Omneity® Pellets
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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Healing of experimentally induced corneal ulcers in horses. Corneal ulcers to the depth of the anterior third of the stroma were created surgically in both eyes of 10 ponies. One eye in each pony was treated topically with chloramphenicol and 1% atropine ophthalmic ointments 3 times per day; the contralateral eye was not treated topically. All ponies were given phenylbutazone orally for relief of ocular pain. Fluorescein-stained ulcers were measured once a day. The median healing time of the treated eyes (11 days) and the median healing time of the nontreated eyes (13.5 days) were found not to be significantly different. Clinically, however, more sever...
A rapid microtitration serum agglutination test for the detection of contagious equine metritis antibodies. A microtitration serum agglutination test, based on that used for brucellosis, has been developed to detect antibodies in the sera of horses exposed to the contagious equine metritis (CEM) organism. Two known positive sera were tested 100 times in 15 separate tests. The results were reproducible to within a twofold range. The test is capable of being carried out within 100 min.
Passive immunization of cyclic mares against androgen: gonadotropin and progesterone concentrations and estrous characteristics. Antiserum generated in a horse against testosterone conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was administered to six lighthorse mares (androgen-immunized mares) 1 to 3 d before a prostaglandin-induced estrus and twice again at 2-d intervals. Six control mares were administered antiserum generated against BSA on the same schedule. Relative to testosterone, cross-reactivities of other steroids with the testosterone antiserum were (%): dihydrotestosterone, 52; 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol, 8.6; androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 1.2; and all others tested less than .1. Tritiated testosterone bi...
Treatment of radial fractures in adult horses: an analysis of 15 clinical cases. Fifteen cases of radial fractures in adult horses weighing more than 300 kg are discussed. Four of the horses were destroyed on humane grounds immediately because of a poor prognosis and expense of internal fixation; and two horses at five days and five weeks, respectively after treatment by cast application was initiated. Internal fixation was used in nine horses but of these only two horses recovered completely and resumed their former activities. In eight cases, two plates were applied, one lateral or medial and the other cranial. The internal fixation techniques of all nine horses were scr...
Antimicrobial selection and dosage in the treatment of equine bacterial infections. The success of antimicrobial therapy depends on administration of an agent to which the pathogenic microorganisms are susceptible at the concentrations attained at the site of infection. The route of administration, size of the dose and dosing interval must be appropriate for the drug preparation selected. With penicillins in particular, dosage can be tailored to the severity of the infection and quantitative susceptibility of the microorganism. This approach cannot be applied to aminoglycosides because their relatively narrow margin of safety limits the amount which can be administered. In se...
Quantitative determination of acylphosphatase levels in horse tissues by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A non competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for horse muscle acylphosphatase (E.C. 3.6.1.7.) has been developed. The purified anti-acylphosphatase antibodies were immobilized by passive absorption to a solid-phase support and incubated with known and unknown amounts of antigen. The antibody-acylphosphatase complex was quantified using the same antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The assay yields positive reactions with as little as 0.05 ng of antigen, with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of 5% and 7%, respectively. On the basis of this assay ...
Detection and identification of ketamine and its metabolites in horse urine. The possibility exists that ketamine, or ketamine in combination with xylazine, is being used illicitly to affect the performance of racehorses. This study was undertaken to identify the metabolites of ketamine in the urine of adult horses and to evaluate methods for detecting and confirming ketamine administration. Detection of ketamine and two ketamine metabolites is described using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and their identities are confirmed by comparing their mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention times with those of authentic standards.
Role of carotid chemoreceptors and pulmonary vagal afferents during helium-oxygen breathing in ponies. Our purpose was to assess compensatory breathing responses to airway resistance unloading in ponies. We hypothesized that the carotid bodies and hilar nerve afferents, respectively, sense chemical and mechanical changes caused by unloading, hence carotid body-denervated (CBD) and hilar nerve-denervated ponies (HND) might demonstrate greater ventilatory responses when decreasing resistance. At rest and during treadmill exercise, resistance was transiently reduced approximately 40% in five normal, seven CBD, and five HND ponies by breathing gas of 79% He-21% O2 (He-O2). In all groups at rest, He...
Pituitary responsiveness of mares challenged with GnRH at various stages of the transition into the breeding season. Four groups of mares, representing anestrus (AN; n = 8), early transition (ET; n = 7), late transition (LT; n = 8) and estrus (EST; n = 12) were used to examine release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) after a bolus injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) during the transition from anestrus into the breeding season. Estrous mares received GnRH on d 2 or 3 of estrus in the cycle immediately preceding slaughter. Anestrous, ET and LT mares received GnRH exactly 1 wk prior to slaughter. A single injection of GnRH (Sigma LHRH, L-0507, 2.0 micrograms/kg b...
Bone sequestration in horses and cattle. The site of occurrence of 490 bone sequestra in horses and cattle was investigated. Most sequestra occurred in the proximal half of the third metatarsal bone and the third metacarpal bone. The most common clinical features included swelling, presence of a draining tract, impaired function and delayed wound healing. These diagnostic features, and the preferred time to confirm the diagnosis by radiological examination are discussed. The surgical treatment is relatively simple and the prognosis favourable in most cases. It is suggested that soft tissue injury and the presence of infection are of ...
Inactivation of horse liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram. Evidence that disulfiram is not an active-site-directed reagent. The inhibition of mitochondrial (pI 5) horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulphide) was investigated to determine if the drug was an active-site-directed inhibitor. Stoichiometry of inhibition was determined by using an analogue, [35S]tetramethylthiuram disulphide. A 50% loss of the dehydrogenase activity was observed when only one site per tetrameric enzyme was modified, and complete inactivation was not obtained even after seven sites per tetramer were modified. Modification of only two sites accounted for a loss of 75% of the initial catalytic activity. Th...
Inhibition of equine neutrophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis by a Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor, taeniaestatin. Taeniaestatin, a recently isolated Taenia taeniaeformis proteinase inhibitor, was used to inhibit equine neutrophil migration. Taeniaestatin itself was not chemotactic when used as a chemotactic factor but taeniaestatin did inhibit neutrophil chemokinesis when tested in a Zigmond-Hirsch checkerboard assay. A dose-dependent inhibition of both chemokinesis and chemotaxis was observed when zymosan activated bovine sera (ZABS) was used as the chemotactic factor. This inhibition was greater than 95% when 5 mu of taeniaestatin was present on both the cell and chemotactic factor side of the chambers....
Qualitative aspects of the incorporation of equine cancellous bone grafts. The incorporation of autogenous cancellous bone graft was studied in eight yearling ponies. The site for the defect to be grafted was chosen so that the effect on the graft, of both the host cortical and trabecular bone, could be assessed. To obtain information concerning the vitality of the graft and the dynamic aspects of the modelling and remodelling processes of graft incorporation, a double and treble tetracycline intravital labelling technique was used. Radiographs of the graft and host tissues of all ponies were obtained regularly, but were of little assistance in assessing graft incorp...
A comparative scanning electron microscopic view of the integument of domestic mammals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates efficiently species-specific differences of hairy skin (integumentum commune) of domestic mammals (pig, cat, dog, horse, cattle, sheep, goat). This technique is very helpful in characterizing the typical structural features of the epidermal layers, the arrangement of the collagen fibre bundles and the elastic fibre network in the dermis, the external and internal construction of hair follicles and hair shafts, and the functional development of skin glands. It is also possible to observe certain domestication effects, especially where the hair coa...
The effect of lateral and dorsal recumbency on cardiopulmonary function in the anaesthetised horse. The effect of lateral and dorsal recumbency on cardiopulmonary function in six anaesthetised horses were compared. Cardiac output/kg, stroke volume/kg, alveolar ventilation, venous admixture, pulmonary shunt and blood-gas values were determined. From lateral to dorsal recumbency cardiac output/kg decreased non-significantly. A significant increase in pulmonary shunt occurred. A positive correlation between body mass and pulmonary shunt in dorsal recumbency was found. Alveolar ventilation increased significantly in dorsal recumbency when breathing air compared to oxygen.
Serological study of leptospiral infections and endogenous uveitis among horses and ponies in the United Kingdom. The prevalence of antibody titres to a range of 20 leptospira antigens in the serum of horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities and with ophthalmoscopic evidence of endogenous uveal inflammatory disease was determined using a microscopic agglutination technique. Titres against leptospira antigens were observed in 13 out of 138 (9.1 per cent) animals with no ophthalmic abnormalities, and in three out of 27 (11.1 per cent) animals with anterior uveitis. Serovar sejroe was common to all seropositive animals with anterior uveitis. The results show that leptospira infection is not a major...
Neutrophil phagocytic and serum opsonic response of the foal to Corynebacterium equi. This study was undertaken to examine the neutrophil response to Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, and to assess the possibility of neutrophil immaturity or malfunction in predisposition to C. equi pneumonia in foals. Neutrophil phagocytosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi was studied in foals from birth to 6 months of age. Chemiluminescence (CL) and bactericidal assays were used to assay the phagocytic response of peripheral blood neutrophils to C. equi in vitro. Results of in vitro bactericidal and CL assays indicate that foal neutrophils are able to ingest and kill C. equi, however a...
The use of staplers in equine intestinal surgery. Automatic suturing instruments were tested in two ponies and two horses. The TA stapler was used for bowel closure (enterotomies and gut transection) and for end-to-end 'triangulation' anastomoses. The GIA stapler was used for making side-to-side anastomoses. In one horse several enterotomies were made at different stages and the results of suturing by hand and with a stapler were compared. The utility of both types of staplers is discussed in relation to clinical evaluations and macroscopical and microscopical findings post mortem.
