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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Historical, clinical and nasal endoscopic findings in 1600 cases of equine sinonasal disease and associations with case outcome. No large study has described the signalment, pre-referral management or clinical and nasal endoscopic findings in equine sinonasal disease. Objective: To explore associations between case outcome and signalment, pre-referral treatments, clinical and nasal endoscopic variables in sinonasal disease. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Data were collected from medical records of 19 equine hospitals on sinonasal disease cases they had examined and which had undergone computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Case outcome was obtained from clinical records and/or by contacting clients and referri...
Clinical Signs as an Indication of the Presence of Gastric Ulcers in Horses: True or False? Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) and its related diseases, Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD) and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD), can be found in horses worldwide, with increased prevalences in racehorses and animals subjected to heavy training loads. Clinical signs of the disease are vague and nonspecific, and most horses affected by the disease are asymptomatic. In this retrospective study, our aim was to determine the percentages of pleasure and breeding horses showing signs compatible with gastric ulcers, and to correlate these signs with the presence of ESGD, EGGD, and bo...
Limited evidence for exposure of horses in the United Kingdom to influenza D virus. Since it was first detected in 2011, antibodies to influenza D virus (IDV) have been found in several species, although cattle are the major host. In cattle, IDV is typically associated with mild respiratory signs, but it is clinically significant as a component of bovine respiratory disease complex. Although antibodies to IDV have been detected in equids, no association of IDV with naturally occurring respiratory disease in horses has yet been demonstrated. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether IDV may be a causal agent of equine respiratory disease in the UK. Methods: Nas...
Beyond Body Condition Score: A Proposed Interspecies Framework for Tissue-by-Tissue Nutritional Assessment in Veterinary Practice. In clinical veterinary medicine, the Body Condition Score (BCS) serves as a validated, semi-quantitative estimation of subcutaneous adipose reserves, yet it cannot by itself detect systemic nutrient deficiencies or excesses that do not necessarily imply energy storage. Human clinical dietetics addressed an analogous diagnostic gap through the Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination (NFPE), but veterinary medicine still lacks a unified, multi-species physical examination sequence for nutritional screening. This narrative review synthesizes the comparative and clinical nutrition literature into a...
Associations between treatments and response to treatments from a large multicentre study of equine sinonasal disease. No large study has examined the treatment and response to treatment of horses with sinonasal disease confirmed by computed tomography (CT). Objective: To report the treatment and response to treatment of referred cases of equine sinonasal disease. To explore associations between case outcome and clinical and endoscopic features, CT findings, disease subtypes, and treatments in a multivariable model. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Data were collected from medical records from 19 equine hospitals on cases of sinonasal disease, all of which underwent CT imaging. Case outcome was obt...
Diagnosed causes of sinonasal disease in 1600 horses and associations with clinical signs, computed tomographic findings and case outcome. The diagnosis of equine sinonasal disorders has been greatly enhanced by using computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Objective: To explore associations between specific diagnoses and clinical and CT findings and between specific diagnoses and case outcome in equine sinonasal disease. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Data were collected from medical records from 19 equine hospitals on cases of sinonasal disease, all of which underwent CT imaging. Case outcome was obtained from clinical records, and/or by contacting clients and referring veterinarians. Logistic regression analysis was u...
Fatal equine gas gangrene associated with Clostridium septicum in the Brazilian Amazon: clinicopathological and molecular characterization of a 20-case series. Clostridial gas gangrene is an acute necrotizing infection of skeletal muscle characterized by rapid tissue destruction and severe systemic toxemia in horses; however, systematically documented case series from tropical settings remain scarce. Here, we describe a clinicopathological and molecularly confirmed series of 20 fatal equine gas gangrene cases diagnosed in the eastern Brazilian Amazon (Pará State) between 2018 and 2026. Horses presented with abrupt onset of severe lameness, rapidly progressive swelling of a limb or muscle group, and palpable subcutaneous crepitus, frequently followin...
Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from nasal samples of horses. The Mannheimia genus, which is part of the upper respiratory tract microbiota, harbours species that have the potential to cause progressive infections, such as haemorrhagic septicaemia and enzootic pneumonia, when the host immune system is suppressed. Among these species, Mannheimia haemolytica is considered the most pathogenic, and horses can be a host for this agent. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Mannheimia haemolytica in horses with and without respiratory clinical signs and to assess the potential pathogenic significance of isolates recovered from animals through serot...
Bacterial Pneumonia in Horses: Insights from a 10-Year European Single-Centre Retrospective Study. Bacterial pneumonia in horses typically occurs secondary to predisposing factors that compromise defence mechanisms. This 10-year retrospective study evaluated bacterial pneumonia in 81 horses treated at the equine clinic of Freie Universität Berlin from January 2015 to December 2024. Horses infected with primary pathogens such as or ssp. were not included in the study. The most common predisposing events were aspiration, mainly following oesophageal obstruction (37.0%), post-anaesthetic disease (27.2%), primary respiratory signs (24.7%), and other conditions (11.1%). Horses with aspiratio...
Limited Antibodies to Henipaviruses Detected Among Nigerian Horses Using Pseudotyped Virus Neutralization Tests. The Hendra virus (HeV; ) and Nipah virus (NiV; ), members of the genus , are high-consequence pathogens that have caused multiple zoonotic outbreaks with high mortality. Frequently, pigs or horses have acted as bridging hosts between bats, the reservoir hosts, and people. We used pseudotyped viruses with the fusion (F) and glycoprotein (G) envelope proteins of the NiV and Ghana virus (GhV; ) in neutralization tests (PVNTs) to screen serum samples from 138 apparently healthy horses in northwest Nigeria. No antibodies to GhV were detected in the 138 samples tested. Two serum samples were positiv...
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Horses From Northern and Eastern China: Investigation of Associated Risk Factors and Assessment of Zoonotic Potential. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic microsporidian threatening public health, yet epidemiological data on equine infections in China are scarce despite frequent human-horse contact. In this study, 412 fresh horse fecal samples were collected from four Chinese regions covering four rearing systems and were screened for E. bieneusi internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences via nested PCR, with risk factor and phylogenetic analyses conducted. The overall infection prevalence reached 15.0% (62/412), varying geographically from 9.7% (Wenzhou) to 29.3% (Qiqihar). Foals <1 year and male horses ex...
Molecular Survey and Genetic Characterization of Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Pentatrichomonas hominis in Horses in Shanxi Province, Northern China. Trichomonads include species of veterinary and zoonotic importance, yet infections with trichomonads in horses remain uncharacterized in Shanxi Province, Northern China. In the present study, we conducted a molecular survey of and using 631 horse fecal samples collected from Datong, Taiyuan, and Yuncheng cities in Shanxi Province between March and June 2023. Nested PCR assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene were used to detect the two trichomonad species. The overall molecular prevalences were 3.7% (23/631; 95% CI, 2.5-5.5%) for and 0.8% (5/631; 95% CI, 0.3-1.9%) f...
Histological differences in the placenta of three mares treated for ascending bacterial placentitis compared to physiological pregnancies. Ascending bacterial placentitis is a frequent cause of late pregnancy loss in mares. The histology of placentitis has been described but mainly with a focus on inflammatory changes. In this study, we assessed several aspects beyond inflammatory processes between mares foaling close to term during treatment for placentitis and physiological pregnancies. We included placental tissue from physiological term pregnancies (group PP; n = 8) and clinical cases with confirmed ascending bacterial placentitis (group PL; n = 3). Samples were collected from several locations of the allantochorion (cerv...
An atypical extrapulmonary presentation of rhodococcus equi infection in a foal: a case report. Rhodococcus equi infection in foals is primarily associated with pulmonary disease but may also present with extrapulmonary manifestations (Giguère et al. 2011; Reuss et al. 2009). Hemolytic anemia is a rare and poorly described complication, with only a single previous report of presumed immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in foals affected by R. equi. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, disease progression, and postmortem examination of a 4-month-old Holsteiner foal with confirmed R. equi infection and severe anemia consistent with a presumed immune-media...
No evidence of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in Japanese horses in 2025. The global spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus into mammalian hosts has become a concern for public health as well as for the equine industry. However, previous reports on H5N1 natural infection and the presence of specific antibodies in horses remain limited. Therefore, we conducted a serosurveillance study to assess the prevalence of H5N1 antibodies in serum samples collected from 400 horses in Japan. Samples were screened using competitive ELISA (cELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests against H5-recombinant protein and H5N1 viral antigen, res...
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy-associated mutations in equine herpesvirus 1 DNA polymerase confer the ability to replicate at elevated temperatures. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM), caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), poses a major threat to the equine industry because of its devastating impact on animal welfare and athletic performance. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G2254, in ORF30 (UL30), which encodes the viral DNA polymerase, has been used as a marker of neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains, although its contribution to EHM pathogenesis remains controversial. In addition, other ORF30 SNPs have been reported in association with EHM, but their functional significance is unclear. Clinical observations indicate tha...
Allele frequencies of 7 inherited disorders in performance and random cohorts of American Quarter Horses (2020-2024). To estimate allele frequencies for genetic diseases in the American Quarter Horse (QH), including hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), malignant hyperthermia (MH), myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), and equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA), and to compare these frequencies over time among elite performance subgroups and a random cohort of registered horses. Unassigned: In this prospective genetic survey, DNA was extracted from 300 elite ...
Disorders of Water and Tissue Perfusion (Diabetes Insipidus, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis, and Anhidrosis). This review highlights disorders of water and tissue perfusion in equids, specifically diabetes insipidus, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and anhidrosis. The differences in renal versus central diabetes insipidus is discussed, as well as diagnosis and treatment of diabetes insipidus in equids. The physiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is reviewed, and recent research in the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in equids in certain states is emphasized. The proposed pathophysiology of anhidrosis in horses is discussed, as well as potential therapies.
Leishmania spp. infection in horses in an endemic area of canine leishmaniosis (north-western Algeria). Leishmaniosis is a parasitic disease caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. It affects humans, canids, and rodents in endemic areas and is transmitted through the bites of infected sand flies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of equine leishmaniosis in horses from Tiaret Province, northwestern Algeria, an area endemic for canine leishmaniosis, and to identify the main risk factors associated with infection. The study included 75 local Barb horses and employed molecular and serological techniques for the detection of Leishmania infection. Among the sampled...
Equine Sarcoid: From BPV-Driven Oncogenesis to Host-Sustained Tumor Persistence. Equine sarcoid is the most common cutaneous neoplasm of equids and represents a distinctive model of virus-associated tumor persistence. Although bovine papillomaviruses, particularly BPV-1 and BPV-2, are recognized as the main etiological agents, viral infection alone does not fully explain the clinical heterogeneity, frequent recurrence, and limited spontaneous regression of these lesions. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying equine sarcoid pathogenesis, with emphasis on the interaction between BPV infection, host signaling pathways, tum...
Energy Metabolism Dysregulation in Horses and Foals. Dysregulation of energy metabolism occurs in horses and foals with transient systemic illness, malnutrition, or chronic metabolic diseases. The pathophysiologic processes resulting in energy dysregulation are important to interpret, understand, and appropriately monitor laboratory abnormalities associated with various disease states (hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia), as well as to aid in the management of energy dysregulation through nutritional and medical management.
Comparison of Fogarty and Vollmar thrombectomy for chronic jugular thrombosis in horses. Chronic jugular vein thrombosis may result in persistent venous obstruction and impaired head drainage. Although surgical thrombectomy is performed in selected cases, experimental comparisons between mechanical techniques for chronic thrombus removal in horses are lacking. Objective: To compare Fogarty catheter thrombectomy alone with a combined Vollmar ring-Fogarty technique for restoration and maintenance of luminal patency in experimentally induced chronic jugular thrombosis. Methods: Randomised in vivo study. Methods: Chronic right jugular thrombosis was induced in 10 healthy adult horses....
Whole-genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Equine Rotavirus A isolated from Jeju Island, Korea. Equine Rotavirus A (ERVA) is a major cause of acute diarrhea in neonatal foals, leading to significant economic losses. Genetic variation and global transmission complicate disease control efforts. Objective: To analyze the complete genome of an ERVA strain from Jeju Island, Korea, and assess its genetic and phylogenetic relationships with global ERVA strains. Methods: Twenty-five fecal and swab samples were collected from diarrheic horses in Jeju during spring and summer 2025. Samples were screened using antigen testing and RT-PCR. One PCR-positive, antigen-test-positive sample was selected f...
Horse Anatomy and Art: Carlo Ruini. Carlo Ruini's Dell'Anotomia et dell'infirmità del cavallo (1598) is widely regarded as the first scientific treatise on veterinary anatomy. This paper reviews the historical circumstances of its composition and printing history, the structure and scientific content of its five anatomical books, the long-standing controversy over Ruini's authorship - including the plagiarisms it subsequently suffered - and the disputed attribution of its woodcut illustrations to artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Titian and Agostino Carracci. Ruini's description of the pulmonary circulation is situated within ...
Evaluation of sequential serum amyloid A measurements for the prediction of sepsis and survival in critically ill neonatal foals. Single measurements of serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration at hospital admission has limited sensitivity for predicting sepsis and death. Objective: To determine whether differences in SAA during the first 2 days of hospitalization could predict sepsis and death in critically ill foals. Methods: One hundred twenty-seven critically ill neonatal foals, <14 days of age. Methods: Prospective cohort study. SAA was measured at hospital admission and on day 2 of hospitalization using a validated point-of-care test. Logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the predictive value of individual S...
Molecular Detection of Anaplasma spp. in Horses From Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Anaplasmosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that affects both humans and many animals. In horses, anaplasmosis manifests as a seasonal, infectious, and febrile disease caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma. Since the transmission of this disease is primarily mediated by arthropods such as ticks, it holds significant public health importance. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of anaplasmosis in horses in northern Iran (Golestan Province). Methods: A total of 350 blood samples were randomly collected from asymptomatic horses between December 2023 and April 2024...
Risk Factors for Disease in Military Working Equines. Diseases can impact Military Working Equids (MWEs) readiness and limit days in service. The objectives of this study are to categorize diseases in MWEs and evaluate potential risk factors for disease. Methods: Pathology reports from MWEs from 2005 to 2025 were retrieved from the Joint Pathology Center archives. Disease processes with ≥5 cases were evaluated for potential risk factors, including MWE breed, sex, neuter status, geographic location, and age at sampling. Results: Diagnoses included inflammation (n = 30), neoplasia/proliferation (n = 24), within normal limits (n = 12),...
