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Topic:Disease Prevalence
Disease prevalence in horses refers to the frequency and distribution of various diseases within equine populations. Understanding disease prevalence is essential for identifying health trends, assessing risk factors, and implementing effective disease management and prevention strategies. Common diseases affecting horses include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, strangles, and equine infectious anemia. The study of disease prevalence involves collecting and analyzing data from veterinary reports, field studies, and laboratory diagnostics. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the patterns, causes, and implications of disease prevalence in horses, providing insights into equine health management and epidemiology.
The prevalence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi carriers in the Netherlands. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) carriers are thought to be important drivers for strangles outbreaks. Limited data are available on the prevalence of carriers in European horse husbandry settings. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of S. equi carriers among apparently healthy adult horses and ponies in the Netherlands. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The carrier prevalence in the Netherlands was estimated, detecting carriers by PCR analysis of three repeated nasopharyngeal lavages at weekly intervals. Bayesian methods were used for a true prevalence estimation. Result...
Equine sentinels and one health: a comprehensive serological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in southeastern and Central Europe. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the widespread tick-borne viral disease affecting humans with endemic circulation across Africa, Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe. Climate change, global travel, and animal trade have accelerated the expansion of spp., the primary tick vectors of CCHF, into previously non-endemic areas, including the Czech Republic. To assess the current distribution of CCHF in equids across Southeastern and Central Europe, we screened serum samples from horses and donkeys from Bulgaria ( = 579), Romania ( = 1,534), and the Czech Republic ( = 576) by the ...
Epidemiology of open and closed diastemata in equine cheek teeth and associations with periodontal pathology. Cheek-tooth diastemata are a common dental abnormality in horses and are considered a major predisposing factor for periodontal disease. However, the influence of diastema type and anatomical location on disease severity remains incompletely understood. To determine the prevalence and distribution of open and closed cheek-tooth diastemata and evaluate their association with periodontal disease severity in horses, while assessing the influence of age, sex, jaw location and laterality, fifty equine cadaver heads obtained from an abattoir were examined. Diastemata were identified through visual a...
Search for Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 in tissues of asymptomatic horses in southern brazil. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) has been recently associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinomas in horses. Nevertheless, its circulation among healthy, asymptomatic horses remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the presence of EcPV-2 DNA in asymptomatic horses submitted to necropsy in southern Brazil. A total of 54 horses without clinical or histological evidence of genital lesions were investigated: 40 necropsied animals and penile mucosa specimens collected from 14 horses at a local abattoir. Tissue samples were subjected to histologica...
Autochthonous Leishmaniosis in Dogs, Cats, Horses, and Wildlife in the United States of America. Leishmaniasis is endemic in 99 countries worldwide, including the United States of America (USA). Its causative pathogens, spp. have been detected in both humans and animals within the USA. Lately, we have comprehensively reviewed autochthonous leishmaniasis in humans in this region. Animals play a pivotal role in maintaining its endemicity in some endemic areas and regions, for example, dogs in Brazil and the Mediterranean. In this review, we thoroughly examine autochthonous leishmaniosis in dogs, cats, horses, and wildlife in the USA, and we synthesize integration across species, transmissi...
Klossiella equi, an underreported parasite of equids in the Americas. Klossiella equi Baumann, 1946 (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) is a globally distributed adeleorinid parasite that infects the kidneys of equid hosts. Considered an uncommon parasite, when K. equi is detected, it is typically an incidental finding during histologic examination of the kidneys as part of routine necropsy. In the present study, kidney was collected opportunistically from 3 different equine populations: 1) routine necropsies at the Ontario Veterinary College (OVC; n = 48); 2) natural mortalities from the Sable Island wild horse herd (n = 25); and 3) routine necropsies of animals fr...
Antibacterial use in Norwegian horses: a nationwide registry-based cross-sectional study. BACKGROUND: Antibacterials are essential for treating infections in horses, but the use contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which threatens animal and human health. Despite these concerns, antibacterial use in horses has not been systematically studied and described in Norway, and nationwide registry-based analyses in other countries are scarce. The aim of this study is to describe antibacterial use in Norwegian horses, 2022–2024, by analysing nationwide registry data, with a particular emphasis on gynecological and obstetrical conditions. In addition, we will evaluate the data qu...
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Exposure in Horses and Donkeys in Border Livestock Markets of Nigeria. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of major public health importance in Africa. Although CCHFV exposure has been reported in several livestock species in Nigeria, data on equids remain limited despite their extensive involvement in livestock movement and trade. This study assessed CCHFV seroprevalence in horses and donkeys in major international livestock markets in northern Nigeria and examined factors associated with exposure. Methods: From June 2023 to July 2024, a longitudinal sero-surveillance study was conducted in three high-volume livestock...
Seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in healthy horses from the province of Alberta, Canada. Literature on the seroprevalence of antibodies to the causative agents of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in Canada is limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of serum antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in apparently healthy horses without signs of neurologic disease which have always resided in Alberta, Canada, using commercially available immunodiagnostic tests. Methods: Samples from 116 healthy horses were obtained from a biobank containing horse serum collected across Alberta in 2021 and 2022. Samples were selected based on owner survey responses, ...
Fungal endometritis in broodmares: clinical presentation, prevalence in Ireland and diagnostic performance of cytology. Fungal endometritis is an uncommon uterine condition associated with poor fertility. Objective: This study aimed to 1) provide a descriptive summary of 11 cases of fungal endometritis, 2) assess prevalence trends of fungal endometritis over time, 3) assess fungal species distribution in diagnostic samples, and 4) evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cytology. Methods: Study 1 reviewed records of 11 mares diagnosed with fungal endometritis for history, presentation, treatment, and outcome. Study 2 analysed 6,727 uterine samples (swabs and lavages; 2019-2024) for factors influencing fungal cultur...
Global seroprevalence and epidemiological patterns of equine viral arteritis from 1968 to 2025: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a globally widespread infectious disease affecting equids, with significant consequences for reproductive efficiency and the regulation of international equine trade. Nevertheless, despite the accumulation of numerous region-specific investigations, an integrated synthesis of global seroprevalence estimates and overarching epidemiological patterns remains insufficiently developed. Objective: To calculate the pooled global seroprevalence of EVA and to explore sources of epidemiological heterogeneity. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken ...
Survey occurrence of serum antibodies against Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi, agents with zoonotic potential, in horses from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In this research, a seroepidemiological survey was conducted on 202 horses located on 21 properties in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo (Brazil) to estimate exposure to Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Antibodies against Leishmania, T. gondii and T. cruzi, were detected in 48 (23.76%), 29 (14.36%) and 2 (0.99%) of the 202 horses, respectively. We found a significantly higher occurrence of antibodies against Leishmania compared to those against the other protozoa (Chi-Square = 46.7, 2 d.f., P < 0.001). Seropositivity for the aforementioned prot...
Relationship between prevalence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and environmental factors. Environmental risk factors could contribute to the development of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in racing Thoroughbreds. Objective: To identify environmental risk factors that might contribute to differences in EIPH prevalence and severity across 12 Thoroughbred racetracks in the United States. Methods: Eight hundred fifteen 2-year-old and 122 >2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. Methods: Prospective blinded observational study. Videoendoscopy was performed 30-60 min post-race. Three observers independently assigned an EIPH grade to each videorecording, and prevalence and se...
Molecular characterization of Anaplasmataceae in Turkmen horses (Akhal-Teke breed) and ticks in racetracks, Iran. Due to the abundance of ticks on open grassy surfaces, racetracks may represent ideal scenarios for tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, in 2024/2025 Turkmen horses (Akhal-Teke breed) and ticks collected by dragging in paddocks of Iran were screened for Anaplasmataceae using Sanger sequencing on 16S rRNA, TRP36 and dsb genes. Amongst 200 horses, 11 (5.5%) tested positive without signs/symptoms, being 8 (4%) for Ehrlichia canis and 3 (1.5%) for Anaplasma ovis; no difference in prevalence was found by gender and age (p>0.05). All ticks were identified as Hyalomma asiaticum and Haemaphysalis sulca...
Pedigree-Based Assessment of Genetic Structure and Disease-Associated Variants in Friesian Horses in Brazil. Background: Friesian horses are recognized for severe genetic restriction due to intensive selection. Still, the genetic diversity, founder representation, and prevalence of inherited disorders in the Brazilian Friesian population, which is comprised of fewer than 500 individuals, have not been previously investigated AIMS/OBJECTIVES: characterize the genetic diversity, inbreeding, founder representation using pedigree-based tools, and frequency of known pathogenic, behavioral, and white spotting alleles in Friesian horses registered in Brazil METHODS: Pedigree data from 411 Friesian horses (2...
Epidemiological study and risk factors of equine (Equus ferus caballus) gastrointestinal helminth infections in the north and northeast of Iran. Understanding the epidemiology of gastrointestinal (GI) helminth infections in equines is critical for investigating drug resistance patterns and developing effective strategies to control and prevent these infections. There is a lack of data regarding horse GI helminths and risk factors in the north and northeast of Iran. Hence, the present study aimed to identify GI helminths in horses in these regions and determine their risk factors. A total of 340 fecal specimens from horses of north ( = 141) and northeast ( = 199) Iran were coprologically examined for GI helminth infections. The poly...
Global distribution of Neorickettsia risticii, the causative agent of potomac horse fever: a systematic review. Potomac Horse Fever (PHF), also known as equine neorickettsiosis (EN) or equine monocytic ehrlichiosis is an acute, potentially fatal infectious disease in horses caused by the monocytotropic rickettsia bacterium Neorickettsia risticii. This obligate intracellular bacterium is maintained throughout the life cycle of digenetic trematodes which utilize multiple intermediate and definitive hosts. Research on N. risticii is scattered across multiple continents, with most studies originating from North and South America. Therefore, a systematic review is needed to consolidate global evidence, clari...
Prevalence of potential enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals in Brazil. Diarrhea is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in foals. Our hypothesis is that foals with diarrhea have a greater prevalence of ≥2 organisms causing coinfections. We investigated the major microorganisms associated with diarrhea in 200 foals up to 1-y-old (100 diarrheic and 100 non-diarrheic). Fecal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR (rtPCR) for the detection of and toxin genes and , (genotyping for toxin-encoding genes), spp., , , , , , and spp. Rotavirus A and coronavirus were detected using reverse-transcription rtPCR. Fecal bacterial culture was also performed for ...
Trends in the prevalence of Gidoh at Japan Racing Association Training Centers in 2020. Pathological hoof-wall cavities unrelated to nailing (so called "Gidoh" in Japan) often occur in the feet of horses. In 2001, in facilities managed by the Japan Racing Association (JRA), Gidoh was found to occur most frequently in the toe of the fore-hoof, with no gender predilection, and was more prevalent in older horses. However, it remains unclear whether this trend has continued in recent years, which pathological type of Gidoh predominates, and whether there are differences in prevalence among seasons. Therefore, in spring (April) and autumn (October) of 2020, we surveyed all racehorses ...
Nationwide Serological Survey of Equine Trypanosomosis in Kazakhstan. Equine trypanosomosis remains an important veterinary concern in regions where horses play a significant economic and cultural role. In Kazakhstan, comprehensive nationwide data on the seroepidemiological status of equine trypanosomes are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the serological distribution of equine trypanosomosis across all administrative regions of Kazakhstan using complement fixation testing (CFT). A total of 6065 equine serum samples were collected from seventeen regions between 2023 and 2025. Antibodies against members of the subgenus were detected using a WOAH-reco...
Spatio-temporal analysis of anthrax in livestock at zonal level in Ethiopia, 2008-2020. Ethiopia has not only one of the largest livestock populations in Africa, but also a substantial growing human population, increasing the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. Anthrax is a priority zoonosis in Ethiopia due to its risks to both human and animal health. Utilising 13 years of retrospective data (2008-2020) from 92 zones, this study investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of livestock anthrax cases in Ethiopia. High variability in annual incidence was observed, with the lowest number of cases (n=2357, 3.73 %) in 2018 followed by the highest number of cases (n=8210, 12.98 %)...
Re-emergence of equine glanders in Mongolia based on region-wide serosurveillance. Glanders, a zoonotic disease caused by , has re-emerged in Mongolia after decades of control. We conducted nationwide serosurveillance from 2021 to 2024 to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of glanders. Using random 3-stage cluster sampling, we collected 3,001 horse serum samples from 332 herds. Those herds were in 46 soums (administrative districts equivalent to counties) in 13 provinces and in 3 districts in Ulaanbaatar. Sera were tested using the complement fixation test, and positive results were confirmed by immunoblotting and ELISA. Overall seroprevalence was 1.03% (95% C...
Rift Valley Fever Virus Exposure in Camels and Horses Across Northern Nigeria Livestock Markets. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease of significant veterinary and public health concern in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) exposure and associated risk factors among camels and horses marketed in northern Nigeria. A total of 1117 animals were sampled, comprising camels (812) and horses (305), across three major livestock markets (Maigatari, Maiduguri, and Illela). The overall seroprevalence was 18.8% (95% CI: 16.6-21.2%), with a striking six-fold disparity: camels showed a prevalence of 24.4% (95%...
Evaluation of multiple methods for the diagnosis of equine Hemomycoplasmosis in Misan, Iraq. Hemomycoplasmosis caused by Hemotropic mycoplasmas, or Hemoplasma, which were previously classified as Eperythrozoon spp., are uncultivable parasites that infect the cell wall of erythrocytes in many susceptible mammals, including cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, horses, cats, dogs, and even camels, and can be transmitted to humans. Unassigned: The purpose of the present work is to display and evaluate the different diagnostic criteria for detecting the most precise method for diagnosing Hemomycoplasma in horses. Unassigned: Different diagnostic methods were used to diagnose equine Hemomycoplasm...
Genetic background of the Transylvanian endemic equine recurrent rhabdomyolysis. To investigate the pathophysiology, prevalence and severity of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis in a mountainous region of Transylvania, Romania, this study considered genetic and histological factors. We determined the occurrence and frequency of a mutation in the glycogen synthase gene 1 (GYS1), associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy type 1 (PSSM1), in two adjacent populations, one with a significantly high prevalence of the disease (high altitude villages, HV) and the other with a rare prevalence (valley villages, VV). We genotyped GYS1 in 41 animals (HV = 31, VV = 10) and f...
Fragile foal syndrome: manifestations, heterozygous advantage and the future of breeding policies. Scientific interest in relation to Fragile Foal Syndrome (FFS) has proliferated in the last decade, but before this, many clinical cases were attributed to other similarly presenting equine neonatal disorders. It was thought that FFS-affected foals were mainly miscarried throughout gestation, but recent study results suggest that often, foals are born alive and die shortly after birth. FFS is proposed to have originated as long ago as the Godolphin Arabian, but the definite derivation of the mutant allele is unconfirmed. The discovery that FFS is present in 11-30% of Warmbloods and 2-3% of Tho...
Equine dental destructive disorders: an epidemiological survey in northern Germany. Destructive lesions of the peripheral and infundibular cementum are increasingly recognized in equine dentistry. While similarities to human caries have been noted, current evidence does not conclusively support this classification. This study aims to assess the prevalence, distribution, and potential risk factors associated with these lesions in a defined horse population. Unassigned: A total of 114 horses from northern Germany underwent standardized oral examination between 2021 and 2023. Clinical data on peripheral and infundibular lesions, diastemata, and influencing factors such as age an...
Advances in ELISA-based detection of equine leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonosis that affects both humans and animals, with being the main causative agent. In horses, the disease is associated with considerable economic losses. The Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) is the reference test for diagnosis but has limitations, emphasizing the need for effective diagnostic alternatives. In this study, was evaluated the use of a recombinant chimera, composed of ErpY-like and LemA proteins, as an antigen for ELISA-based detection of equine leptospirosis. The chimera was successfully expressed, purified and tested on 915 horse ser...
Genomic Epidemiology of Fungi Identified in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Asthmatic Horses in the US. Fungal exposure is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma in horses, but the importance of specific fungi is unknown. Geographic variation in equine asthmatic endotypes is suspected and might be related to different fungal exposures due to different climatological and geographical conditions. This study had two objectives: evaluate the effect of the ecoregion upon BALF inflammatory cells and fungal community composition in horses with asthma and evaluate the effect of BALF fungal community composition upon the likelihood of neutrophilic, mastocytic and eosinophilic inflammation in t...
The first molecular detection of equine piroplasmosis in Vietnam and genetic characterization of three co-circulating genotypes of Theileria equi. Equine piroplasmosis, caused by , and , significantly impacts on the veterinary and economic aspects of the global horse industry. However, many countries, including Vietnam, have not yet conducted epidemiological surveys to determine the prevalence of these haemoparasites. This study aimed to detect and/or infections in horses and to identify their genotypes. Blood samples were collected from 154 apparently healthy horses in eight districts of Hanoi, Thai Nguyen, and Son La provinces located in the northern part of the country. Twenty-four horses (15.58%, 95%CI: 10.70–22.14%) were found ...
