FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2019; 33(2); 335-349; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15423

ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome.

Abstract: Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long-term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.
© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-02-06 PubMed ID: 30724412PubMed Central: PMC6430910DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15423Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This article focuses on the Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS), a condition in horses marked by risk factors like insulin dysregulation that can lead to laminitis. The research advices practical methods for recognizing, diagnosing, and controlling this condition in order to promote the animal’s overall health.

Introduction to Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)

  • Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is a common health disorder among horses that brings together multiple risk factors for a disease known as endocrinopathic laminitis.
  • Endocrinopathic laminitis is a painful and debilitating disorder affecting a horse’s feet.
  • The principal risk factor for EMS is the disruption of insulin regulation, often known as Insulin Dysregulation (ID).

Importance of Identifying Risk Factors

  • The article emphasizes the importance of accurately identifying these risk factors to mitigate and control the likelihood of a horse suffering from a laminitis attack.
  • Both clinicians and horse handlers have the responsibility to notice these risk factors, including signs of insulin dysregulation and obesity, among others.

Diagnosis of EMS

  • The process for diagnosing EMS is two-fold, comprised of both a review of the horse’s medical history and a clinical examination, as well as laboratory testing.
  • Diverse testing mechanisms exist, each illuminating different aspects of insulin dysregulation and other closely linked metabolic disruptions.

EMS Management

  • The management of EMS mainly revolves around adjusting the horse’s diet and instituting a proper exercise program. These alterations aim to amend insulin regulation and cut down obesity where it exists.
  • In certain situations, the use of pharmacological aids could be beneficial. However, this is a secondary strategy and is used only if the primary methods don’t yield results.

The Need for Long-Term Care

  • The proper handling of an EMS case is a long-term strategy that requires a high degree of diligence and discipline from the horse’s carer.
  • The carer should work closely with their veterinarians to ensure that the horse receives consistent support and guidance.

Cite This Article

APA
Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. (2019). ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med, 33(2), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15423

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 335-349

Researcher Affiliations

Durham, Andy E
  • Liphook Equine Hospital, Liphook, United Kingdom.
Frank, Nicholas
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts.
McGowan, Cathy M
  • Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom.
Menzies-Gow, Nicola J
  • Department of clinical sciences and services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom.
Roelfsema, Ellen
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Vervuert, Ingrid
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Germany.
Feige, Karsten
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
Fey, Kerstin
  • Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Consensus
  • Endocrine System Diseases / complications
  • Foot Diseases / veterinary
  • Hoof and Claw / pathology
  • Horse Diseases / metabolism
  • Horses
  • Insulin / metabolism
  • Metabolic Syndrome / veterinary
  • Obesity / veterinary
  • Societies, Veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors provide the following declarations: A.E. Durham is employed by the Liphook Equine Hospital that offers a commercial diagnostic service including endocrine testing of horses and has received travel expenses from Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica for meetings related to Equine Metabolic Syndrome. N. Frank has received financial compensation for consultation on study design for Boehringer‐Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. and Kindred Biosciences, Inc. Boehringer‐Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc. has also supported travel and accommodation expenses for Equine Endocrinology Group meetings. C.M. McGowan is employed by the University of Liverpool which has received funding for research projects and consultancy related to Equine Metabolic Syndrome from Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica. K. Feige is employed by the University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover which has received funding for research grants related to Equine Metabolic Syndrome from Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica. K. Fey is employed by the Justus‐Liebig‐University in Giessen/Germany and has received fees for consultancy, presentations as well as travel expenses from Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica for subjects related to equine endocrine diseases.

References

This article includes 219 references
  1. Coffman JR, Colles CM. Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies.. Can J Comp Med 1983 Jul;47(3):347-51.
    pmc: PMC1235951pubmed: 6357412
  2. Jeffcott LB, Field JR, McLean JG, O'Dea K. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ponies and Standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J 1986 Mar;18(2):97-101.
    pubmed: 3516677doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03556.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  3. Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):271-93.
    pubmed: 15635908doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00006-8google scholar: lookup
  4. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):467-75.
    pubmed: 20384947doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Frank N, Tadros EM. Insulin dysregulation.. Equine Vet J 2014 Jan;46(1):103-12.
    pubmed: 24033478doi: 10.1111/evj.12169google scholar: lookup
  6. Treiber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, Byrd BM, Splan RK, Staniar WB. Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 May 15;228(10):1538-45.
    pubmed: 16677122doi: 10.2460/javma.228.10.1538google scholar: lookup
  7. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, Douglass L, Harris PA. Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies.. Equine Vet J 2009 Feb;41(2):171-8.
    pubmed: 19418747doi: 10.2746/042516408x342975google scholar: lookup
  8. Argo CM, Curtis GC, Grove-White D, Dugdale AH, Barfoot CF, Harris PA. Weight loss resistance: a further consideration for the nutritional management of obese Equidae.. Vet J 2012 Nov;194(2):179-88.
    pubmed: 23117030doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.020google scholar: lookup
  9. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):122-9.
    pubmed: 18167097doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.122google scholar: lookup
  10. Heliczer N, Gerber V, Bruckmaier R, van der Kolk JH, de Solis CN. Cardiovascular findings in ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017 May 1;250(9):1027-1035.
    pubmed: 28414603doi: 10.2460/javma.250.9.1027google scholar: lookup
  11. Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom.. Equine Vet J 2017 May;49(3):300-306.
    pubmed: 27363591doi: 10.1111/evj.12606google scholar: lookup
  12. Morgan RA, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in ponies in Queensland, Australia.. Aust Vet J 2014 Apr;92(4):101-6.
    pubmed: 24673135doi: 10.1111/avj.12159google scholar: lookup
  13. Muno J, Gallatin L, Geor R. Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal horses in central ohio.. J Vet Intern Med 2009;23(3):721.
  14. Pleasant RS, Suagee JK, Thatcher CD, Elvinger F, Geor RJ. Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 May-Jun;27(3):576-82.
    pubmed: 23517373doi: 10.1111/jvim.12056google scholar: lookup
  15. Karikoski NP, Horn I, McGowan TW, McGowan CM. The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011 Oct;41(3):111-7.
    pubmed: 21696910doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.004google scholar: lookup
  16. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Breed differences in insulin sensitivity and insulinemic responses to oral glucose in horses and ponies of moderate body condition score.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2014 Apr;47:101-7.
    pubmed: 24308928doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.11.001google scholar: lookup
  17. Stewart-Hunt L, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006 Aug;(36):226-32.
    pubmed: 17402423doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05544.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW. Changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 content and muscle membrane glucose transport following 6 weeks of exercise training.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):199-204.
    pubmed: 12405686doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05418.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  19. Liburt NR, Fugaro MN, Wunderlich EK. The effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and fat and muscle tissue cytokine profiles of old and young standardbred mares.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31:237‐238.
  20. Hart KA, Wochele DM, Norton NA, McFarlane D, Wooldridge AA, Frank N. Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):653-63.
    pmc: PMC4913614pubmed: 26860336doi: 10.1111/jvim.13839google scholar: lookup
  21. Nielsen BD, O'Connor‐Robison CI, Spooner HS, Shelton J. Glycemic and insulinemic responses are affected by age of horse and method of feed processing.. J Equine Vet Sci 2010;30:249‐258.
  22. Rapson JL, Schott HC 2nd, Nielsen BD, McCutcheon LJ, Harris PA, Geor RJ. Effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2018 Sep;50(5):690-696.
    pubmed: 29356053doi: 10.1111/evj.12812google scholar: lookup
  23. Kawasumi K, Yamamoto M, Koide M, Okada Y, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Aging effect on plasma metabolites and hormones concentrations in riding horses.. Open Vet J 2015;5(2):154-7.
    pmc: PMC4663796pubmed: 26623382
  24. Wray H, Elliott J, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in previously laminitic ponies.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):546-51.
    pubmed: 23418944doi: 10.1111/evj.12031google scholar: lookup
  25. Cartmill JA, Thompson DL Jr, Del Vecchio RP, Storer WA, Crowley JC. Leptin secretion in horses: effects of dexamethasone, gender, and testosterone.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2006 Aug;31(2):197-210.
    pubmed: 16305819doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.10.006google scholar: lookup
  26. Buff PR, Dodds AC, Morrison CD, Whitley NC, McFadin EL, Daniel JA, Djiane J, Keisler DH. Leptin in horses: tissue localization and relationship between peripheral concentrations of leptin and body condition.. J Anim Sci 2002 Nov;80(11):2942-8.
    pubmed: 12462262doi: 10.2527/2002.80112942xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Stephenson HM, Green MJ, Freeman SL. Prevalence of obesity in a population of horses in the UK.. Vet Rec 2011 Feb 5;168(5):131.
    pubmed: 21257596doi: 10.1136/vr.c6281google scholar: lookup
  28. Giles SL, Rands SA, Nicol CJ, Harris PA. Obesity prevalence and associated risk factors in outdoor living domestic horses and ponies.. PeerJ 2014;2:e299.
    pmc: PMC3970797pubmed: 24711963doi: 10.7717/peerj.299google scholar: lookup
  29. Robin CA, Ireland JL, Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, Newton JR. Prevalence of and risk factors for equine obesity in Great Britain based on owner-reported body condition scores.. Equine Vet J 2015 Mar;47(2):196-201.
    pubmed: 24735219doi: 10.1111/evj.12275google scholar: lookup
  30. Wyse CA, McNie KA, Tannahill VJ, Murray JK, Love S. Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland.. Vet Rec 2008 May 3;162(18):590-1.
    pubmed: 18453379doi: 10.1136/vr.162.18.590google scholar: lookup
  31. Harker IJ, Harris PA, Barfoot CF. The body condition score of leisure horses competing at an unaffiliated championship in the UK.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31:253‐254.
  32. Jensen RB, Danielsen SH, Tauson AH. Body condition score, morphometric measurements and estimation of body weight in mature Icelandic horses in Denmark.. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Oct 20;58(Suppl 1):59.
    pmc: PMC5073991pubmed: 27766968doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0240-5google scholar: lookup
  33. Christie JL, Hewson CJ, Riley CB, Mcniven MA, Dohoo IR, Bate LA. Demographics, management, and welfare of nonracing horses in Prince Edward Island.. Can Vet J 2004 Dec;45(12):1004-11.
    pmc: PMC554751pubmed: 15646847
  34. Kosolofski HR, Gow SP, Robinson KA. Prevalence of obesity in the equine population of Saskatoon and surrounding area.. Can Vet J 2017 Sep;58(9):967-970.
    pmc: PMC5556474pubmed: 28878421
  35. Potter SJ, Bamford NJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Prevalence of obesity and owners' perceptions of body condition in pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia.. Aust Vet J 2016 Nov;94(11):427-432.
    pubmed: 27785793doi: 10.1111/avj.12506google scholar: lookup
  36. Thatcher CD, Pleasant RS, Geor RJ, Elvinger F. Prevalence of overconditioning in mature horses in southwest Virginia during the summer.. J Vet Intern Med 2012 Nov-Dec;26(6):1413-8.
    pubmed: 22946995doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00995.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  37. Giles SL, Nicol CJ, Rands SA, Harris PA. Assessing the seasonal prevalence and risk factors for nuchal crest adiposity in domestic horses and ponies using the Cresty Neck Score.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jan 31;11:13.
    pmc: PMC4347557pubmed: 25636243doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0327-7google scholar: lookup
  38. Giles SL, Nicol CJ, Harris PA, Rands SA. Dominance rank is associated with body condition in outdoor-living domestic horses (Equus caballus).. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015 May;166:71-79.
    pmc: PMC4407901pubmed: 25937683doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.02.019google scholar: lookup
  39. Hitchens PL, Hultgren J, Frössling J, Emanuelson U, Keeling LJ. Prevalence and risk factors for overweight horses at premises in Sweden assessed using official animal welfare control data.. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Oct 20;58(Suppl 1):61.
    pmc: PMC5073806pubmed: 27766966doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0242-3google scholar: lookup
  40. Place NJ, McGowan CM, Lamb SV, Schanbacher BJ, McGowan T, Walsh DM. Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of selected metabolic hormones in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):650-4.
    pubmed: 20384949doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0500.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  41. Borer-Weir KE, Menzies-Gow NJ, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Elliott J. Seasonal and annual influence on insulin and cortisol results from overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in normal ponies and ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):688-93.
    pubmed: 23521139doi: 10.1111/evj.12053google scholar: lookup
  42. George LA, Staniar WB, Cubitt TA, Treiber KH, Harris PA, Geor RJ. Evaluation of the effects of pregnancy on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and glucose dynamics in Thoroughbred mares.. Am J Vet Res 2011 May;72(5):666-74.
    pubmed: 21529219doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.5.666google scholar: lookup
  43. Schreiber CM, Stewart AJ, Kwessi E, Behrend EN, Wright JC, Kemppainen RJ, Busch KA. Seasonal variation in results of diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in older, clinically normal geldings.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012 Jul 15;241(2):241-8.
    pubmed: 22765372doi: 10.2460/javma.241.2.241google scholar: lookup
  44. Selim S, Elo K, Jaakkola S, Karikoski N, Boston R, Reilas T, Särkijärvi S, Saastamoinen M, Kokkonen T. Relationships among Body Condition, Insulin Resistance and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression during the Grazing Season in Mares.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125968.
    pmc: PMC4418745pubmed: 25938677doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125968google scholar: lookup
  45. Buff PR, Messer NT 4th, Cogswell AM, Johnson PJ, Keisler DH, Ganjam VK. Seasonal and pulsatile dynamics of thyrotropin and leptin in mares maintained under a constant energy balance.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007 Nov;33(4):430-6.
    pubmed: 17055686doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.08.007google scholar: lookup
  46. Robie SM, Janson CH, Smith SC, O'Connor JT Jr. Equine serum lipids: serum lipids and glucose in Morgan and Thoroughbred horses and Shetland ponies.. Am J Vet Res 1975 Dec;36(12):1705-8.
    pubmed: 1200441
  47. Fowden AL, Comline RS, Silver M. Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in the mare.. Equine Vet J 1984 Jul;16(4):239-46.
    pubmed: 6383807doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01919.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  48. Watson TD, Burns L, Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Effects of pregnancy and lactation on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition and post-heparin lipase activities in Shetland pony mares.. J Reprod Fertil 1993 Mar;97(2):563-8.
    pubmed: 8501728doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0970563google scholar: lookup
  49. Smith S, Marr CM, Dunnett C, Menzies-Gow NJ. The effect of mare obesity and endocrine function on foal birthweight in Thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J 2017 Jul;49(4):461-466.
    pubmed: 27862248doi: 10.1111/evj.12645google scholar: lookup
  50. Petrakis D, Vassilopoulou L, Mamoulakis C, Psycharakis C, Anifantaki A, Sifakis S, Docea AO, Tsiaoussis J, Makrigiannakis A, Tsatsakis AM. Endocrine Disruptors Leading to Obesity and Related Diseases.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017 Oct 24;14(10).
    pmc: PMC5664782pubmed: 29064461doi: 10.3390/ijerph14101282google scholar: lookup
  51. Durward‐Akhurst SA, Norton EM, Schultz NS. The association between endocrine disrupting chemicals and equine metabolic syndrome.. Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation Equine Endocrinology Symposium 2017, Miami, FL, p. 34.
  52. de Laat MA, McGree JM, Sillence MN. Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016 Jan 1;310(1):E61-72.
    pubmed: 26530154doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00362.2015google scholar: lookup
  53. Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses.. Equine Vet J 2018 Mar;50(2):249-254.
    pubmed: 28833406doi: 10.1111/evj.12745google scholar: lookup
  54. Dühlmeier R, Deegen E, Fuhrmann H, Widdel A, Sallmann HP. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus).. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001 Jun;129(2-3):563-75.
    pubmed: 11423326doi: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00295-1google scholar: lookup
  55. Bamford NJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize.. J Anim Sci 2015 Jul;93(7):3377-83.
    pubmed: 26440006doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-8736google scholar: lookup
  56. Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Comparison of plasma active glucagon‐like peptide 1 concentrations in normal horses and those with equine metabolic syndrome and in horses placed on a high‐grain diet.. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;40:16‐25.
  57. Frank N, Walsh DM. Repeatability of Oral Sugar Test Results, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Measurements, and Serum High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Concentrations in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Jul;31(4):1178-1187.
    pmc: PMC5508339pubmed: 28543933doi: 10.1111/jvim.14725google scholar: lookup
  58. de Laat MA, Fitzgerald DM, Sillence MN, Spence RJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2: A potential role in equine insulin dysregulation.. Equine Vet J 2018 Nov;50(6):842-847.
    pubmed: 29502360doi: 10.1111/evj.12825google scholar: lookup
  59. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in different equine breeds adapted to cereal-rich or fat-rich meals.. Vet J 2016 Aug;214:14-20.
    pubmed: 27387720doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.002google scholar: lookup
  60. Treiber KH, Boston RC, Kronfeld DS, Staniar WB, Harris PA. Insulin resistance and compensation in Thoroughbred weanlings adapted to high-glycemic meals.. J Anim Sci 2005 Oct;83(10):2357-64.
    pubmed: 16160047doi: 10.2527/2005.83102357xgoogle scholar: lookup
  61. Quinn RW, Burke AO, Hartsock TG. Insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings: effect of weight gain, diet, and exercise on insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings.. Equine Vet Sci 2008;28:728‐738.
  62. Hoffman RM, Boston RC, Stefanovski D, Kronfeld DS, Harris PA. Obesity and diet affect glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings.. J Anim Sci 2003 Sep;81(9):2333-42.
    pubmed: 12968709doi: 10.2527/2003.8192333xgoogle scholar: lookup
  63. Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in horses and ponies fed a high fat diet, with or without a once daily high glycaemic meal.. Equine Vet J 2016 May;48(3):368-73.
    pubmed: 25726948doi: 10.1111/evj.12434google scholar: lookup
  64. Tóth F, Frank N, Martin-Jiménez T, Elliott SB, Geor RJ, Boston RC. Measurement of C-peptide concentrations and responses to somatostatin, glucose infusion, and insulin resistance in horses.. Equine Vet J 2010 Mar;42(2):149-55.
    pubmed: 20156251doi: 10.2746/042516409x478497google scholar: lookup
  65. Asplin KE, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC, McGowan CM. Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies.. Vet J 2007 Nov;174(3):530-5.
    pubmed: 17719811doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.003google scholar: lookup
  66. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses.. Equine Vet J 2010 Mar;42(2):129-35.
    pubmed: 20156248doi: 10.2746/042516409x475779google scholar: lookup
  67. de Laat MA, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC. Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in Standardbred horses.. Vet J 2012 Mar;191(3):317-22.
    pubmed: 21873088doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.07.007google scholar: lookup
  68. Walsh DM, McGowan CM, McGowan T. Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine cushing's disease and equine metabolic syndrome.. J Equine Vet Sci 2009;29(2):87‐94.
  69. Karikoski NP, McGowan CM, Singer ER, Asplin KE, Tulamo RM, Patterson-Kane JC. Pathology of Natural Cases of Equine Endocrinopathic Laminitis Associated With Hyperinsulinemia.. Vet Pathol 2015 Sep;52(5):945-56.
    pubmed: 25232034doi: 10.1177/0300985814549212google scholar: lookup
  70. Patterson-Kane JC, Karikoski NP, McGowan CM. Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis.. Vet J 2018 Jan;231:33-40.
    pubmed: 29429485doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.011google scholar: lookup
  71. de Laat MA, Patterson-Kane JC, Pollitt CC, Sillence MN, McGowan CM. Histological and morphometric lesions in the pre-clinical, developmental phase of insulin-induced laminitis in Standardbred horses.. Vet J 2013 Mar;195(3):305-12.
    pubmed: 22884985doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.003google scholar: lookup
  72. Karikoski NP, Patterson-Kane JC, Asplin KE, McGowan TW, McNutt M, Singer ER, McGowan CM. Morphological and cellular changes in secondary epidermal laminae of horses with insulin-induced laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 2014 Feb;75(2):161-8.
    pubmed: 24471752doi: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.161google scholar: lookup
  73. Asplin KE, Curlewis JD, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC, Sillence MN. Glucose transport in the equine hoof.. Equine Vet J 2011 Mar;43(2):196-201.
    pubmed: 21592215doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00127.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  74. de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC. Advanced glycation endproducts in horses with insulin-induced laminitis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jan 15;145(1-2):395-401.
    pubmed: 22240145doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.12.016google scholar: lookup
  75. de Laat MA, Kyaw-Tanner MT, Nourian AR, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metalloproteinase activity.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Apr 15;140(3-4):275-81.
    pubmed: 21333362doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.013google scholar: lookup
  76. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, McGowan CM, Sillence MN. Persistent digital hyperthermia over a 48 h period does not induce laminitis in horses.. Vet J 2012 Jun;192(3):435-40.
    pubmed: 22023851doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.016google scholar: lookup
  77. Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms.. Circulation 2006 Apr 18;113(15):1888-904.
    pubmed: 16618833doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.563213google scholar: lookup
  78. Venugopal CS, Eades S, Holmes EP, Beadle RE. Insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2011 Nov;43(6):744-9.
    pubmed: 21496102doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00351.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  79. Wooldridge AA, Waguespack RW, Schwartz DD, Venugopal CS, Eades SC, Beadle RE. Vasorelaxation responses to insulin in laminar vessel rings from healthy, lean horses.. Vet J 2014 Oct;202(1):83-8.
    pubmed: 25155219doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.021google scholar: lookup
  80. Morgan RA, Keen JA, Walker BR, Hadoke PW. Vascular Dysfunction in Horses with Endocrinopathic Laminitis.. PLoS One 2016;11(9):e0163815.
    pmc: PMC5042533pubmed: 27684374doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163815google scholar: lookup
  81. Gauff F, Patan-Zugaj B, Licka TF. Hyperinsulinaemia increases vascular resistance and endothelin-1 expression in the equine digit.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):613-8.
    pmc: PMC4018505pubmed: 23489109doi: 10.1111/evj.12040google scholar: lookup
  82. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Kyaw-Tanner MT, McGowan CM, Sillence MN. A potential role for lamellar insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):302-6.
    pubmed: 23394844doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.026google scholar: lookup
  83. Burns TA, Watts MR, Weber PS, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Belknap JK. Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed-breed ponies: an immunohistochemical study.. Equine Vet J 2013 May;45(3):326-32.
    pubmed: 22924550doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00631.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  84. Lane HE, Burns TA, Hegedus OC, Watts MR, Weber PS, Woltman KA, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Eades SC, Mathes LE, Belknap JK. Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signalling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2017 Sep;49(5):643-654.
    pubmed: 28078757doi: 10.1111/evj.12663google scholar: lookup
  85. Geurts L, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, Knauf C, Cani PD. Gut microbiota controls adipose tissue expansion, gut barrier and glucose metabolism: novel insights into molecular targets and interventions using prebiotics.. Benef Microbes 2014 Mar;5(1):3-17.
    pubmed: 23886976doi: 10.3920/bm2012.0065google scholar: lookup
  86. Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Arora T. Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome.. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013 Feb;27(1):59-72.
    pubmed: 23768553doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.017google scholar: lookup
  87. Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, Gordon JI. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 Jan 16;104(3):979-84.
    pmc: PMC1764762pubmed: 17210919doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605374104google scholar: lookup
  88. Elzinga SE, Weese JS, Adams AA. Comparison of the fecal microbiota in horses with equine metabolic syndrome and metabolically normal controls fed a similar all‐forage diet.. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;44:9‐16.
  89. Zhang X, Shen D, Fang Z, Jie Z, Qiu X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Ji L. Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance.. PLoS One 2013;8(8):e71108.
    pmc: PMC3754967pubmed: 24013136doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071108google scholar: lookup
  90. Staniar WB, Neuendorf LE, Brooks SA. Preliminary investigation of the changes in fecal streptococcal population due to diet and time of day in horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2016;46:18‐23.
  91. Respondek F, Goachet A‐G, Rudeaux F, Julliand V. Effects of short‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides on the microbial and biochemical profile of different segments of the gastro‐intestinal tract in horses.. Pferdeheilkunde 2007;23(2):146‐150.
  92. McCue M, Geor RJ, Schultz N. Equine metabolic syndrome: a complex disease influenced by genetics and the environment.. J Equine Vet Sci 2015;35(5):367‐375.
  93. Selim S, Elo K, Jaakkola S, Karikoski N, Boston R, Reilas T, Särkijärvi S, Saastamoinen M, Kokkonen T. Relationships among Body Condition, Insulin Resistance and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Gene Expression during the Grazing Season in Mares.. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125968.
    pmc: PMC4418745pubmed: 25938677doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125968google scholar: lookup
  94. Radin MJ, Sharkey LC, Holycross BJ. Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats, and horses.. Vet Clin Pathol 2009 Jun;38(2):136-56.
    pubmed: 19392760doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00133.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  95. Kearns CF, McKeever KH, Roegner V, Brady SM, Malinowski K. Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses.. Vet J 2006 Nov;172(3):460-5.
    pubmed: 15996495doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.002google scholar: lookup
  96. Van Weyenberg S, Buyse J, Kalmar ID, Swennen Q, Janssens GP. Voluntary feed intake and leptin sensitivity in ad libitum fed obese ponies following a period of restricted feeding: a pilot study.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013 Aug;97(4):624-31.
    pubmed: 22487253doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01300.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  97. Whitehead JP, Richards AA, Hickman IJ, Macdonald GA, Prins JB. Adiponectin--a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006 May;8(3):264-80.
    pubmed: 16634986doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00510.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  98. Basinska K, Marycz K, Śieszek A, Nicpoń J. The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Sci 2015;16(1):113-20.
    pmc: PMC4367141pubmed: 25269712doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.113google scholar: lookup
  99. Vick MM, Adams AA, Murphy BA, Sessions DR, Horohov DW, Cook RF, Shelton BJ, Fitzgerald BP. Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse.. J Anim Sci 2007 May;85(5):1144-55.
    pubmed: 17264235doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-673google scholar: lookup
  100. Suagee JK, Corl BA, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ. Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on inflammatory proteins in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Aug 15;142(3-4):141-6.
    pubmed: 21621276doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.001google scholar: lookup
  101. Waller AP, Kohler K, Burns TA, Mudge MC, Belknap JK, Lacombe VA. Naturally occurring compensated insulin resistance selectively alters glucose transporters in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues without change in AS160 activation.. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011 Sep;1812(9):1098-103.
    pmc: PMC3143249pubmed: 21352908doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.007google scholar: lookup
  102. Waller AP, Huettner L, Kohler K, Lacombe VA. Novel link between inflammation and impaired glucose transport during equine insulin resistance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Oct 15;149(3-4):208-15.
    pubmed: 22871576doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.003google scholar: lookup
  103. Burns TA, Geor RJ, Mudge MC, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW, Belknap JK. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive light breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):932-9.
    pubmed: 20649750doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0551.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  104. Ungru J, Blüher M, Coenen M, Raila J, Boston R, Vervuert I. Effects of body weight reduction on blood adipokines and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipokine mRNA expression profiles in obese ponies.. Vet Rec 2012 Nov 24;171(21):528.
    pubmed: 23042851doi: 10.1136/vr.100911google scholar: lookup
  105. Bruynsteen L, Erkens T, Peelman LJ, Ducatelle R, Janssens GP, Harris PA, Hesta M. Expression of inflammation-related genes is associated with adipose tissue location in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 Dec 2;9:240.
    pmc: PMC4220830pubmed: 24295090doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-240google scholar: lookup
  106. Lewis SL, Holl HM, Streeter C, Posbergh C, Schanbacher BJ, Place NJ, Mallicote MF, Long MT, Brooks SA. Genomewide association study reveals a risk locus for equine metabolic syndrome in the Arabian horse.. J Anim Sci 2017 Mar;95(3):1071-1079.
    pubmed: 28380523doi: 10.2527/jas.2016.1221google scholar: lookup
  107. Norton EM, Aliva F, Schultz NS. Identification of a genetic locus associated with height and metabolic traits in Welsh ponies.. J Equine Vet Sci 2017;52:73‐74.
  108. Schultz N, McCue M, Martinson N. Characterization of the equine metabolic syndrome phenotype—part I: biochemistry, morphometrics and breed comparisons.. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:767.
  109. Robles M, Gautier C, Mendoza L, Peugnet P, Dubois C, Dahirel M, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Guenon I, Camous S, Tarrade A, Wimel L, Serteyn D, Bouraima-Lelong H, Chavatte-Palmer P. Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy Affects Testicular and Bone Development, Glucose Metabolism and Response to Overnutrition in Weaned Horses Up to Two Years.. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169295.
    pmc: PMC5231272pubmed: 28081146doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169295google scholar: lookup
  110. Robles M, Nouveau E, Gautier C, Mendoza L, Dubois C, Dahirel M, Lagofun B, Aubrière MC, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Guenon I, Viguié C, Wimel L, Bouraima-Lelong H, Serteyn D, Couturier-Tarrade A, Chavatte-Palmer P. Maternal obesity increases insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and osteochondrosis lesions in foals and yearlings until 18 months of age.. PLoS One 2018;13(1):e0190309.
    pmc: PMC5786290pubmed: 29373573doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190309google scholar: lookup
  111. Warnken T, Huber K, Feige K. Comparison of three different methods for the quantification of equine insulin.. BMC Vet Res 2016 Sep 9;12(1):196.
    pmc: PMC5016943pubmed: 27613127doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0828-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  112. Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Measurement of Equine Insulin.. J Vet Intern Med 2017 Mar;31(2):568-574.
    pmc: PMC5354037pubmed: 28124389doi: 10.1111/jvim.14657google scholar: lookup
  113. Tinworth KD, Wynn PC, Boston RC, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Thevis M, Thomas A, Noble GK. Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011 Aug;41(2):81-90.
    pubmed: 21741576doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.05.001google scholar: lookup
  114. Borer-Weir KE, Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Evaluation of a commercially available radioimmunoassay and species-specific ELISAs for measurement of high concentrations of insulin in equine serum.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Oct;73(10):1596-602.
    pubmed: 23013186doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.10.1596google scholar: lookup
  115. Banse HE, McCann J, Yang F, Wagg C, McFarlane D. Comparison of two methods for measurement of equine insulin.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014 Jul;26(4):527-530.
    pubmed: 24928598doi: 10.1177/1040638714536560google scholar: lookup
  116. Pratt SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Repeatability of 2 methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose dynamics in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Nov-Dec;19(6):883-8.
    pubmed: 16355685doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19[883:romfao]2.0.co;2google scholar: lookup
  117. Smith S, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Comparison of the in-feed glucose test and the oral sugar test.. Equine Vet J 2016 Mar;48(2):224-7.
    pubmed: 25582152doi: 10.1111/evj.12413google scholar: lookup
  118. Pratt-Phillips SE, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Comparison among the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and oral glucose tolerance test for assessment of insulin sensitivity in healthy Standardbreds.. Am J Vet Res 2015 Jan;76(1):84-91.
    pubmed: 25535665doi: 10.2460/ajvr.76.1.84google scholar: lookup
  119. Schuver A, Frank N, Chameroy KA, Elliott SB. Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34(4):465‐470.
  120. Dunbar LK, Mielnicki KA, Dembek KA, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Evaluation of Four Diagnostic Tests for Insulin Dysregulation in Adult Light-Breed Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 May;30(3):885-91.
    pmc: PMC4913564pubmed: 27013065doi: 10.1111/jvim.13934google scholar: lookup
  121. Banse HE, McFarlane D. Comparison of three methods for evaluation of equine insulin regulation in horses of varied body condition score.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34(6):742‐748.
  122. Bertin FR, Taylor SD, Bianco AW, Sojka-Kritchevsky JE. The Effect of Fasting Duration on Baseline Blood Glucose Concentration, Blood Insulin Concentration, Glucose/Insulin Ratio, Oral Sugar Test, and Insulin Response Test Results in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Sep;30(5):1726-1731.
    pmc: PMC5032872pubmed: 27481572doi: 10.1111/jvim.14529google scholar: lookup
  123. Knowles EJ, Harris PA, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior fasting.. Equine Vet J 2017 Jul;49(4):519-524.
    pubmed: 27381044doi: 10.1111/evj.12607google scholar: lookup
  124. Tóth B, Auth A, Rompos L, Bakos Z. Effect of feed deprivation on selected parameters of lipid mobilisation and hepatic function in healthy Akhal Teke horses.. Equine Vet J 2018 Jan;50(1):98-103.
    pubmed: 28776730doi: 10.1111/evj.12730google scholar: lookup
  125. Bröjer J, Lindåse S, Hedenskog J, Alvarsson K, Nostell K. Repeatability of the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test and the effect of a stressor before testing in horses of 2 breeds.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 Nov-Dec;27(6):1543-50.
    pubmed: 24033635doi: 10.1111/jvim.12172google scholar: lookup
  126. Forhead AJ, Dobson H. Plasma glucose and cortisol responses to exogenous insulin in fasted donkeys.. Res Vet Sci 1997 May-Jun;62(3):265-9.
    pubmed: 9300546doi: 10.1016/s0034-5288(97)90202-2google scholar: lookup
  127. Köller G, Bassewitz K, Schusser GF. [Reference ranges of insulin, insulin like growth factor-1 and adrenocorticotropic hormone in ponies].. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016;44(1):19-25.
    pubmed: 26758970doi: 10.15653/tpg-150428google scholar: lookup
  128. Carslake HB, Argo CM, Pinchbeck GL, Dugdale AHA, McGowan CM. Insulinaemic and glycaemic responses to three forages in ponies.. Vet J 2018 May;235:83-89.
    pubmed: 29704944doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.03.008google scholar: lookup
  129. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, Rendle DI, Boston RC. Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis.. Equine Vet J 2009 Dec;41(9):924-9.
    pubmed: 20383993doi: 10.2746/042516409x452152google scholar: lookup
  130. Frank N, Elliott SB, Brandt LE, Keisler DH. Physical characteristics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid concentrations in obese horses with insulin resistance.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 May 1;228(9):1383-90.
    pubmed: 16649943doi: 10.2460/javma.228.9.1383google scholar: lookup
  131. Waki H, Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Ito Y, Uchida S, Kita S, Hara K, Hada Y, Vasseur F, Froguel P, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. Molecular structure and multimer formation of adiponectin.. J Biol Chem 2003 Oct 10;278(41):40352-63.
    pubmed: 12878598doi: 10.1074/jbc.m300365200google scholar: lookup
  132. Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.. J Clin Invest 2006 Jul;116(7):1784-92.
    pmc: PMC1483172pubmed: 16823476doi: 10.1172/jci29126google scholar: lookup
  133. Acharya SD, Evans RW, Brooks MM, Linkov F, Burke LE. Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in relation to insulin resistance among overweight/obese adults.. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2013;2(2):55.
    pmc: PMC5927742pubmed: 29755881doi: 10.5195/cajgh.2013.55google scholar: lookup
  134. Wooldridge AA, Edwards HG, Plaisance EP, Applegate R, Taylor DR, Taintor J, Zhong Q, Judd RL. Evaluation of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2012 Aug;73(8):1230-40.
    pubmed: 22849684doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1230google scholar: lookup
  135. Menzies-Gow NJ, Knowles EJ, Rogers I, Rendle DI. Validity and application of immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of adiponectin concentration in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2019 Jan;51(1):33-37.
    pubmed: 29679396doi: 10.1111/evj.12960google scholar: lookup
  136. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance.. Clin Biochem Rev 2005 May;26(2):19-39.
    pmc: PMC1204764pubmed: 16278749
  137. Kjems LL, Christiansen E, Vølund A, Bergman RN, Madsbad S. Validation of methods for measurement of insulin secretion in humans in vivo.. Diabetes 2000 Apr;49(4):580-8.
    pubmed: 10871195doi: 10.2337/diabetes.49.4.580google scholar: lookup
  138. de Laat MA, van Haeften JJ, Sillence MN. The effect of oral and intravenous dextrose on C-peptide secretion in ponies.. J Anim Sci 2016 Feb;94(2):574-80.
    pubmed: 27065127doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9817google scholar: lookup
  139. Chameroy K, Frank N, Schuver A. Plasma glucagon‐like peptide 1 (Glp‐1) concentrations in response to an oral sugar test in healthy and insulin‐resistant horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24:780‐780.
  140. Bailey SR, Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Habershon-Butcher JL, Crawford C, Berhane Y, Boston RC, Elliott J. Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007 Nov 1;231(9):1365-73.
    pubmed: 17975996doi: 10.2460/javma.231.9.1365google scholar: lookup
  141. Frank N, Geor R. Current best practice in clinical management of equine endocrine patients.. Equine Vet Educ 2014;26(1):6‐9.
  142. Meier AD, de Laat MA, Reiche DB, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, McGree JM, Sillence MN. The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018 Apr;63:1-9.
    pubmed: 29172109doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.10.008google scholar: lookup
  143. Kronfeld DS, Treiber KH, Geor RJ. Comparison of nonspecific indications and quantitative methods for the assessment of insulin resistance in horses and ponies.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005 Mar 1;226(5):712-9.
    pubmed: 15776943doi: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.712google scholar: lookup
  144. de Laat MA, Sillence MN. The repeatability of an oral glucose test in ponies.. Equine Vet J 2017 Mar;49(2):238-243.
    pubmed: 27038020doi: 10.1111/evj.12579google scholar: lookup
  145. Bertin FR, de Laat MA. The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation.. Equine Vet J 2017 Sep;49(5):570-576.
    pubmed: 28543410doi: 10.1111/evj.12703google scholar: lookup
  146. Warnken T, Delarocque J, Schumacher S, Huber K, Feige K. Retrospective analysis of insulin responses to standard dosed oral glucose tests (OGTs) via naso-gastric tubing towards definition of an objective cut-off value.. Acta Vet Scand 2018 Jan 19;60(1):4.
    pmc: PMC5775575pubmed: 29351765doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0358-8google scholar: lookup
  147. Jocelyn NA, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test.. Equine Vet J 2018 Nov;50(6):836-841.
    pubmed: 29504630doi: 10.1111/evj.12826google scholar: lookup
  148. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011 Apr;27(1):73-92.
    pubmed: 21392655doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.004google scholar: lookup
  149. Manfredi JM. Identifying breed differences in insulin dynamics, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histology and biology.. Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology—Doctor of Philosophy, Michigan State University 2016.
  150. Lindåse S, Nostell K, Bröjer J. A modified oral sugar test for evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in horses.. Acta Vet Scand 2016 Oct 20;58(Suppl 1):64.
    pmc: PMC5073908pubmed: 27766982doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0246-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  151. McGowan CM, Dugdale AH, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM. Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses.. Vet J 2013 May;196(2):153-9.
    pubmed: 23141962doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.007google scholar: lookup
  152. Morgan RA, Keen JA, McGowan CM. Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: A clinical case series.. Equine Vet J 2016 Jul;48(4):422-6.
    pubmed: 25808563doi: 10.1111/evj.12445google scholar: lookup
  153. Caltabilota TJ, Thompson DL, Clavier SE. Evaluation of the combined intravenous glucose and insulin test for assessing insulin sensitivity.. J Equine Vet Sci 2009;29(5):409‐410.
  154. Caltabilota TJ, Earl LR, Thompson DL Jr, Clavier SE, Mitcham PB. Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection.. J Anim Sci 2010 Sep;88(9):2940-9.
    pubmed: 20495126doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-2879google scholar: lookup
  155. Bertin FR, Sojka-Kritchevsky JE. Comparison of a 2-step insulin-response test to conventional insulin-sensitivity testing in horses.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013 Jan;44(1):19-25.
    pubmed: 22920264doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.07.003google scholar: lookup
  156. Eiler H, Frank N, Andrews FM, Oliver JW, Fecteau KA. Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1598-604.
    pubmed: 16261835doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1598google scholar: lookup
  157. McGowan TW, Pinchbeck GP, McGowan CM. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):74-9.
    pubmed: 22594955doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  158. McGowan CM, Frost R, Pfeiffer DU, Neiger R. Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing's syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value.. Equine Vet J 2004 Apr;36(3):295-8.
    pubmed: 15147141doi: 10.2746/0425164044877288google scholar: lookup
  159. Durham AE, McGowan CM, Fey K. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment.. Equine Vet Educ 2014;26(4):216‐223.
  160. Restifo MM, Frank N, Hermida P, Sanchez-Londoño A. Effects of withholding feed on thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results and effects of combined testing on oral sugar test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2016 Jul;77(7):738-48.
    pubmed: 27347827doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.738google scholar: lookup
  161. Freestone JF, Beadle R, Shoemaker K, Bessin RT, Wolfsheimer KJ, Church C. Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake.. Equine Vet J 1992 May;24(3):187-90.
    pubmed: 1606931doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02812.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  162. Buff PR, Spader BR, Morrison CD, Keisler DH. Endocrine responses in mares undergoing abrupt changes in nutritional management.. J Anim Sci 2006 Oct;84(10):2700-7.
    pubmed: 16971571doi: 10.2527/jas.2005-741google scholar: lookup
  163. Van Weyenberg S, Hesta M, Buyse J, Janssens GP. The effect of weight loss by energy restriction on metabolic profile and glucose tolerance in ponies.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008 Oct;92(5):538-45.
    pubmed: 19012597doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00744.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  164. Dugdale AH, Curtis GC, Cripps P, Harris PA, Argo CM. Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares.. Equine Vet J 2010 Oct;42(7):600-10.
    pubmed: 20840575doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00110.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  165. Argo CM, Dugdale AH, McGowan CM. Considerations for the use of restricted, soaked grass hay diets to promote weight loss in the management of equine metabolic syndrome and obesity.. Vet J 2015 Nov;206(2):170-7.
    pubmed: 26403956doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.027google scholar: lookup
  166. Bruynsteen L, Moons CP, Janssens GP, Harris PA, Vandevelde K, Lefère L, Duchateau L, Hesta M. Level of energy restriction alters body condition score and morphometric profile in obese Shetland ponies.. Vet J 2015 Oct;206(1):61-6.
    pubmed: 26117272doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.006google scholar: lookup
  167. Harris PA, Ellis AD, Fradinho MJ, Jansson A, Julliand V, Luthersson N, Santos AS, Vervuert I. Review: Feeding conserved forage to horses: recent advances and recommendations.. Animal 2017 Jun;11(6):958-967.
    pubmed: 27881201doi: 10.1017/s1751731116002469google scholar: lookup
  168. Taylor D, Sperandeo A, Schumacher J. Clinical outcome of 14 obese, laminitic horses managed with the same rehabilitation protocol.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34(4):556‐564.
  169. Borgia L, Valberg S, McCue M, Watts K, Pagan J. Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to feeding hay with different non-structural carbohydrate content in control and polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011 Dec;95(6):798-807.
    pubmed: 21198966doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01116.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  170. Shepherd ML, Pleasant RS, Crisman MV, Werre SR, Milton SC, Swecker WS Jr. Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012 Jun;96(3):428-35.
    pubmed: 21575079doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01159.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  171. Müller C, Nostell K, Bröjer J. Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses.. Livest Sci 2016;186:46‐52.
  172. Moore-Colyer MJ, Lumbis K, Longland A, Harris P. The effect of five different wetting treatments on the nutrient content and microbial concentration in hay for horses.. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e114079.
    pmc: PMC4245254pubmed: 25426729doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114079google scholar: lookup
  173. Mack SJ, Dugdale AH, Argo CM, Morgan RA, McGowan CM. Impact of water-soaking on the nutrient composition of UK hays.. Vet Rec 2014 May 3;174(18):452.
    pubmed: 24675773doi: 10.1136/vr.102074google scholar: lookup
  174. Chavez SJ, Siciliano PD, Huntington GB. Intake estimation of horses grazing tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) or fed tall fescue hay.. J Anim Sci 2014 May;92(5):2304-8.
    pubmed: 24663171doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-7119google scholar: lookup
  175. Glunk EC, Hathaway MR, Grev AM, Lamprecht ED, Maher MC, Martinson KL. The effect of a limit-fed diet and slow-feed hay nets on morphometric measurements and postprandial metabolite and hormone patterns in adult horses.. J Anim Sci 2015 Aug;93(8):4144-52.
    pubmed: 26440194doi: 10.2527/jas.2015-9150google scholar: lookup
  176. Ince J, Longland AC, Newbold JC. Changes in proportions of dry matter intakes by ponies with access to pasture and haylage for 3 and 20 hours per day respectively, for six weeks.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31:283.
  177. Longland AC, Barfoot C, Harris PA. The effect of wearing a grazing muzzle vs not wearing a grazing muzzle on pasture dry matter intake by ponies.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31:282‐283.
  178. Vervuert I, Osswald B, Cí·¯ord D, Coenen M. Effects of chromium yeast supplementation on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in insulin‐resistant ponies and horses.. Pferdeheilkunde 2010;26(2):245‐250.
  179. Respondek F, Myers K, Smith TL, Wagner A, Geor RJ. Dietary supplementation with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improves insulin sensitivity in obese horses.. J Anim Sci 2011 Jan;89(1):77-83.
    pubmed: 20870952doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3108google scholar: lookup
  180. Winter JC, Liertz S, Merle R, Aschenbach JR, Gehlen H. Oral supplementation of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.. Pferdeheilkunde 2016;32(4):372‐377.
  181. Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses.. Equine Vet J 2011 Jul;43(4):494-9.
    pubmed: 21496075doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00302.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  182. Earl LR, Thompson DL, Mitcham PB. Factors affecting the glucose response to insulin injection in mares: epinephrine, short‐ and long‐term prior feed intake, cinnamon extract, and omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation.. JEquine Vet Sci 2012;32(1):15‐21.
  183. Schmengler U, Ungru J, Boston R, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Effects of l‐carnitine supplementation on body weight losses and metabolic profile in obese and insulin‐resistant ponies during a 14‐week body weight reduction programme.. Livest Sci 2013;155(2):301‐307.
  184. Moreaux SJJ, Nichols JL, Bowman JGP, Hatfield PG. Psyllium lowers blood glucose and insulin concentrations in horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31(4):160‐165.
  185. Nawrocka D, Kornicka K, Śmieszek A, Marycz K. Spirulina platensis Improves Mitochondrial Function Impaired by Elevated Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (ASCs) and Intestinal Epithelial Cells (IECs), and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) Horses.. Mar Drugs 2017 Aug 3;15(8).
    pmc: PMC5577592pubmed: 28771165doi: 10.3390/md15080237google scholar: lookup
  186. Boshuizen B, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D. Effect of aleurone on equine fecal microbiome & glucose metabolism in non‐training horses.. 10th European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress 2017, Budapest, Germany.
  187. de Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Sep;30(5):1732-1738.
    pmc: PMC5032883pubmed: 27639952doi: 10.1111/jvim.14577google scholar: lookup
  188. Curtis GC, Barfoot CF, Dugdale AH, Harris PA, Argo CM. Voluntary ingestion of wood shavings by obese horses under dietary restriction.. Br J Nutr 2011 Oct;106 Suppl 1:S178-82.
    pubmed: 22005422doi: 10.1017/s0007114511000547google scholar: lookup
  189. Brinkmann L, Gerken M, Riek A. Effect of long-term feed restriction on the health status and welfare of a robust horse breed, the Shetland pony (Equus ferus caballus).. Res Vet Sci 2013 Jun;94(3):826-31.
    pubmed: 23141417doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.10.010google scholar: lookup
  190. Gupta AK, Pal Y, Mamta YMP. Effect of feed deprivation on biochemical indices in equids.. J Equine Sci 1999;10(2):33‐38.
  191. Karstoft K, Pedersen BK. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: focus on metabolism and inflammation.. Immunol Cell Biol 2016 Feb;94(2):146-50.
    pubmed: 26568029doi: 10.1038/icb.2015.101google scholar: lookup
  192. Bird SR, Hawley JA. Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans.. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016;2(1):e000143.
    pmc: PMC5569266pubmed: 28879026doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000143google scholar: lookup
  193. Menzies-Gow NJ, Wray H, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Elliott J. The effect of exercise on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in normal and previously laminitic ponies.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):317-21.
    pubmed: 23819851doi: 10.1111/evj.12132google scholar: lookup
  194. Mann S, Beedie C, Balducci S, Zanuso S, Allgrove J, Bertiato F, Jimenez A. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence.. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014 May;30(4):257-68.
    pubmed: 24130081doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2488google scholar: lookup
  195. Harris P, Marlin DJ, Davidson H, Rodgerson J, Gregory A, Harrison D. Practical assessment of heart rate response to exercise under field conditions.. Equine Comp Ex Physiol 2007;4(1):15‐21.
  196. Bonelli F, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Sighieri C, Baragli P. How swimming affects plasma insulin and glucose concentration in Thoroughbreds: A pilot study.. Vet J 2017 Aug;226:1-3.
    pubmed: 28911834doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.006google scholar: lookup
  197. Carter RA, McCutcheon LJ, Valle E, Meilahn EN, Geor RJ. Effects of exercise training on adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in overweight or obese, insulin-resistant horses.. Am J Vet Res 2010 Mar;71(3):314-21.
    pubmed: 20187833doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.3.314google scholar: lookup
  198. Powell DM, Reedy SE, Sessions DR, Fitzgerald BP. Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin sensitivity in obese and lean mares.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 Sep;(34):81-4.
    pubmed: 12405664doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05396.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  199. Durham AE, Rendle DI, Newton JE. The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jul;40(5):493-500.
    pubmed: 18482898doi: 10.2746/042516408x273648google scholar: lookup
  200. Hustace JL, Firshman AM, Mata JE. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009 May;70(5):665-8.
    pubmed: 19405907doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.5.665google scholar: lookup
  201. Tinworth KD, Boston RC, Harris PA, Sillence MN, Raidal SL, Noble GK. The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies.. Vet J 2012 Jan;191(1):79-84.
    pubmed: 21349749doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.015google scholar: lookup
  202. Bailey CJ, Mynett KJ, Page T. Importance of the intestine as a site of metformin-stimulated glucose utilization.. Br J Pharmacol 1994 Jun;112(2):671-5.
    pmc: PMC1910373pubmed: 8075887doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13128.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  203. Rendle DI, Rutledge F, Hughes KJ, Heller J, Durham AE. Effects of metformin hydrochloride on blood glucose and insulin responses to oral dextrose in horses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):751-4.
    pubmed: 23600690doi: 10.1111/evj.12068google scholar: lookup
  204. Sakar Y, Meddah B, Faouzi MA, Cherrah Y, Bado A, Ducroc R. Metformin-induced regulation of the intestinal D-glucose transporters.. J Physiol Pharmacol 2010 Jun;61(3):301-7.
    pubmed: 20610860
  205. Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, Webb LL, Denhart JW, Boston RC. Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Jun;66(6):1032-8.
    pubmed: 16008228doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1032google scholar: lookup
  206. Chameroy K, Frank N, Elliott S. Effects of levothyroxine sodium on body condition, blood measures of metabolic status, and glucose dynamics in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24:780.
  207. Suagee JK, Corl BA, Wearn JG, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):356-64.
    pubmed: 21314724doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0681.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  208. Wearn JM, Crisman MV, Davis JL, Geor RJ, Hodgson DR, Suagee JK, Ashraf-Khorassani M, McCutcheon LJ. Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses.. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011 Jun;34(3):252-8.
    pubmed: 21492190doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01217.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  209. Legere RM, Ruffin‐Taylor D, Bello K, Parker C, Judd RL, Wooldridge AA. Pioglitazone in equids increases high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin concentrations and decreases insulin response after oral sugar (Abstract E10).. Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum 2018, Seattle, WA, p. 507.
  210. Lopez Vicchi F, Luque GM, Brie B, Nogueira JP, Garcia Tornadu I, Becu-Villalobos D. Dopaminergic drugs in type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis.. Pharmacol Res 2016 Jul;109:74-80.
    pubmed: 26748034doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.029google scholar: lookup
  211. Arana Valencia N, Thompson DL, Oberhaus EL, Gilley RM. Long‐term treatment of insulin‐insensitive mares with cabergoline: effects on prolactin and melanocyte stimulating hormone responses to sulpiride and on indices of insulin sensitivity.. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34(5):680‐686.
  212. Carlson CJ, Santamarina ML. Update review of the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016 Oct;15(10):1401-12.
    pubmed: 27449721doi: 10.1080/14740338.2016.1216100google scholar: lookup
  213. Meier A, Reiche D, de Laat M, Pollitt C, Walsh D, Sillence M. The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor velagliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia and prevents laminitis in insulin-dysregulated ponies.. PLoS One 2018;13(9):e0203655.
    pmc: PMC6136744pubmed: 30212530doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203655google scholar: lookup
  214. de Laat MA, Kheder MH, Pollitt CC, Sillence MN. Sweet taste receptor inhibitors: Potential treatment for equine insulin dysregulation.. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0200070.
    pmc: PMC6025858pubmed: 29958298doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200070google scholar: lookup
  215. O'Grady SE. Farriery for chronic laminitis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010 Aug;26(2):407-23.
    pubmed: 20699184doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.04.008google scholar: lookup
  216. Furtado T, McGowan C, Perkins E. Concerns around equine weight management: an analysis of internet fora.. Equine Vet J 2017;49:29‐29.
  217. Morgan R, Keen J, McGowan C. Equine metabolic syndrome.. Vet Rec 2015 Aug 15;177(7):173-9.
    pmc: PMC4552932pubmed: 26273009doi: 10.1136/vr.103226google scholar: lookup
  218. Carroll CL, Huntington PJ. Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses.. Equine Vet J 1988 Jan;20(1):41-5.
    pubmed: 3366105doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01451.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  219. Dugdale AH, Grove-White D, Curtis GC, Harris PA, Argo CM. Body condition scoring as a predictor of body fat in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2012 Nov;194(2):173-8.
    pubmed: 22578691doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.024google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 100 times.
  1. Delarocque J, Feige K, Carslake HB, Durham AE, Fey K, Warnken T. Development of a Web App to Convert Blood Insulin Concentrations among Various Immunoassays Used in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 24;13(17).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13172704pubmed: 37684968google scholar: lookup
  2. Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Lemmens D, de Meeûs d'Argenteuil C, Boshuizen B, de Maré L, Leybaert L, Goethals K, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Devisscher L, Delesalle C. Dynamics of training and acute exercise-induced shifts in muscular glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, 8, and 12 expression in locomotion versus posture muscles in healthy horses. Front Physiol 2023;14:1256217.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1256217pubmed: 37654675google scholar: lookup
  3. Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Piórkowska K, Ropka-Molik K. Equine Metabolic Syndrome: A Complex Disease Influenced by Multifactorial Genetic Factors. Genes (Basel) 2023 Jul 27;14(8).
    doi: 10.3390/genes14081544pubmed: 37628596google scholar: lookup
  4. Akinniyi OO, Sackey AKB, Ochube GE, Mshelia PW, Musa FA, Elijah MO, Jolayemi KO. Occurrence of equine metabolic syndrome, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors in Nigeria. J Equine Sci 2023 Jun;34(2):29-35.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.34.29pubmed: 37405068google scholar: lookup
  5. Lykkjen S, Stenbakk LK, Holmøy IH. Prevalence and risk factors for laminitis within the Norwegian pony breed Nordlandshest/Lyngshest. Acta Vet Scand 2023 Jun 16;65(1):22.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-023-00687-wpubmed: 37328910google scholar: lookup
  6. Hallman I, Karikoski N, Kareskoski M. The effects of obesity and insulin dysregulation on mare reproduction, pregnancy, and foal health: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1180622.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180622pubmed: 37152686google scholar: lookup
  7. Clark BL, Bamford NJ, Stewart AJ, McCue ME, Rendahl A, Bailey SR, Bertin FR, Norton EM. Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant contribution to height and basal insulin concentrations in ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2023 May-Jun;37(3):1186-1192.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16723pubmed: 37148171google scholar: lookup
  8. Go YY, Hazard NW, Balasuriya UBR, Chapman AM, Fitton NS, Kenéz Á, Andrews FM. Clinical evaluation of the Immulite® 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay for measurement of equine serum insulin. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1018230.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1018230pubmed: 37051514google scholar: lookup
  9. Uldahl M, Dahl J, Clayton HM. Body Condition Score in Danish Horses Related to Type, Use, and Training Level: Patterns, Risk, and Protective Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023 Mar 31;13(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13071219pubmed: 37048475google scholar: lookup
  10. Kellon EM, Gustafson KM. Hypertriglyceridemia in equines with refractory hyperinsulinemia treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Open Vet J 2023 Mar;13(3):365-375.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i3.14pubmed: 37026076google scholar: lookup
  11. Weinert-Nelson JR, Biddle AS, Sampath H, Williams CA. Fecal Microbiota, Forage Nutrients, and Metabolic Responses of Horses Grazing Warm- and Cool-Season Grass Pastures. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 22;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13050790pubmed: 36899650google scholar: lookup
  12. Pratt-Phillips S, Munjizun A. Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 14;13(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040666pubmed: 36830453google scholar: lookup
  13. Warnken T, Schaub C, Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Sonntag J, Reiche DB. Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses?. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):282-291.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16614pubmed: 36625459google scholar: lookup
  14. Tyma JF, Epstein KL. Postoperative sinusitis and pneumonia following exploratory celiotomy for treatment of colic in horses. Can Vet J 2023 Jan;64(1):76-80.
    pubmed: 36593935
  15. de Laat MA, Warnken T, Delarocque J, Reiche DB, Grob AJ, Feige K, Carslake HB, Durham AE, Sillence MN, Thane KE, Frank N, Brojer J, Lindase S, Sonntag J. Carbohydrate pellets to assess insulin dysregulation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):302-314.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16621pubmed: 36583553google scholar: lookup
  16. Chaucheyras-Durand F, Sacy A, Karges K, Apper E. Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota in Equines and Its Role in Health and Disease: The Black Box Opens. Microorganisms 2022 Dec 19;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122517pubmed: 36557769google scholar: lookup
  17. Daradics Z, Niculae M, Crecan CM, Lupșan AF, Rus MA, Andrei S, Ciobanu DM, Cătoi FA, Pop ID, Mircean MV, Cătoi C. Clustering and Correlations amongst NEFA, Selected Adipokines and Morphological Traits-New Insights into Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 20;12(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12202863pubmed: 36290249google scholar: lookup
  18. Goodrich EL, Behling-Kelly E. Particle Size Distribution of Plasma Lipoproteins in Donkeys from Death Valley Compared to a Sampling of Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 13;12(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12202746pubmed: 36290132google scholar: lookup
  19. Busechian S, Turini L, Sgorbini M, Pieramati C, Pisello L, Orvieto S, Rueca F. Are Horse Owners Able to Estimate Their Animals' Body Condition Score and Cresty Neck Score?. Vet Sci 2022 Oct 3;9(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9100544pubmed: 36288157google scholar: lookup
  20. Trachsel DS, Stage HJ, Rausch S, Trappe S, Söllig K, Sponder G, Merle R, Aschenbach JR, Gehlen H. Comparison of Sources and Methods for the Isolation of Equine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells and Preliminary Results on Their Reaction to Incubation with 5-Azacytidine. Animals (Basel) 2022 Aug 11;12(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12162049pubmed: 36009640google scholar: lookup
  21. Mularczyk M, Bourebaba N, Marycz K, Bourebaba L. Astaxanthin Carotenoid Modulates Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Horses by Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Biomolecules 2022 Jul 27;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/biom12081039pubmed: 36008933google scholar: lookup
  22. Senderska-Płonowska M, Siwińska N, Zak-Bochenek A, Rykała M, Słowikowska M, Madej JP, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Niedźwiedź A. The Differences in Histoarchitecture of Hoof Lamellae between Obese and Lean Draft Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jul 11;12(14).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12141774pubmed: 35883323google scholar: lookup
  23. Williams NJ, Furr M, Navas de Solis C, Campolo A, Davis M, Lacombe VA. Investigating the Relationship Between Cardiac Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Horses: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:899951.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899951pubmed: 35873691google scholar: lookup
  24. Golding E, Neavyn Neita A, Walshe N, Hanlon A, Mulcahy G, Duggan V. Survey of the knowledge and perceptions of horse owners in Ireland of common clinical conditions and their impact. Equine Vet J 2023 Mar;55(2):270-281.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13589pubmed: 35575027google scholar: lookup
  25. Fuentes-Romero B, Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Martín-Cuervo M, Iglesias-García M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Díez-Castro E. Measurement of Plasma Resistin Concentrations in Horses with Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 30;12(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12010077pubmed: 35011183google scholar: lookup
  26. Daradics Z, Crecan CM, Rus MA, Morar IA, Mircean MV, Cătoi AF, Cecan AD, Cătoi C. Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021 Dec 16;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/life11121406pubmed: 34947937google scholar: lookup
  27. Karikoski NP, Box JR, Mykkänen AK, Kotiranta VV, Raekallio MR. Variation in insulin response to oral sugar test in a cohort of horses throughout the year and evaluation of risk factors for insulin dysregulation. Equine Vet J 2022 Sep;54(5):905-913.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13529pubmed: 34713928google scholar: lookup
  28. D' Fonseca NMM, Gibson CME, van Doorn DA, Roelfsema E, de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE. Effect of Overfeeding Shetland Pony Mares on Embryonic Glucose and Lipid Accumulation, and Expression of Imprinted Genes. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 26;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11092504pubmed: 34573470google scholar: lookup
  29. Jansson A, Harris P, Davey SL, Luthersson N, Ragnarsson S, Ringmark S. Straw as an Alternative to Grass Forage in Horses-Effects on Post-Prandial Metabolic Profile, Energy Intake, Behaviour and Gastric Ulceration. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 24;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11082197pubmed: 34438656google scholar: lookup
  30. D' Fonseca NMM, Beukers M, Wijnberg ID, Navas de Solis C, de Ruijter-Villani M, van Doorn DA, Stout TAE, Roelfsema E. Effect of a long-term high-energy diet on cardiovascular parameters in Shetland pony mares. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Sep;35(5):2427-2436.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16229pubmed: 34350640google scholar: lookup
  31. Peng S, Bellone R, Petersen JL, Kalbfleisch TS, Finno CJ. Successful ATAC-Seq From Snap-Frozen Equine Tissues. Front Genet 2021;12:641788.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.641788pubmed: 34220931google scholar: lookup
  32. Leung YH, Kenéz Á, Grob AJ, Feige K, Warnken T. Associations of plasma sphingolipid profiles with insulin response during oral glucose testing in Icelandic horses. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jul;35(4):2009-2018.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16200pubmed: 34105193google scholar: lookup
  33. Dunkel B, Knowles EJ, Chang YM, Menzies-Gow NJ. Influence of endocrine disease on l-lactate concentrations in blood of ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2021 May;35(3):1582-1588.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16079pubmed: 34043845google scholar: lookup
  34. Ericsson AC, Johnson PJ, Gieche LM, Zobrist C, Bucy K, Townsend KS, Martin LM, LaCarrubba AM. The Influence of Diet Change and Oral Metformin on Blood Glucose Regulation and the Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 1;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11040976pubmed: 33915682google scholar: lookup
  35. Boshuizen B, Moreno de Vega CV, De Maré L, de Meeûs C, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Delesalle C. Effects of Aleurone Supplementation on Glucose-Insulin Metabolism and Gut Microbiome in Untrained Healthy Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:642809.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642809pubmed: 33912605google scholar: lookup
  36. Lindåse S, Nostell K, Bergsten P, Forslund A, Bröjer J. Evaluation of fasting plasma insulin and proxy measurements to assess insulin sensitivity in horses. BMC Vet Res 2021 Feb 15;17(1):78.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02781-5pubmed: 33588833google scholar: lookup
  37. Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Jung K, Feige K, Warnken T. Metabolic impact of weight variations in Icelandic horses. PeerJ 2021;9:e10764.
    doi: 10.7717/peerj.10764pubmed: 33575132google scholar: lookup
  38. Bourebaba L, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Al Naem M, Röcken M, Łyczko J, Marycz K. MSI-1436 improves EMS adipose derived progenitor stem cells in the course of adipogenic differentiation through modulation of ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021 Feb 3;12(1):97.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02102-xpubmed: 33536069google scholar: lookup
  39. D'Fonseca NMM, Gibson CME, Hummel I, van Doorn DA, Roelfsema E, Stout TAE, van den Broek J, de Ruijter-Villani M. Overfeeding Extends the Period of Annual Cyclicity but Increases the Risk of Early Embryonic Death in Shetland Pony Mares. Animals (Basel) 2021 Feb 1;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11020361pubmed: 33535548google scholar: lookup
  40. Delarocque J, Reiche DB, Meier AD, Warnken T, Feige K, Sillence MN. Metabolic profile distinguishes laminitis-susceptible and -resistant ponies before and after feeding a high sugar diet. BMC Vet Res 2021 Jan 28;17(1):56.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02763-7pubmed: 33509165google scholar: lookup
  41. Gehlen H, Schwarz B, Bartmann C, Gernhardt J, Stöckle SD. Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 8;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122335pubmed: 33302557google scholar: lookup
  42. Walshe N, Mulcahy G, Hodgkinson J, Peachey L. No Worm Is an Island; The Influence of Commensal Gut Microbiota on Cyathostomin Infections. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 5;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122309pubmed: 33291496google scholar: lookup
  43. Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Huber K, Jung K, Warnken T. Metabolic changes induced by oral glucose tests in horses and their diagnostic use. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):597-605.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15992pubmed: 33277752google scholar: lookup
  44. Wallis N, Raffan E. The Genetic Basis of Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases in Humans and Companion Animals. Genes (Basel) 2020 Nov 20;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/genes11111378pubmed: 33233816google scholar: lookup
  45. Carslake HB, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors. Equine Vet J 2021 Sep;53(5):923-934.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13378pubmed: 33128277google scholar: lookup
  46. Patterson Rosa L, Mallicote MF, Long MT, Brooks SA. Metabogenomics reveals four candidate regions involved in the pathophysiology of Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Mol Cell Probes 2020 Oct;53:101620.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101620pubmed: 32659253google scholar: lookup
  47. Box JR, McGowan CM, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Carslake H, Karikoski NP. Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jul;34(4):1599-1605.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15782pubmed: 32557899google scholar: lookup
  48. Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Weight loss is linearly associated with a reduction of the insulin response to an oral glucose test in Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020 May 24;16(1):151.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02356-wpubmed: 32448298google scholar: lookup
  49. d' Fonseca NMM, Gibson CME, van Doorn DA, de Ruijter-Villani M, Stout TAE, Roelfsema E. Effect of long-term overfeeding of a high-energy diet on glucose tolerance in Shetland pony mares. J Vet Intern Med 2020 May;34(3):1339-1349.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15788pubmed: 32374454google scholar: lookup
  50. Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Blüher M, Pfeffer M, Vervuert I. The influence of equine body weight gain on inflammatory cytokine expressions of adipose tissue in response to endotoxin challenge. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Apr 22;62(1):17.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00515-5pubmed: 32321549google scholar: lookup
  51. Langner K, Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Julliand V, Vervuert I. Changes in the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies during a two-year body weight gain programme. PLoS One 2020;15(3):e0230015.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230015pubmed: 32191712google scholar: lookup
  52. Martin LM, Johnson PJ, Amorim JR, DeClue AE. Effects of Orally Administered Resveratrol on TNF, IL-1β, Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity and Oxidative Burst Function in Horses: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 20;21(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21041453pubmed: 32093379google scholar: lookup
  53. Kellon EM, Gustafson KM. Possible dysmetabolic hyperferritinemia in hyperinsulinemic horses. Open Vet J 2020 Jan;9(4):287-293.
    doi: 10.4314/ovj.v9i4.2pubmed: 32042647google scholar: lookup
  54. Jensen RB, Rockhold LL, Tauson AH. Weight estimation and hormone concentrations related to body condition in Icelandic and Warmblood horses: a field study. Acta Vet Scand 2019 Dec 26;61(1):63.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-019-0498-5pubmed: 31878953google scholar: lookup
  55. de Laat MA, Spence RJ, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. An investigation of the equine epidermal growth factor system during hyperinsulinemic laminitis. PLoS One 2019;14(12):e0225843.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225843pubmed: 31805097google scholar: lookup
  56. Norton E, Schultz N, Geor R, McFarlane D, Mickelson J, McCue M. Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Equine Metabolic Syndrome Phenotypes in Welsh Ponies and Morgan Horses. Genes (Basel) 2019 Nov 6;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/genes10110893pubmed: 31698676google scholar: lookup
  57. Fitzgerald DM, Pollitt CC, Walsh DM, Sillence MN, de Laat MA. The effect of different grazing conditions on the insulin and incretin response to the oral glucose test in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 16;15(1):345.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2088-1pubmed: 31619223google scholar: lookup
  58. Horn R, Bertin FR. Evaluation of combined testing to simultaneously diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and insulin dysregulation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2249-2256.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15617pubmed: 31498947google scholar: lookup
  59. Hodge E, Kowalski A, Torcivia C, Lindborg S, Stefanovski D, Hart K, Frank N, van Eps A. Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing on the oral sugar test in horses when performed as a combined protocol. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Sep;33(5):2272-2279.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15601pubmed: 31432575google scholar: lookup
  60. Rollet M, Flyps J, Vernemmen I, van Loon G, Schauvliege S. Case Report: Inhaled salbutamol in the successful treatment of life-threatening acute hyperkalaemia in an anaesthetised horse. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1663681.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1663681pubmed: 41624282google scholar: lookup
  61. Anger-Håål C, Fjordbakk CT, Ekstrand C, Skedsmo FS, Rørtveit R. Sodium-glucose transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in equine renal, hepatic and pancreatic tissue. BMC Vet Res 2025 Dec 17;22(1):36.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-05173-1pubmed: 41408266google scholar: lookup
  62. Donnelly CG, Peng S, Pflieger L, Manfredi J, Coleman M, Rappaport N, Price ND, Finno CJ. Bile acids segregate metabolic syndrome in a cohort of 100 deeply phenotyped horses. Commun Biol 2025 Nov 27;8(1):1711.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-09111-7pubmed: 41310118google scholar: lookup
  63. Wang T, Yang X, Wang C, Wang J, Meng J, Yao X, Zeng Y, Ren W. Bridging Breeds: Transcriptomic Insights into Immune Traits of Yili, Thoroughbred, and Kazakh Horses. Life (Basel) 2025 Sep 23;15(10).
    doi: 10.3390/life15101496pubmed: 41157169google scholar: lookup
  64. Bourebaba L, Panek M, Piedra LCC, Bourebaba N. Abnormal Fetuin-A levels in obese horses are associated with activated TLR4/NF-ƙB/MAPK axis and depleted FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Vet Res Commun 2025 Oct 16;49(6):354.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10926-2pubmed: 41094197google scholar: lookup
  65. Garland A, van Doorn DA, van den Boom R, Roelfsema E, Jung L, Boast M, Papadakis K, Margiotta M, Wafelbakker S, Briggs M, McCrae P, Pearson W. Morphometric changes in overweight horses following 10-week weight loss programs. BMC Vet Res 2025 Oct 10;21(1):596.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-05032-zpubmed: 41068901google scholar: lookup
  66. Thane K, Voth R, Klee R, Warnken T, Chukwu V, Frank N. Effects of the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Velagliflozin on Insulin Concentrations in Horses With Insulin Dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Nov-Dec;39(6):e70256.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70256pubmed: 41063501google scholar: lookup
  67. Aboelmaaty AM, Ahdy AM, El-Khodery S, Elgioushy M. Investigations on metabolic diseases of horses in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1591090.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1591090pubmed: 40901060google scholar: lookup
  68. Menzies-Gow NJ. Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Vet Sci 2025 Aug 20;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080780pubmed: 40872730google scholar: lookup
  69. Orzoł D, Kępska M, Zyzak M. Orientin Reverses Premature Senescence in Equine Adipose Stromal Cells Affected by Equine Metabolic Syndrome Through Oxidative Stress Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Jul 17;26(14).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26146867pubmed: 40725115google scholar: lookup
  70. Wermer K, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Berkecz R, Csupor D, Ágh N, Sztojkov-Ivanov A, Cserhalmi D. Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol and its two main phase I metabolites in Connemara ponies. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1599934.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1599934pubmed: 40654508google scholar: lookup
  71. Espinosa-López EM, Ortiz-Guisado B, Diez de Castro E, Durham A, Aguilera-Tejero E, Gómez-Baena G. Quantitative proteomics unveils potential plasma biomarkers and provides insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying equine metabolic syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 2;21(1):425.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04879-6pubmed: 40604814google scholar: lookup
  72. Al-Ansari AS, Duggan V, Mulcahy G, Yin X, Brennan L, Cotter PD, Patel SH, O'Donovan CM, Crispie F, Walshe N. Faecal microbiota and serum metabolome association with equine metabolic syndrome in connemara ponies. BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 1;21(1):411.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04853-2pubmed: 40598279google scholar: lookup
  73. Dosi M, Scott L, Payne H, Poldy J, Keen J, McGorum B, Malbon A, Morgan R. Markers of Hepatic Insulin Clearance and Their Association With Steatosis in Hyperinsulinaemic Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Jul-Aug;39(4):e70143.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70143pubmed: 40476757google scholar: lookup
  74. Davis EL, Wood AD, Potier JFN. Prevalence and Progression of Resting ACTH, Insulin and Adiponectin Values as Indicators of Suspected Endocrine Diseases in Sport Horses and Ponies Compared to Non-Sport Horses, Ponies and Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2025 May 1;15(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15091316pubmed: 40362130google scholar: lookup
  75. Boshuizen B, De Maré L, Oosterlinck M, Van Immerseel F, Eeckhaut V, De Meeus C, Devisscher L, Vidal Moreno de Vega C, Willems M, De Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Meese T, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Vanderperren K, Verdegaal EL, Delesalle C. Aleurone supplementation enhances the metabolic benefits of training in Standardbred mares: impacts on glucose-insulin dynamics and gut microbiome composition. Front Physiol 2025;16:1565005.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1565005pubmed: 40276369google scholar: lookup
  76. Hansen S, Hopster-Iversen C, Berg L, Fjeldborg J, Massey C, Piercy RJ, Carstensen H. Chronic idiopathic myopathy in Icelandic horses: A case series. Equine Vet J 2025 Sep;57(5):1341-1346.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14519pubmed: 40275651google scholar: lookup
  77. Barnabé MA, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Effects of pasture consumption and obesity on insulin dysregulation and adiponectin concentrations in UK native-breed ponies. Equine Vet J 2026 Jan;58(1):243-255.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14507pubmed: 40257424google scholar: lookup
  78. Ponn PC, Tipold A, Goericke-Pesch S, Volk AV. Brachycephaly, Ear Anatomy, and Co-Does Size Matter? A Retrospective Study on the Influence of Size-Dependent Features Regarding Canine Otitis Externa. Animals (Basel) 2025 Mar 24;15(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15070933pubmed: 40218327google scholar: lookup
  79. Palmer AT, Watts MR, Timko KJ, Pinnell EF, Keefer KA, Gorman O, Hostnik LD, Burns TA. Corticosteroid Administration Enhances the Glycemic, Insulinemic, and Incretin Responses to a High-Protein Mixed Meal in Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e17305.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17305pubmed: 40062690google scholar: lookup
  80. Nolen-Walston RD, Kulp JC, Stefanovski D, van Eps AW. Evaluation of an Automated Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Quantification of Equine Insulin and Comparison to Five Other Immunoassays. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70038.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70038pubmed: 40048611google scholar: lookup
  81. Kemp KL, Yuen NKY, Skinner JE, Bertin FR. Effect of Phenylbutazone Administration on Insulin Sensitivity in Horses With Insulin Dysregulation. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Mar-Apr;39(2):e70028.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70028pubmed: 40011055google scholar: lookup
  82. Thane K, Sonntag J, Warnken T, Reiche D, Uricchio C, Frank N. Comparison of a customized glycemic pellets challenge with the oral sugar test to measure glycemic and insulinemic responses in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Nov-Dec;38(6):3281-3287.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.17191pubmed: 39463160google scholar: lookup
  83. Kirton R, Sandford I, Raffan E, Hallsworth S, Burman OHP, Morgan R. The impact of restricted grazing systems on the behaviour and welfare of ponies. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):737-744.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14411pubmed: 39275860google scholar: lookup
  84. Michanek P, Bröjer J, Lilliehöök I, Fjordbakk CT, Löwgren M, Hedeland M, Bergquist J, Ekstrand C. Pharmacokinetics and Alterations in Glucose and Insulin Levels After a Single Dose of Canagliflozin in Healthy Icelandic Horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2025 Jan;48 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):41-49.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.13476pubmed: 39113254google scholar: lookup
  85. Menzies-Gow NJ, Knowles EJ. Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor use in the management of insulin dysregulation in ponies and horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2025 Jan;48 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):31-40.
    doi: 10.1111/jvp.13470pubmed: 38984777google scholar: lookup
  86. Viviani P, Lavado RA, Chavarria NH, Ragno VM, Montgomery JB. Spring and fall blood concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin, and thyroxine in healthy horses in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J 2024 Apr;65(4):335-342.
    pubmed: 38562984
  87. Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 26;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14050727pubmed: 38473112google scholar: lookup
  88. Galinelli NC, Bamford NJ, de Laat MA, Sillence MN, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Evidence for dopamine production and distribution of dopamine D2 receptors in the equine gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas. PLoS One 2024;19(2):e0298660.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298660pubmed: 38412155google scholar: lookup
  89. Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Insights in Donkeys. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 10;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040590pubmed: 38396558google scholar: lookup
  90. Bourebaba L, Kępska M, Qasem B, Zyzak M, Łyczko J, Klemens M, Mularczyk M, Marycz K. Sex hormone-binding globulin improves lipid metabolism and reduces inflammation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of metabolic syndrome-affected horses. Front Mol Biosci 2023;10:1214961.
    doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214961pubmed: 38146533google scholar: lookup
  91. Pinnell EF, Hostnik LD, Watts MR, Timko KJ, Thriffiley AA, Stover MR, Koenig LE, Gorman OM, Toribio RE, Burns TA. Effect of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase agonists on insulin and glucose dynamics in experimentally induced insulin dysregulation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):102-110.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16970pubmed: 38088223google scholar: lookup
  92. de Laat MA, Fitzgerald DM, Harris PA, Bailey SR. A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist reduces the insulin response to a glycemic meal in ponies. J Anim Sci 2023 Jan 3;101.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad389pubmed: 38066683google scholar: lookup
  93. Lindåse S, Nostell K, Forslund A, Bergsten P, Bröjer J. Short-term effects of canagliflozin on glucose and insulin responses in insulin dysregulated horses: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, study. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Nov-Dec;37(6):2520-2528.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16906pubmed: 37864426google scholar: lookup
  94. Ward AB, Harris PA, Argo CM, Watson CA, Burns NM, Neacsu M, Russell WR, Grove-White D, Morrison PK. Confidence does not mediate a relationship between owner experience and likelihood of using weight management approaches for native ponies. PLoS One 2023;18(10):e0292886.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292886pubmed: 37824555google scholar: lookup
  95. Bourebaba L, Serwotka-Suszczak A, Bourebaba N, Zyzak M, Marycz K. The PTP1B Inhibitor Trodusquemine (MSI-1436) Improves Glucose Uptake in Equine Metabolic Syndrome Affected Liver through Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Activity. Int J Inflam 2023;2023:3803056.
    doi: 10.1155/2023/3803056pubmed: 37808009google scholar: lookup
  96. Timko KJ, Hostnik LD, Watts MR, Chen C, Bercz A, Toribio RE, Belknap JK, Burns TA. Diagnostic evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in light-breed horses receiving dexamethasone. Can Vet J 2022 Jun;63(6):617-626.
    pubmed: 35656529
  97. Lovett AL, Gilliam LL, Sykes BW, McFarlane D. Thromboelastography in obese horses with insulin dysregulation compared to healthy controls. J Vet Intern Med 2022 May;36(3):1131-1138.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16421pubmed: 35429197google scholar: lookup
  98. Walshe N, Cabrera-Rubio R, Collins R, Puggioni A, Gath V, Crispie F, Cotter PD, Brennan L, Mulcahy G, Duggan V. A Multiomic Approach to Investigate the Effects of a Weight Loss Program on the Intestinal Health of Overweight Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:668120.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668120pubmed: 34222398google scholar: lookup
  99. Fitzgerald DM, Anderson ST, Sillence MN, de Laat MA. The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies. PLoS One 2019;14(7):e0220203.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220203pubmed: 31339945google scholar: lookup
  100. Meier A, de Laat M, Reiche D, Fitzgerald D, Sillence M. The efficacy and safety of velagliflozin over 16 weeks as a treatment for insulin dysregulation in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019 Feb 26;15(1):65.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1811-2pubmed: 30808423google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.