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Topic:Virus
The study of viral infections that affect equine species assesses the relationship between viruses and horses. Infections can lead to a range of clinical symptoms and may impact the health and performance of horses. Common equine viruses include Equine Influenza Virus, Equine Herpesvirus, and West Nile Virus, among others. Understanding the mechanisms of viral transmission, pathogenesis, and host immune responses is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the epidemiology, molecular biology, and clinical management of viral infections in horses.
Conserved Antagonization of Type I Interferon Signaling by Arterivirus GP5 Proteins. can establish persistent infections in animals such as equids, pigs, nonhuman primates, rodents, and possums. Some can even cause overt and severe diseases such as Equine Arteritis in horses and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in pigs, leading to huge economic losses. have evolved viral proteins to antagonize the host cell's innate immune responses by inhibiting type I interferon (IFN) signaling, assisting viral evasion and persistent infection. So far, the role of the glycoprotein 5 (GP5) protein in IFN signaling inhibition remains unclear. Here, we investigated the inhibito...
Modelling the Influence of Climate and Vector Control Interventions on Arbovirus Transmission. Most mathematical models that assess the vectorial capacity of disease-transmitting insects typically focus on the influence of climatic factors to predict variations across different times and locations, or examine the impact of vector control interventions to forecast their potential effectiveness. We combine features of existing models to develop a novel model for vectorial capacity that considers both climate and vector control. This model considers how vector control tools affect vectors at each stage of their feeding cycle, and incorporates host availability and preference. Applying this...
Aspergillus Fumigatus Spore Proteases Alter the Respiratory Mucosa Architecture and Facilitate Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection. Numerous Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) airborne spores are inhaled daily by humans and animals due to their ubiquitous presence. The interaction between the spores and the respiratory epithelium, as well as its impact on the epithelial barrier function, remains largely unknown. The epithelial barrier protects the respiratory epithelium against viral infections. However, it can be compromised by environmental contaminants such as pollen, thereby increasing susceptibility to respiratory viral infections, including alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). To determine whether Af spores di...
Prevalence and Sequence Analysis of Equine Rhinitis Viruses among Horses in Poland. Equine rhinitis A (ERAV) and B (ERBV) viruses are respiratory pathogens with worldwide distribution. The current study aimed to determine the frequency of infection of ERAV and ERBV among horses and foals at Polish national studs, and to determine genetic variability within the viruses obtained. Virus-specific quantitative RT-PCR assays targeting a 5' untranslated region were used to screen nasal swabs collected from 621 horses at 16 national horse studs from throughout Poland, including 553 healthy horses and 68 horses with respiratory disease. A partial DNA polymerase gene was amplified and ...
Orthoflavivirus surveillance in the Netherlands: Insights from a serosurvey in horses & dogs and a questionnaire among horse owners. Zoonotic arboviruses (arthropod-borne) of the Orthoflavivirus genus, such as West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV) and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), are emerging in Northwestern Europe and pose a threat to both human and animal health. In the Netherlands, passive symptomatic surveillance (notification of clinical cases) in horses is one of the main pillars for the early detection of WNV. For such passive surveillance to work properly, horse owners and veterinarians need to recognize symptoms and report suspected cases to the authorities. Currently, little is known about the seropre...
Identification of the Promoter Antisense Transcript Enhancing the Transcription of the Equine Herpesvirus-1 Immediate-Early Gene. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory diseases, abortion, and encephalomyelitis in horses. The EHV-1 immediate-early (IE) protein, essential for viral replication, is transactivated by the binding of a multiprotein complex including the open reading frame 12 (ORF12) and some host factors to the IE promoter region. Promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs), which are transcribed from bidirectional promoters, regulate the transcription of neighboring genes in mammals and pathogens. In this study, we identified a novel pancRNA transcribed from across the areas of the 5'-untranslate...
Shifts in receptors during submergence of an encephalitic arbovirus. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that frequently caused major outbreaks of encephalitis in humans and horses in the early twentieth century, but the frequency of outbreaks has since decreased markedly, and strains of this alphavirus isolated in the past two decades are less virulent in mammals than strains isolated in the 1930s and 1940s. The basis for this phenotypic change in WEEV strains and coincident decrease in epizootic activity (known as viral submergence) is unclear, as is the possibility of re-emergence of highly virulent strains. Here...
First report of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) in Argentina. The novel Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis (EqPV-H) was first identified in the serum and liver of a horse that died of equine serum hepatitis, also known as Theiler's disease. Several reports in recent years strongly suggest that EqPV-H is the etiologic agent of Theiler's disease. Brazil is the only South American country where infection with this virus has been reported. This study investigated the presence of EqPV-H DNA in horse serum pools (n=51), commercial horse serum batches (n=5) and individual serum samples from donor horses (n=175) from Argentina. All serum samples were analyzed by quanti...
Histopathological and Virological Findings of a Penile Papilloma in a Japanese Stallion with Equus Caballus Papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2). Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) is known to cause genital neoplasms in horses. However, reports on EcPV2 in Japan and Asia are limited. Herein, we present the histopathological and virological findings of the first reported case of an EcPV2-associated penile mass in Japan. The patient was a 22-year-old stallion with a history of breeding in Japan and abroad. Histopathological examination contained RNA in situ hybridization targeting the E6/E7 region and an immunohistochemical approach, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted within the viral examination. Proliferating epidermal cells...
The complete genome of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) field isolates from Argentina reveals an interspecific recombinant strain. The Equid alphaherpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection can have devastating economic consequences in the horse industry due to large-scale outbreaks of abortions, perinatal foal mortality, and myeloencephalopathy. The present study analyzed the genome of two isolates obtained from aborted fetuses in Argentina, E/745/99 and E/1297/07. The E745/99 genome shares 98.2% sequence identity with Ab4, a reference EHV-1 strain. The E/1297/07 genome shares 99.8% identity with NY03, a recombinant strain containing part of ORF64 and part of the intergenic region from Equid alphaherpesvirus-4 (EHV-4). The E/12...
Serological survey on Hepatitis E virus in Namibian dogs, cats, horses, and donkeys. The present study investigated the seropositivity rate of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in domestic and working animals in Namibia, which included dogs, cats, horses, and donkeys. HEV poses a growing threat as a significant cause of human hepatitis globally and has several genotypes of varying zoonotic potential. As epidemiological data on the seroprevalence of HEV in Namibia is scarce, a serosurvey was conducted on archived serum samples of 374 dogs, 238 cats, 98 horses, and 60 donkeys collected between 2018 and 2022 from different regions, to assess the potential of these animals as sources of HEV...
A recombinant Getah Virus expressing a GFP gene for rapid neutralization testing and antiviral drug screening assay. Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne RNA virus that induces fever, hind limb edema, swollen submandibular lymph nodes, and urticaria in horses. In pigs, the virus often results in stillbirths among pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms leading to death in piglets. Currently, there are no specific treatments or drugs available for GETV infection. The use of reporter viruses to monitor viral replication and spread in real-time within infected cells and animals provides a powerful tool for targeting antiviral drugs throughout the viral life cycle. Their fluorescence-tracked chara...
Antibody reactions of horses against various domains of the EHV-1 receptor-binding protein gD1. Equid alphaherpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) are closely related and both endemic in horses worldwide. Both viruses replicate in the upper respiratory tract, but EHV-1 may additionally lead to abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). We focused on antibody responses in horses against the receptor-binding glycoprotein D of EHV-1 (gD1), which shares a 77% amino acid identity with its counterpart in EHV-4 (gD4). Both antigens give rise to cross-reacting antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies. However, immunity against EHV-4 is not considered protective against EHM. Wh...
Spatiotemporal analysis of equine infectious anemia and prediction of risk areas in Europe. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a vector-borne persistent viral infection in equine animals. The EIA is characterized by recurrent fever, thrombocytopenia, depression, anemia, rapid weight loss, and lower body edema. Control of EIA is achieved through the elimination or isolation of infected animals, resulting in significant economic losses. In recent years, many countries in Europe have experienced outbreaks of EIA, which could potentially develop into a new wave of epidemic and pose a significant threat to the healthy development of the equine industry. This study utilized spatiotemporal a...
Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization. Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) causes respiratory disease in horses, and the virus is considered endemic in the global equine population. However, outbreaks can occur when several horses are gathered in relation to shows, competitions, breeding units and at hospitals. In the spring year 2022, an EHV-4 outbreak occurred at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Nine horses were tested EHV-4 positive during the outbreak, which lasted approx. seven weeks. In addition, a tenth horse "Eq10" tested EHV-4 positive almost three weeks after the last of the outbreak horses ...
Development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate for equid alphaherpesvirus 1 control: a step towards efficient protection. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1) is a viral pathogen known to cause respiratory disease, neurologic syndromes, and abortion storms in horses. Currently, there are no vaccines that provide complete protection against EqAHV1. Marker vaccines and the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy are effective for preventing and controlling outbreaks but have not been used for the prevention of EqAHV1 infection. Glycoprotein 2 (gp2), located on the envelope of viruses (EqAHV1), exhibits high antigenicity and functions as a molecular marker for DIVA. In this study, a series of...
Role of pseudotyped viruses in understanding epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity of viral diseases affecting both horses and humans. In this review, we explore how pseudotyped viruses (PVs) are being applied to the study of viruses affecting both humans and horses. For the purposes of this review, we define PVs as non-replicative viruses with the core of one virus and the surface protein(s) of another and encapsulating a reporter gene such as luciferase. These 'reporter' PVs enable receptor-mediated entry into host cells to be quantified, and thus can be applied to study the initial stages of viral replication. They can also be used to test antiviral activity of compounds and measure envelope protein-specific antibodies in ...
Foals of mares vaccinated for Hendra virus have a suboptimal response to HeV vaccination. Hendra virus (HeV) is lethal to horses and a zoonotic threat to humans in Australia, causing severe neurological and/or respiratory disease with high mortality. An equine vaccine has been available since 2012. Foals acquire antibodies from their dams by ingesting colostrum after parturition, therefore it is assumed that foals of mares vaccinated against HeV will have passive HeV antibodies circulating during the first several months of life until they are actively vaccinated. However, no studies have yet examined passive or active immunity against HeV in foals. Here, we investigated anti-HeV a...
Divergent strains of EHV-1 in Swedish outbreaks during 2012 to 2021. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a ubiquitous and significant viral pathogen in horses worldwide, causing a range of conditions, including fever, respiratory disease, abortion in pregnant mares and the severe neurological disease called equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Despite that EHV-1 is a notifiable animal disease in Sweden, there is limited knowledge about the circulating strains. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of EHV-1 strains in equine samples from different Swedish outbreaks by partial genome sequencing. Genotyping based on three selected open reading fram...
Subclinical infection and potential shedding routes of equine parvovirus-hepatitis among hospitalized horses in Austria. Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) can cause Theiler's disease and subclinical hepatitis in horses. Objective: Assess the frequency of subclinical EqPV-H infection in hospitalized horses and to study viral transmission by investigating potential shedding routes. Methods: One hundred sixteen equids, that presented to the University Equine Hospital of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna between February 2021 and March 2022, for causes other than hepatopathy. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, samples (serum, feces, nasal, and buccal swabs) of hospitalized horses were collected. S...
Unmasking the ongoing challenge of equid herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A comprehensive review. Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are a group of highly impactful viral pathogens that affect horses, presenting a substantial risk to the global equine industry. Among these, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) primarily causes respiratory infections. However, its ability to spread to distant organs can lead to severe consequences such as abortion and neurological diseases. These viruses can enter a dormant phase, with minimal activity, and later reactivate to trigger active infections at any time. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of a particularly devastating strains of EHV-1 known...
Blebbistatin as a novel antiviral agent targeting equid herpesvirus type 8. Equid herpesvirus type 8 (EqHV-8) poses a significant threat to equine health, leading to miscarriages and respiratory diseases in horses and donkeys, and results in substantial economic losses in the donkey industry. Currently, there are no effective drugs or vaccines available for EqHV-8 infection control. Unassigned: In this study, we investigated the and antiviral efficacy of Blebbistatin, a myosin II ATPase inhibitor, against EqHV-8. Unassigned: Our results demonstrated that Blebbistatin significantly inhibited EqHV-8 infection in Rabbit kidney (RK-13) and Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDB...
The key role of Spain in the traffic of West Nile virus lineage 1 strains between Europe and Africa. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus worldwide spread. Seasonal WNV outbreaks occur in the Mediterranean basin since the late 1990's with ever-increasing incidence. In Southern Spain WNV is endemic, as disease foci - caused by WNV lineage 1 (WNV-L1) strains - occur every year. On the contrary, WNV-L2 is the dominant lineage in Europe, so most European WNV sequences available belong to this lineage, WNV-L1 sequences being still scarce. Unassigned: To fill this gap, this study reports the genetic characterisation of 27 newly described WNV-L1 strains, involved in outbreaks affecting wild...
Equus Caballus Papillomavirus Type 7 is A Rare Cause Of Equine Penile Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common, potentially life-threatening neoplasms of horses. They are well-recognized to be caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV) type 2, although EcPV2 cannot be detected in all cases. A 23-year-old standardbred gelding developed multiple penile in situ and invasive SCCs that contained histological evidence of PV infection. By using both consensus and specific PCR primers, these lesions were found to contain EcPV7 DNA, but not DNA from EcPV2 or any other PV type. To determine how frequently EcPV7 is present in equine penile SCCs, specific prime...
Spatiotemporal pattern and suitable areas analysis of equine influenza in global scale (2005-2022). Equine influenza (EI) is a severe infectious disease that causes huge economic losses to the horse industry. Spatial epidemiology technology can explore the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and occurrence risks of infectious diseases, it has played an important role in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases in humans and animals. For the first time, this study conducted a systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of EI using SaTScan software and investigated the important environmental variables and suitable areas for EI occurrence using the Maxent mode...
Development and application of a colloidal-gold immunochromatographic strip for detecting Getah virus antibodies. Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that is highly pathogenic, mainly to pigs and horses. There are no vaccines or treatments available for GETV in swine in China. Therefore, the development of a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive serological assay for GETV antibodies is essential for the prevention and control of GETV. Current antibody monitoring methods are time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on specialized instrumentation, and these features are not conducive to rapid detection in clinical samples. To address these problem, we developed immunochromatograph...
Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis Virus and Equine Hepacivirus in Archived Sera from Horses in France and Australia. Reports of newly discovered equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses have emerged throughout the last decade in many countries, the discovery of which has stimulated a great deal of interest and clinical research. Although commonly detected in horses without signs of disease, equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV) have been associated with liver disease, including following the administration of contaminated anti-toxin. Our aim was to determine whether EqPV-H and EqHV are present in Australian horses and whether EqPV-H was present in French horses and to examine ...
The Potential of Plant-Produced Virus-like Particle Vaccines for African Horse Sickness and Other Equine Orbiviruses. African horse sickness is a devastating viral disease of equids. It is transmitted by biting midges of the genus with mortalities reaching over 90% in naïve horses. It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and is seasonally endemic in many parts of southern Africa. However, outbreaks in Europe and Asia have occurred that caused significant economic issues. There are attenuated vaccines available for control of the virus but concerns regarding the safety and efficacy means that alternatives are sought. One promising alternative is the use of virus-like particles in vaccine preparations, which have...
First identification and isolation of equine herpesvirus type 1 in aborted fetal lung tissues of donkeys. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is commonly associated with horse abortion. Currently, there are no reported cases of abortion resulting from EHV-1 infection in donkeys. This was the first survey-based study of Chinese donkeys. The presence of EHV-1 was identified by PCR. This survey was conducted in Chabuchar County, North Xinjiang, China, in 2020. A donkey EHV-1 strain (Chabuchar/2020) was successfully isolated in MDBK cells. Seventy-two of 100 donkey sera were able to neutralize the isolated EHV-1. Moreover, the ORF33 sequence of the donkey-origin EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 strain showed high l...
