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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Compilation of 29 years of postmortem examinations identifies major shifts in equine parasite prevalence from 2000 onwards. Horses are infected by a wide range of parasite species that form complex communities. Parasite control imposes significant constraints on parasite communities whose monitoring remains, however, difficult to track through time. Postmortem examination is a reliable method to quantify parasite communities. Here, we compiled 1,673 necropsy reports accumulated over 29 years, in the reference necropsy centre from Normandy (France). The burden of non-strongylid species was quantified and the presence of strongylid species was noted. Details of horse deworming history and the cause of death were reg...
Evaluation of Dynamic Structural Disorders in the Upper Airways and Applied Rein Tension in Healthy Dressage Horses During Riding in Different Gaits and Head-Neck Positions. Flexion of the horse's head and neck during dressage riding reduces the pharyngeal lumen with the risk of increased upper airway resistance and upper airway obstructions. According to the Fédération Equestre Internationale, hyperflexion is achieved through force, whereas the position low-deep-round is nonforced. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) applied rein tension and (2) dynamic structural disorders in the upper airways in dressage horses in different gaits and different head-neck positions (HNPs). Overground endoscopy (OGE) and rein tension were evaluated in 13 clinically...
Inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase with ouabain is detrimental to equine blastocysts. Although equine blastocysts ≤ 300 µm in diameter can be successfully vitrified, larger equine blastocysts are not good candidates for cryopreservation. As Na, K-ATPase is involved in maintaining blastocyst expansion, perhaps inhibition of this enzyme would be a viable method of reducing blastocyst diameter prior to cryopreservation. Objectives were to evaluate effects of ouabain-induced inhibition of Na, K-ATPase in equine blastocysts. Sixteen mares were ultrasonographically monitored, given deslorelin acetate to induce ovulation, and inseminated. Embryos (D7 and D9) were harvested and Na, ...
Risk Factors of Anesthesia-Related Mortality and Morbidity in One Equine Hospital: A Retrospective Study on 1,161 Cases Undergoing Elective or Emergency Surgeries. A retrospective analysis was performed to determine mortality and morbidity rates for elective and emergency cases in an equine university teaching hospital. It investigated the effect of horse-, anesthetic-, timing, and clinician experience-related variables on anesthetic complications. In total, 1,161 horses undergoing general anesthesia between January 2012 and December 2016 were included in the study. Patient information and details of the anesthetic, recovery period and immediate complications were retrieved from an archival database. Statistical analysis of qualitative and quantitative f...
Clinical Pathology in the Adult Sick Horse: The Gastrointestinal System and Liver. The gastrointestinal tract and liver comprise key components of the equine digestive system and together have important functions in metabolism, digestion, absorption, detoxification, and synthesis. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and liver are common in clinical practice and can cause a variety of clinical signs. Hematologic and biochemical analysis can be helpful for identifying organ dysfunction, narrowing down the differential diagnostic list, and monitoring progress and response to treatment. This article details hematologic and biochemical tests that are important in the evaluati...
Investigation of the Effects of a Dietary Supplement on Insulin and Adipokine Concentrations in Equine Metabolic Syndrome/Insulin Dysregulation. High insulin concentrations are a common clinical feature of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and insulin dysregulation. Hyperinsulinemia can induce laminitis, so reduction of insulin concentrations in response to an oral challenge should decrease risk. In human studies, diets containing a polyphenol (resveratrol) led to improvements in insulin sensitivity. In rodents, the addition of leucine to a resveratrol supplement caused a decrease in the amount of resveratrol needed to achieve a clinical effect. We hypothesize a supplementation with a low dose of a synergistic polyphenol and amino acid b...
Studies on Edema Pathema in Hequ Horse in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a consequence of contracted and fenced grassland, the incidence of edema pathema in the Hequ horse is rising. The main pathological symptoms are edema, emaciation, anemia, heterophilia, inappetence, and dyskinesia. To study the cause of edema disease in Hequ horse, the Hequ horse farm with a high incidence was chosen as the experimental pasture, and the Azi husbandry experimental station without edema disorder was the control pasture. The research methods in this paper are included: (1) The mineral contents in soil, forage, blood, and liver were analyzed. (2) Routine parameters and biochemi...
The Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Systemic Inflammation in Horses. One hallmark of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is the ability to differentiate into multiple tissue types which assists in tissue regeneration. Another hallmark of MSCs is their potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and the potential to treat inflammatory, immune-mediated, and ischemic conditions. In equine practice, MSCs have shown efficacy in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders such as tendinopathy, meniscal tears and cartilage injury. However, there are many equine disease processes and conditions that may benefit from the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. Exampl...
Structural insights into NS5B protein of novel equine hepaciviruses and pegiviruses complexed with polymerase inhibitors. Infections produced by hepaciviruses have been associated with liver disease in horses. Currently, at least three viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family are capable of producing a chronic infection in equines: non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV), Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV), and equine pegivirus (EPgV). The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of viruses (RdRp) (NS5 protein), from the flavivirus family, use de novo RNA synthesis to initiate synthesis. The two antiviral drugs currently used to treat hepatitis C (HCV), sofosbuvir and dasabuvir, act on the viral NS5B polymerase as nucleos...
Presence and function of β-adrenergic receptors in primary equine bronchial epithelia cells. The β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) plays an important role in regulating a variety of cell and organ functions in different animal species and is an important target in asthma pathogenesis and therapy. The β-AR expression and function in equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBEC) were not known but innervation and significant decrease in receptor level were reported in the equine bronchial tissues from asthmatic horses. I-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) binding studies were undertaken in primary freshly isolated and cultured EBEC to identify the presence of the β-ARs. The receptor distribution was as...
A Farrier Making Every Contact Count: A Microlevel Analysis of Farrier-Client Interaction for Partnership Working in Managing a Horse With Laminitis. There is an evidence base in human and small animal veterinary health care contexts which understands how practitioners engage in partnership working with patients and owners to support adherence to treatment/care plans. However, as yet, it is believed there is no similar evidence base for how practitioners in equine health care contexts work with equine owners. It is argued that this is essential for understanding complex equine practitioner-owner interaction involving the prevention and management of laminitis. The aim of this study was to explore farrier-client interaction where risk manage...
A study investigating the treatment of equine squamous gastric disease with long-acting injectable or oral omeprazole. Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) is a highly prevalent disease in horses, particularly in elite athletes. Some horses respond slowly, or fail to respond, to the licensed treatment, oral omeprazole (ORLO). To compare rates of ESGD healing and improvement between ORLO and a long-acting injectable omeprazole preparation (LAIO). Retrospective clinical study. The case records and gastroscopy images of horses presenting to Rainbow Equine Hospital over a 12-month period were reviewed, with images being reviewed blind by one of the authors (David Rendle). Treatment responses were compared betwe...
Evaluation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) in Equine Sarcoid: An Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. equine sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors in equidae worldwide. It is well known that delta bovine papillomaviruses are their causative agents. We have recently shown the presence in equine sarcoids of abnormal vessel structures, which could cause a hypoxic condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a subset of BPV positive equine sarcoids and explore the relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Results: 80% of equine sarcoids showed strong cytoplasmic staining in >60% of neoplastic f...
A Study on the Potential Role of Occlusal Fissure Fractures in the Etiopathogenesis of Equine Cheek Teeth Apical Infections. Thirty-nine equine cheek teeth diagnosed as having anachoretic apical infections and also having occlusal fissure fractures, but without occlusal pulpar exposure, that had been orally extracted without causing occlusal damage and 10 control teeth were used in this study. The teeth were individually imaged by computed tomography, occlusally stained with methylene blue and visually reexamined, then sectioned subocclusally at 5 mm intervals until the fissure fractures could no longer be detected. A limited histological study was then performed on 7 apically infected and 5 control teeth. Standard ...
Neutrophils, monocytes and other immune components in the equine endometrium: Friends or foes? The innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are key components of regulation of reproductive physiological function and uterine disorders in equine uterus. The predominant immunological response in equine endometrium, characterized by an innate immune response, occurs under estrogens influence, in the follicular phase. Although, the increase in immune-related genes in equine endometrium during estrus has been suggested to play a role in uterine clearance after mating, immune cells and their product, i.e. cytokines play also mandatory role in the luteal development and maintenance, regression of ...
Equine pastern vasculitis in a horse associated with a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate. Equine pastern vasculitis is an uncommon disorder in horses. Underlying causes are difficult to assess, especially bacterial infections. Conclusions: A 13-year-old French saddle gelding horse presented for evaluation of a six weeks history of pastern dermatitis. Histopathological examination of skin biopsy samples revealed small vessel vasculitis. A pure growth of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) was obtained from a deep skin biopsy. Clinical remission was observed after a six week course of enrofloxacin and lesions did not recur. Conclusions: To the best of the authors' kno...
Molecular and genomic characterization of a novel equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus. Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EM...
Whole-genome sequence analysis reveals candidate genomic footprints and genes associated with reproductive traits in Thoroughbred horse. The primary objective of most horse breeding operations was to maximize reproductive efficiency and minimize the cost of producing live foals. Here, we compared individual horses from the Thoroughbred population (n = 17), known as a horse breed with poor reproductive performance, with other six horse populations (n = 28), to detect genomic signatures of positive selection underlying of reproductive traits. A number of protein-coding genes with significant (p-value <.01) higher F values (616 genes) and a lower value for nucleotide diversity (π) (310 genes) were identified. The results o...
Androgen Receptor Gene Variants in New Cases of Equine Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. In the domestic horse; failure of normal masculinization and virilization due to deficiency of androgenic action leads to a specific disorder of sexual development known as equine androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Affected individuals appear to demonstrate an incoherency between their genetic sex and sexual phenotype; i.e., XY-sex chromosome constitution and female phenotypic appearance. AIS is well documented in humans. Here we report the finding of two novel genetic variants for the AR-gene identified in a Tennessee Walking Horse and a Thoroughbred horse mare; each in individual clinica...
Genome-Wide Association Study and Subsequent Exclusion of ATCAY as a Candidate Gene Involved in Equine Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Using Two Animal Models. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Clinical signs of neurological deficits develop within the first year of life in vitamin E (vitE) deficient horses. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using 670,000 SNP markers in 27 case and 42 control Quarter Horses. Two markers, encompassing a 2.5 Mb region on ECA7, were associated with the phenotype (p = 2.05 × 10-7 and 4.72 × 10-6). Within this region, caytaxin (ATCAY) was identified as a candidate gene due to its known role ...
Microbial transglutaminase alters the immunogenic potential and cross-reactivity of horse and cow milk proteins. Horse milk is a valuable raw material and a very attractive alternative for scientific research to address the issue of cow milk (CM) allergy due to its protein profile. A decrease in immunoreactive properties can be achieved by thermal, enzymatic, and hydrolytic processing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the possibility of reducing the immunoreactivity of horse milk proteins by microbial transglutaminase (TG) polymerization. To determine how TG linking alters immunoreactivity under simulated digestion of the examined milk, analyses were performed before, during, and after dig...
Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet® ). To assess rebound tonometry intraocular pressure (IOP) in unsedated horses without and with auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve blocks. Methods: Twenty-two client- and twenty university-owned horses (84 total eyes) with unremarkable ophthalmic examinations were evaluated. Methods: One eye of each horse was chosen randomly, an AP block performed for that eye, and IOP measured in both eyes with a TonoVet . The process was repeated for the contralateral eye 72 hours later under the same conditions as the initial measurements. Horses were unsedated for nerve blocks and tonometry. Linear mixed-effects mo...
Single-Layer Colloid Centrifugation as a Method to Process Urine-Contaminated Stallion Semen After Freezing-Thawing. Urospermia is a major ejaculatory dysfunction affecting stallions. It has been thought that urine-contaminated semen should not be cryopreserved; however, on select cases, urine contamination of semen cannot be avoided. A recent study suggested that urospermic semen can be cryopreserved after cushion centrifugation and extension. Thus, this study aimed to assess the use of single-layer colloid centrifugation (SLC) to process frozen-thawed urine-contaminated stallion semen. Raw ejaculates (n = 55) from eight stallions were split into three groups: no urine, low (20%), or high (50%) urine conta...
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Rhodococcus equi from necropsied foals with rhodococcosis. Mainstay therapy for rhodococcosis in foals is the combination of rifampicin and a macrolide. While emergence of resistance to rifampicin and macrolides has been reported, studies demonstrating the development of resistance to such drugs is limited in necropsied foals with rhodococcosis. In this study, the foal necropsy records between 01/01/2011 and 08/30/2019 were reviewed for culture-positive R. equi with MICs and, whether or not the affected foals received any mainstay dual therapy before their deaths. Resistance to antimicrobials in the R. equi isolates from necropsied foals were then com...
