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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
A comparative study on acetyl-CoA synthesising enzymes in spinal cord from cows, horses and pigs. 1. Comparative data are presented of the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and acetyl-CoA synthetase and of the acetate content in homogenates from ventral grey matter in spinal cord from cows and two non-ruminant species, pigs and horses. The methods used in the study are evaluated and discussed. 2. The total pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was 24.9-29.9 mU/mg protein and did not differ between the species. The part of the complex that was in active form at the sampling occasion was 60, 85 and 95% in cows, pigs and horses, respectively. 3. Acetyl-CoA synthetase activity dif...
[Diagnostic sonography of the limb of the horse]. The ultrasonic examination of tendons and ligaments of the distal limb of the horse improves the diagnostic possibilities of these frequently injured structures. The successful application is based upon a reliable knowledge of the normal sonographic anatomy and upon a standardized, flawless technic of the examination. Practice and experience allow the recognition of minor alterations which enables a more precise diagnosis, a more reliable prognosis, and in follow-up examinations also more specific information about the further use of the horse.
Some geometric properties of the third metacarpal bone: a comparison between the thoroughbred and standardbred racehorse. Geometric properties of the third metacarpal bone were compared between the young and adult Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorse. The change in shape during growth and superimposed training was dramatic in both breeds but the Thoroughbred showed the greatest difference in the minimum moment of inertia as the animal matured. Males had larger moments of inertia throughout the length of the diaphysis than did females. The differences in geometric properties of the third metacarpal bone between the Thoroughbred and Standardbred were related to the incidence of fatigue fractures which are common...
Lipopigments in veterinary pathology: pathogenesis and terminology. The lipopigments are a heterogenous group of pigments whose pathogenesis and terminology is confused. Whereas there is epidemiological and observational evidence that ceroid is derived from degeneration and peroxidation of unsaturated lipid, the assumption that all so-called lipopigments are similarly formed, is questioned. In particular, recent studies have distanced the pathogenesis of the pigment found in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses from that perceived for ceroid. The importance of protein rather than lipid in the pathogenesis of the pigment of ceroid-lipofuscinosis and of age pigment from th...
Fat cell size in various body region. A statistical analysis in Equus caballus. In 13 horses from both sexes, between 5 months and 18 years of age, in good nutritional state, statistical evaluations of fat cell sizes were performed in 16 body regions. From direct and indirect measurements referred to the cell diameter and cell number in equivalent areas, carried out on sections from paraffin embedded material and on preparations of dissociated whole cells, it emerged that the adipose cells of the subserous fat of the abdominal floor are consistently the largest, whereas those of the orbital fat body and supraorbital fossa are the smallest. In the other regions the cells h...
Origin of the hemagglutinin on A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8): the first known equine influenza outbreak in South Africa. A severe influenza outbreak occurred in horses in South Africa in 1986. The causative agent was identified as an influenza virus [A/Equine/Johannesburg/86 (H3N8)]. Antigenic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) with ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus is similar to recent equine H3 viruses. The nucleotide sequence analysis on the HA genes of Eq/Johannesburg/86 and other equine H3 influenza viruses, together with the epidemiological data, clearly demonstrated that the Eq/Johannesburg/86 virus was derived from a virus that had been circulating in hors...
[Histochemical changes in skeletal muscles of racehorses susceptible to rhabdomyolysis after exertion. II. Later myopathological and regeneration phenomena]. Needle biopsies from m. gluteus medius of 22 horses which had suffered from repeated attacks of exertional myopathy were studied at various times after an attack, to determine if metabolic alterations can be demonstrated by enzyme histochemistry. Morphological changes and activity of 25 enzymes were studied. Immediately after onset of an attack, some large rounded fibres with a defect of the oxidative phosphorylation were seen. After some hours these fibres lost their glycolytic enzyme activity, followed by disappearance of mitochondrial enzyme activity with accumulation of Ca2+-containing sub...
Preliminary investigations on the effects of a Strongylus vulgaris larval extract, mononuclear factors and platelet factors on equine smooth muscle cells in vitro. Factors involved in the proliferation of equine vascular smooth muscle cells were studied in vitro. The most prominent proliferative responses in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells were induced by Strongylus vulgaris larval antigen extract (LAE) and platelet-derived factors. Less significant proliferative responses were obtained with conditioned media from S. vulgaris LAE stimulated and from unstimulated equine mononuclear leukocytes. Additionally, vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to S. vulgaris LAE developed numerous perinuclear vacuoles and were more spindle-shaped than control or smo...
The effect of detomidine hydrochloride on the electrical activity of uterus in pregnant mares. The effect of detomidine on the electrical activity of the uterus was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy in 6 mares. The effect was observed in 3-5 min after the i.m. injection and it lasted for 50-70 min. 20 and 40 micrograms/kg b.w. doses of detomidine decreased the myometrial electrical activity, whereas 60 micrograms/kg dose did not have any effect on the activity. The results suggested that 20, 40 and 60 micrograms/kg b.w. doses of detomidine can be administered to mares during the last trimester of pregnancy without the risk of abortion induced by increased uterine electrical...
Biochemical evidence that equine leucocyte antigens W13, W22 and W23 are present on horse major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. A number of horse alloantisera were characterized biochemically as being directed against MHC class I or class II antigens by immunoprecipitation of the corresponding antigens from lysates of biosynthetically radioactively labelled lymphocytes and determination of their molecular weights by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. Sera recognizing A2 and A3 specificities precipitated antigens of 44,000 Daltons molecular weight (class I heavy chain), whereas sera with specificities W13, W22 and W23 precipitated antigens corresponding to class II dimers (30,000 and 32,000 Daltons). Comparison with antigens pr...
[The cervical vertebral column of horses–a clinico-radiological study]. For various anamnestic reasons the cervical vertebral column of 78 horses was examined radiologically. Statistical comparisons showed that male "warmbloods" were more frequently affected than was expected. Our horses were older than comparable animals in the international literature. Independently of their history the radiologic diagnosis of "cervical spondylarthrosis" was established in 56 horses. Arthrosis and other conditions were clinically manifested by spinal ataxia (44 horses) or mechanical impairment of the neck's mobility (21 horses). 10 of the arthrotic patients had synovial cysts ca...
Urogenital paraneurons in several mammals. Amines and/or peptide-producing cells, deserving to be called paraneurons, were demonstrated in the urethro-prostatic complex of the man, rabbit, buffalo and sheep and in the uterine horns of the pig, horse and mouse, by means of histochemical, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and double labeling immunofluorescent techniques. In particular, the urethro-prostatic complex of the sheep contains cells producing serotonin, chromogranin A and somatostatin. Often the amine and the "marker"-protein were colocalized in the same cells. Chromogranin A- and somatostatin-containing cells were found i...
Radiographic measurement from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot with navicular disease. Radiographic measurements from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot were compared in three groups of horses. Group 1 consisted of 143 normal horses, group 2 were 60 horses with clinical navicular disease and group 3 were 161 horses with clinical and radiographic navicular disease. Several measurements tended to be larger in group 3 than group 1. An enlargement of the navicular bone was observed in proximodistal and dorsopalmar directions. Partial enlargement of the pedal bone was observed in groups 2 and 3. Few differences were observed between age classes. All horses aged four years...
Isolation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from the blood of dogs, cats, horses and cattle. A simple discontinuous Percoll density-gradient technique was adapted for isolation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from cats, dogs, horses and cattle. Separation was accomplished at low speeds using a standard tabletop centrifuge. Cell purity was 100% for both granulocytes and mononuclear cells and cell viability exceeded 95%. Percent recovery of leukocytes ranged from 69 to 83%.
Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine thymus. Sections of equine thymus were examined for the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes by an immunohistochemical method. Carbonic anhydrase III, a major enzyme of skeletal muscle, was localized in some of the epithelial-reticular cells of the equine thymus. This finding suggests the presence of a new type of cell in the thymic cortex. The concentration of CA-III in the thymus was 17 micrograms/g wet tissue. CA-I and CA-II were not found in equine thymus.
[A sex chromosome mosaic in male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse]. In a 7 months old foal with a male pseudohermaphroditism the cytogenetic investigation revealed a XO/XYY-mosaic with a centric fusion of the Y-chromosomes.
Cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the stallion epididymis (Equus caballus). The epididymis of stallion castrated during the breeding and non breeding seasons were subdivided into six regions and their ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics were studied in order to provide a better understanding of the structure-function relationship of this androgen target organ. Even when the stallion has been postulated to be a seasonal breeder, our results do not show significant ultrastructural or cytochemical differences in both seasons. The pseudostratified epithelium is composed mainly of principal and basal cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The principal cells s...
Alleviation of postanesthetic hypoxemia in the horse. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the nasotracheal insufflation of oxygen at a flow rate of 15 L/min on the arterial partial pressure of oxygen during the recovery period following inhalation anesthesia in the horse. It has been stated that this is a suitable flow rate to prevent postoperative hypoxemia but without any experimental evidence to support those statements. Horses being used for the study of healing of cartilage were anesthetized on two separate occasions. Following one period of anesthesia they were allowed to recover breathing room air, and following the other ...
[The effect of a single dose of dexamethasone on the production of superoxide anion and on the chemotaxis of blood polynuclear neutrophils in the horse]. Chemotaxis and superoxide anion production of neutrophils in healthy horses were investigated before and 8 h after, a single injection of dexamethasone at a dose of 0.045 mg/kg. Chemotaxis was studied by the technique of migration under agarose and superoxyde production was measured by ferricytochrome c reduction. Superoxide anion production was not changed, but the chemotactic index, with zymosan activated horse serum, was increased. The FMLP chemoattractant effect, at 10(-4) M, was slightly enhanced.
Surgical treatment of sand colic in equids: 48 cases (1978-1985). Medical records of 48 equids (47 horses, 1 pony) with surgical sand colic were reviewed. The diagnosis of sand colic was made if a sand impaction(s) was palpated during exploratory abdominal surgery or if a large quantity of sand was found during colotomy. Most equids did not experience a previous episode of sand diarrhea or sand colic. Clinical findings and results of clinicopathologic determinations were not diagnostic. Rectal palpation findings in 40 of 46 horses were compatible with large-colon and/or cecal distention. Impactions were palpable per rectum in only 7 horses, but emergency abd...
Screening, confirmation and quantification of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise). Methods for screening by thin-layer chromatography, quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of boldenone sulfate in equine urine after administration of boldenone undecylenate (Equipoise) are presented. Sample work-up was done with C18 liquid-solid extraction followed by solvolytic cleavage of the sulfate ester. Confirmatory evidence of boldenone sulfate in equine urine was obtained from 2 h to 42 days following a therapeutic intramuscular dose of Equipoise. The use of 19-nortestosterone sulfat...
Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses. Local anesthetics given in the epidural space of a horse may cause hind limb weakness in addition to analgesia. Because alpha 2 agonists given by epidural injection cause sensory blockade without motor effects in human beings and other species, their use in veterinary anesthesia is appealing. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of xylazine HCl, an alpha 2 agonist commonly used in horses. Xylazine, 0.9% NaCl, and lidocaine were given by epidural injection to horses subjected to perineal electrical stimulation. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a ...
The use of enzyme profiles in the training and racing of horses: a review. The effects of age, training, racing and endurance riding on serum enzyme profiles in the horse are reviewed and discussed.
Surgical management of foaling injuries. The great variety of pathologic conditions associated with the peripartum period in the mare emphasizes the need for close observation and evaluation of the mare's condition during this period. The temperament and strength of the mare and violence of parturition undoubtedly produce extreme intraabdominal pressures that result in (or enhance preexisting) pathologic changes. Although the exact etiology of many of these disease processes is unknown, careful observation with properly timed medical and/or surgical intervention could reduce the losses associated with the peripartum period.
