, to benefit affected horses. While in its infancy in horses, this review outlines the phenotypes of equine asthma and discusses how knowledge gained from targeted therapy in human medicine can be applied to evaluat...
