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Topic:Equine Medicine
Equine Medicine encompasses the study and application of medical practices specifically related to the health and well-being of horses. This field involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders affecting equine species. It covers a wide range of topics, including internal medicine, surgery, reproduction, and pharmacology. Research in equine medicine often focuses on understanding the physiological and pathological processes unique to horses, as well as developing effective therapeutic interventions. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine medicine, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the care and management of horse health.
Equine endometrial organoids preserve tissue structure and cycle-stage transcriptional identity†. The endometrium is a hormonally responsive tissue that undergoes cyclic remodeling. Although endometrial organoids have been established in several species, detailed characterization remains limited. Here, we assessed the structural and molecular fidelity of equine endometrial organoids across reproductive cycle stages and during extended culture. Organoids were generated from biopsies collected during estrus and diestrus and analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and bulk- and single-cell RNA sequencing. Organoids formed polarized cystic structures composed of co...
Morphometric changes in overweight horses following 10-week weight loss programs. Up to 70% of horses in domestic equine populations are overweight. Promotion of weight loss is an important component of limiting the detrimental co-morbidities associated with excess adipose tissue. The use of a body condition score (BCS) can help equine caregivers track their horse's weight-status. However, this single score doesn't reflect changes in individual adipose depots. The purpose of this study was to characterize morphometric changes (including 8 anatomic BCS measurements that make up the whole-BCS) in horses during 3 different weight-loss programs over 10 weeks. Methods: Thirty-tw...
Laser fenestration of the dorsal pharyngeal recess does not correct experimentally induced dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse in horses. To quantify the impact of experimentally induced dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse (NPC) on respiratory performance parameters and assess the efficacy of laser fenestration of the dorsal pharyngeal recess as a treatment option for experimentally induced NPC. Methods: Experimental interventional study. Methods: Six adult Standardbreds (one with naturally occurring disease). Methods: After an 8 week conditioning program, baseline parameters (V̇Omax, pharyngeal pressure, peak airflows, upper airway resistance) and dynamic endoscopy videos were collected in a high-speed treadmill test (T1). Dorsal N...
Wearable smart textile band for continuous equine health monitoring. Continuous physiological monitoring is well-established in human healthcare for early disease detection and management. However, translation of these technologies to large animals such as equines remains underdeveloped due to anatomical constraints, dense hair coat coverage, and requirements for unimpeded mobility. Equines, particularly racehorses, are prone to asthma and cardiovascular abnormalities, with nearly 80 % affected by mild to moderate asthma, impacting performance and long-term health. Despite the need for continuous monitoring, existing solutions require shaving hairs, often lack...
Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesviruses 1 and 4 in Egypt. The present study investigated the molecular detection and genetic characteristics of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 circulating within Egyptian horse populations during 2019-2022. A total of 79 animals were sampled (54 nasal swabs and 25 aborted fetal tissues). PCR assays revealed that 24 (30.3%) and 7 (8.8%) samples were positive for EHV-1 and EHV-4, respectively. Additionally, 5 (6.3%) samples were concurrently infected with both viruses. Four EHV-1 and three EHV-4 isolates were genetically characterized based on partial sequencing of gB gene. The four EHV-1 strains displayed 100% n...
Dynamic Mobilization Exercises Improve Activity and Stride Parameters Measured with Accelerometry in Sedentary Horses. Dynamic mobilization exercises (DME) are an effective strategy to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and promote back health in sport horses. Previous studies focused mainly on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area, with limited data on locomotion and adaptation timing. This study evaluated locomotor changes using accelerometry, over 8 weeks of DME application in 14 sedentary horses: a DME group ( = 8) performing 10 different DME (3 neck flexions, 1 neck extension and 3 lateral bending exercises to each side), 5 repetitions of each DME per session, 3 sessions/week, and a control group ( = 6), t...
Mechanical characterization of the equine linea alba and finite element modeling of suture patterns effects on its closure. Postoperative incisional complications are common in horses following abdominal surgery, which typically involves an incision through the abdominal wall along the linea alba. The linea alba is a fibrous band running in the craniocaudal direction along the ventral abdomen. This incision is closed with sutures, where the choice of suture pattern and surgical technique has shown to influence the rate of complications. Therefore, this study investigated how different suture patterns and variations influence the stresses in the tissue by combining experimental and computational biomechanics. The me...
Effects of the Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Velagliflozin on Insulin Concentrations in Horses With Insulin Dysregulation. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are promising treatments to manage hyperinsulinemia in horses with insulin dysregulation (ID). Objective: The SGLT2i velagliflozin decreases insulin concentration in horses with ID. Methods: Privately-owned adult horses (n = 37) with laboratory-confirmed ID (low-dose oral sugar test insulin concentration > 75 μIU/mL). Methods: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Horses received placebo (n = 19) or velagliflozin 0.3 mg/kg PO q24h (n = 18) for 20 weeks (Study Period 1, SP1) immediately followed by a 20-week ope...
Plasma and Urine Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Pridinol in Thoroughbreds for Its Medication Control. We examined the pharmacokinetics of intravenous pridinol in six thoroughbred horses. Each horse received a single 20 mg dose of pridinol mesylate via the jugular vein, and plasma and urine samples were collected over 72 h. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify pridinol concentrations in plasma and urine, allowing for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. A three-compartment model best fit the plasma elimination data. Using the Toutain model, irrelevant plasma and urine concentrations were estimated to be 0.00284 and 0.000612 ng/mL, respec...
Equine Metabolism of Voxelotor and Its Impact on Hematological Indices: A Doping Control Perspective. Voxelotor, a therapeutic drug for sickle cell disease, has been reported to elevate serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels in healthy individuals. Because of its potential to alter blood parameters, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classified voxelotor under category M1 of the 2023 Prohibited List. Despite this classification, little is known about its metabolic behavior in either humans or animals. In this study, the metabolism of voxelotor was investigated in Thoroughbred horses after oral administration. Using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), 35 meta...
Generation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells from cells of embryonic, perinatal and adult tissues. Regenerative therapies are quickly expanding to application in equine patients because of their importance as sporting and companion animals. Furthermore, aligning with a One Health concept, veterinary medicine offers a unique platform for preclinical studies. While mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) therapies are already used in treating horses, strategies involving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are poorly developed. iPSCs present great potential for therapy and disease modelling, but their consistent generation in horses requires further investigation into the source of somatic c...
Antimicrobial use in equine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital in the northeastern United States reveals opportunities for enhanced stewardship. To assess the use of systemic antimicrobial agents in equine patients and identify areas where their use could be reduced. Unassigned: A retrospective study evaluating the electronic medical records for all equine visits in which systemic antimicrobials were given at a veterinary teaching hospital for 1 year (2021). Negative binomial regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with antimicrobial prescription rate. Unassigned: Systemic antimicrobials were prescribed for 33.5% (543 of 1,622) of equine visits. For most visits (89.1%), ≤ 3 antimicrobials were given. The antimicro...
Risk factors for equine strangulating lipoma colic: An international, case-control study. Obstruction by strangulating lipoma (SLO) is one of the most common causes of small intestinal strangulation in horses and is fatal without surgery. Current knowledge of risk factors for SLO is limited to horse signalment features. To date, other risk factors have not been investigated. Objective: To investigate horse- and management-level risk factors for SLO using a population of healthy horses as controls. Methods: Matched, case-control study. Methods: A prospective, international multicentre study was conducted in the UK and USA between January 2022 and May 2024. Cases were horses with SLO...
Species diversity and within-host tropism for mixed equine strongyle infections using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I metabarcoding approach. Strongyles, especially non-migratory Strongylidae, are the most common equine gut parasites, and typically occur in mixed infections with 10 - 20 species per host. Current knowledge on strongyle species prevalence and within-host tropism is sparse. Herein species composition of mixed strongyle infections of 12 naturally infected untreated young horses, based on strongyle eggs extracted from faeces, cultured third stage larva and luminal worms collected from ventral and dorsal colon was examined. Species were identified using a cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) metabarcoding approach allowing differ...
Cheek tooth repulsion aided by computer-assisted surgery in 16 equids. This retrospective case series reports on the use of computer-assisted surgery (CAS) to perform cheek tooth repulsion in 16 equids. Thirteen of the 16 subjects in this case series had a mandibular cheek tooth repulsed, and 3 had a maxillary cheek tooth removed. Surgery was performed on all subjects under general anesthesia, and all but one were placed in lateral recumbency. All cheek teeth were successfully removed by navigated repulsion, except in one case where additional intraoral sectioning was performed. In one horse, a surgical approach through the contralateral nasal conchae was made to...
Pharmacokinetics of Remimazolam Versus Midazolam After Intravenous Administration to Horses. Remimazolam (RMZ) is a new short-half-life benzodiazepine used in humans. We compared the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of RMZ with those of midazolam (MDZ) in Thoroughbred horses. Six Thoroughbreds received a single IV dose of RMZ 0.05 mg/kg or MDZ 0.05 mg/kg in a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected, and plasma RMZ and MDZ concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Plasma concentrations were analyzed by using non-compartmental analysis and a nonlinear mixed effect model. The half-life of RMZ (0.77 ± 0.15 h) was significantly shorter than that of MDZ (3....
Evaluation of Owner-Reported Clinical Signs and Fecal Occult Blood Tests as Predictors of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Competition Dressage Horses. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) adversely affects the health, welfare, and performance of sports horses, requiring gastroscopy for definitive diagnosis. Owners frequently consider girth aversion as highly suggestive of EGUS. Objective: To evaluate whether owner-reported clinical signs or fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) can help identify horses needing gastroscopy for EGUS diagnosis or monitoring treatment, thereby reducing unnecessary procedures in unaffected horses. Methods: Eighty competition dressage horses referred by veterinarians for EGUS evaluation. Methods: Case-control study in...
Complications in Theriogenology. This article explores key complications in equine reproduction, focusing on their causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It emphasizes the risks associated with common procedures, particularly those that are iatrogenic, meaning caused by medical intervention. The discussion highlights how understanding these risks can help in early detection and management, ultimately improving reproductive success and animal welfare. The article also provides insights into best practices to minimize complications, ensuring safer procedures and better outcomes for breeding horses.
Adverse Effects of Antimicrobial Drugs Use in Horses. Antimicrobial drug therapy in horses can lead to adverse effects across multiple body systems, with specific age groups, such as foals, at particular risk. Certain antimicrobial drugs, such as penicillins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations, are commonly implicated. This review explores the mechanisms behind these adverse reactions, emphasizing the importance of judicious antimicrobial drug use. This review also underscores the need for a centralized pharmacovigilance system to improve drug safety and adverse event reporting for veterinary med...
Preanesthetic Administration of Trazodone Does Not Impact Anesthetic Recovery Scores in Horses. Trazodone is administered to hospitalized equine patients to aid in behavioral management, but the effects on the anesthetic recovery period have not been investigated. This study sought to determine if there is an association between trazodone administration and recovery quality, recovery time, need for sedation, or need for reversal agent administration. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in recovery scores, recovery time, additional sedation, or reversal agent administration between horses that received preanesthetic trazodone and horses that did not. Records were reviewed to...
Intraday and Interday Evaluation of pH and Hydrogen Peroxide in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Horses Using A Portable Device. The analysis of equine exhaled breath condensate (EBC) lacks standardized methodology, and current collection devices are often adapted for research. This study evaluates a novel horse-specific EBC collector and assesses the variability of EBC pH and hydrogen peroxide (HO) levels, exploring potential correlations with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tracheal wash (TW) cytology. Eleven healthy mixed-breed mares from a teaching herd, with no evidence of airway abnormalities, were included in this randomized observational study. The collection efficiency of the proposed device was assessed, and ...
Influence of Extended Photoperiod Using Blue Light Masks on Hypertrichosis, Coat Condition and General Health Parameters in Horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Fifty-two horses aged >15 years, diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), and displaying hypertrichosis were recruited via an online survey of PPID horse owners. From mid-December, group T ( = 29) wore Equilume light masks extending photoperiod to 15 h daily, while group C1 ( = 23) remained under natural photoperiod. As 85% (44/52) of recruited study horses received pergolide medication, a second unmedicated PPID research herd (C2; = 17) was recruited and remained under natural photoperiod. Hair coat samples, shedding and body condition scores were collected monthly by own...
Multi-centre clinical audit of oxygen and inhalant anaesthetic usage in equine anaesthesia: The potential benefits of training and low-flow techniques. The healthcare sector contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with anaesthetic gases being a notable contributor. Implementing sustainable practices in equine anaesthesia, such as low-flow anaesthesia, offers potential benefits. Objective: To audit oxygen and isoflurane usage in five equine hospitals, their associated GHG emissions, and the impact of anaesthesia training on mitigating these emissions. Methods: Multi-centre clinical audit. Methods: This audit covered two periods: study period one (1 June-30 September 2022) and study period two (1 June-30 September 20...
Risk factors for strangulating lipoma obstruction and lipomata in horses. Strangulating lipoma obstruction (SLO) is the most common cause of equine small intestinal strangulation and is fatal without surgery. Currently, epidemiological information is primarily limited to signalment-related risk factors and requires further investigation. Objective: To identify horse-level risk factors for SLO and/or abdominal lipoma(s) (LP) formation in horses with acute colic that underwent surgery or post-mortem examination at participating equine clinics. Methods: Prospective, international, multicentre, epidemiological study. Methods: An epidemiological study was conducted over ...
In Vitro Effects of PRP, Ozonized PRP, Hyaluronic Acid, Paracetamol, and Polyacrylamide on Equine Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Musculoskeletal disorders are a major cause of lameness in horses, often necessitating innovative regenerative strategies to restore joint function and improve quality of life. This study investigated the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), ozonized PRP, hyaluronic acid, paracetamol, and polyacrylamide hydrogel (NOLTREX) on the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from equine synovial fluid. Synovial fluid samples were collected under strict cytological criteria to ensure viability, followed by in vitro expansion and phenotypic characterization of MSCs. Cultures were supplement...
Cytochrome c oxidase I deep amplicon sequencing for metabarcoding of equine strongyle communities: unexpectedly high Strongylus spp. prevalence in treated horses. Equines are parasitized by complex communities of Strongylidae (Nematoda) comprising multi-species infections. Currently, Cyathostominae are most prevalent, while Strongylus species are only rarely detected. Since eggs and, in most cases, infective larvae cannot be differentiated to species level, except for Strongylus spp., species-specific knowledge of the pathology, epidemiology and ecology of these parasitic nematodes is limited. Reference sequence data for several cyathostomin species are limited or missing. Deep amplicon sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) regions of nema...
Selected microRNAs as biomarkers in sarcoid-affected horses under immunotherapy with a mistletoe extract. We investigated microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential prognostic biomarkers for equine sarcoid (ES) disease. In a breed-, age-, and sex-matched case-controlled study involving 45 ES-affected and 15 control horses, we assessed the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic value of 3 miRNAs (eca-miR-127, eca-miR-379, eca-miR-432) in horses treated with European mistletoe () extract versus placebo. Whole-blood miRNA concentrations were measured using reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3 different times. We found that eca-miR-432 expression was lower in ES-affected (median =...
Intravenous clomiphene citrate pharmacokinetics in healthy mares as a first step toward use in reproduction. To investigate the IV pharmacokinetic parameters of clomiphene citrate (CC), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in mares. Unassigned: This was an experimental study to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of CC in the mare. Eight mares received a single 2,000-mg dose of IV CC to identify plasma concentrations over 336 hours. Following this, 6 mares received a multidose regimen of IV CC (2,000 mg, q 24 h) for 5 days to identify trough plasma concentration each day. Unassigned: CC was well tolerated, demonstrated a short elimination half-life of 4.95 ± 1.10 hours and a mean residence tim...
