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Topic:Sport Horses

Sport horses are a subset of the equine population specifically bred and trained for competitive disciplines such as dressage, show jumping, eventing, and racing. These horses are characterized by their athleticism, agility, and endurance. The management and training of sport horses require specialized knowledge to optimize their performance and maintain their health. Factors such as genetics, nutrition, exercise physiology, and veterinary care are integral to their development and success in various sports. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the breeding, training methodologies, performance evaluation, and health management of sport horses within the context of equine sports science.
Could Pressure Distribution Under Race-Exercise Saddles Affect Limb Kinematics and Lumbosacral Flexion in the Galloping Racehorse?
Journal of equine veterinary science    September 12, 2019   Volume 81 102795 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102795
Murray R, Mackechnie-Guire R, Fisher M, Fairfax V.Back pain is frequently recognized in racehorses, but saddle fit and design are rarely assessed. In sport horses, relationships between horse-saddle interaction, back pain, and altered kinematics are established, but few studies investigating horse-saddle interaction in racehorses exist. We hypothesized that reducing pressures under saddles at thoracic (T) vertebrae 10-13 in galloping racehorses is associated with improved limb and lumbosacral kinematics. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine pressure magnitude/distribution under 3 frequently used race-exercise saddles and a saddle...
Conditioning equine athletes on water treadmills significantly improves peak oxygen consumption.
The Veterinary record    September 11, 2019   Volume 186, Issue 8 250 doi: 10.1136/vr.104684
Greco-Otto P, Bond S, Sides R, Bayly W, Leguillette R.Equine water treadmills (WT) were initially designed for rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but are also commonly used for conditioning sport horses, however the effects are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of an 18-day WT conditioning programme on peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak). Nine unfit Thoroughbreds were used in a randomised controlled trial. Six horses worked daily for 18 days in stifle-height water (WT group), while 3 control horses worked without water (dry treadmill group (DT)). Preconditioning and postconditioning maximal exercise ra...
Characteristics of Endurance Competitions and Risk Factors for Elimination in New Zealand during Six Seasons of Competition (2010/11-2015/16).
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    August 27, 2019   Volume 9, Issue 9 doi: 10.3390/ani9090611
Legg KA, Weston JF, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Bridges JP, Rogers CW.The welfare of horses in endurance competitions has been the focus of recent media attention. Epidemiological studies have examined the sport at the international (FEI) level. However, much of the participation in the sport occurs at a national level in preparation for FEI level competition. The aims of this study were to describe participation in, and risk factors for elimination, from New Zealand endurance competitions. Data were collated from all endurance competitions (≥40 km) held in New Zealand during the 2010/11-2015/16 competition seasons. There were 6885 starts (n = 775 horses, n = ...
Differential Expression of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 and Ancillary Protein CD147 in Red Blood Cells of Show Jumping Horses.
Journal of equine veterinary science    August 26, 2019   Volume 81 102791 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102791
Júnior WHF, Garcia de Carvalho JR, Mendes de Almeida ML, Macedo Lemos EG, Brioschi Soares OA, Ribeiro G, de Queiroz-Neto A, de Camargo Ferraz G.We compare the expression levels of the lactate transporter complex consisting of the lactate transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), and its ancillary protein, cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), in the membranes of red blood cells (RBCs) from two breeds of jumping horses and associate the expression levels of these proteins with their jumping ability. The expression levels of MCT1 and CD147 proteins on the membranes of RBCs collected from 30 show jumping horses of two different breeds were quantified: the Brazilian Sport Horses (n = 17) and the European Warmbloods (n = 13). ...
Horse phenotyping based on video image analysis of jumping performance for conservation breeding.
PeerJ    August 9, 2019   Volume 7 e7450 doi: 10.7717/peerj.7450
Lewczuk D, Metera-Zarzycka E.Many horse breeds in the world are reserved as genetic resources; however, their characteristics seem to be insufficiently clarified, especially in terms of horse performance. Two jumping ability evaluation methods have been used to compare different types of performance breeds and on this basis their applicability for precision phenotyping has been determined. Methods: Jumping data of 186 young Polish Warmblood stallions (27 with an endangered status) bred for sport and multipurpose use was collected during their performance tests organised under identical environmental conditions following t...
Irish Equine Industry Stakeholder Perspectives of Objective Technology for Biomechanical Analyses in the Field.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    August 8, 2019   Volume 9, Issue 8 539 doi: 10.3390/ani9080539
Egan S, Brama P, McGrath D.Wearable sensing technologies are increasingly used in human and equine gait research to improve ecological validity of research findings. It is unclear how these tools have penetrated the equine industry or what perspectives industry stakeholders' hold in relation to these relatively new devices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Irish equine industry stakeholders to understand their perception of objective tools for biomechanical analysis in the field. The study participants came from professional/elite backgrounds in both the sport horse ( = 6) and thoroughbred ( = 6) sectors. ...
Ile de Chypre – nobbles, jinks, and the ultrasonic sniper.
Drug testing and analysis    August 2, 2019   Volume 12, Issue 5 651-652 doi: 10.1002/dta.2610
Trevorrow P.In this sensational case, it was alleged that after jinking unexpectedly and throwing its rider, racehorse Ile de Chypre, had been nobbled by an ultrasonic emitter concealed within a pair of binoculars. Ile de Chypre was 4-1 favourite at the King George V Handicap at Ascot on June 16, 1988 and a good distance away from the pack, a clear winner albeit for this alleged act of sensational intervention.
Assessment of Noninvasive Low-Frequency Ultrasound as a Means of Treating Injuries to Suspensory Ligaments in Horses: A Research Paper.
Journal of equine veterinary science    July 18, 2019   Volume 80 80-89 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.07.007
Carrozzo U, Toniato M, Harrison A.Therapeutic ultrasound is a noninvasive technique, which is well tolerated by horses, does not need sedation, and can easily be performed in a routine clinical setting. Twenty-three client-owned sport horses were recruited at Clinica Equina San Biagio and included in this case study. Treatment of the injured suspensory ligament apparatus was administered using an EQ Pro, low-frequency therapeutic unit (38 kHz). The noninvasive treatment consisted of massaging the injured area in combination with a traditional ultrasound gel while maintaining the head of the device in direct contact with the i...
Outcome of Pelvic Fractures Identified in 75 Horses in a Referral Centre: A Retrospective Study.
Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology : V.C.O.T    July 18, 2019   Volume 32, Issue 4 274-281 doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1688774
Moiroud CH, Coudry V, Denoix JM. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of fracture location and horse sporting discipline as prognostic indicators after a pelvic fracture in a referral centre caseload. Methods:  Data were collected for the short- and long-term follow-up of all cases with a diagnosis of pelvic fracture in a 7-year period. Information was obtained for 75 horses through a postal and internet survey. The proportion of horses returning to competition following fractures was compared between groups according to the competition discipline and the characteristics of the fracture. Results:  Fort...
The Spatiotemporal Characteristics of 0-24-Goal Polo.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    July 16, 2019   Volume 9, Issue 7 446 doi: 10.3390/ani9070446
Best R, Standing R.Global positioning systems (GPS) have recently been shown to reliably quantify the spatiotemporal characteristics of Polo, with the physiological demands of Polo play at low- and high-goal levels also investigated. This study aims to describe the spatiotemporal demands of Polo across 0-24 goal levels. A player-worn GPS unit was used to quantify distance, speed and high-intensity activities performed. Data were divided into chukkas and five equine-based speed zones, grouped per cumulative player handicap and assessed using standardized mean differences. Average distance and speed per chukka inc...
Strategies of tenogenic differentiation of equine stem cells for tendon repair: current status and challenges.
Stem cell research & therapy    June 18, 2019   Volume 10, Issue 1 181 doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1291-0
Shojaee A, Parham A.Tendon injuries, as one of the most common orthopedic disorders, are the major cause of early retirement or wastage among sport horses which mainly affect the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Tendon repair is a slow process, and tendon tissue is often replaced by scar tissue. The current treatment options are often followed by an incomplete recovery that increases the susceptibility to re-injury. Recently, cell therapy has been used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon injuries, although the risk of ectopic bone formation after cell injection is possible in some cases. In vitro teno...
Long-term outcome after stifle arthroscopy in 82 Western performance horses (2003-2010).
Veterinary surgery : VS    June 14, 2019   Volume 48, Issue 6 956-965 doi: 10.1111/vsu.13241
McCoy AM, Smith RL, Herrera S, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR.To report the outcome of horses engaged in Western performance disciplines after stifle arthroscopy and identify prognostic factors for return to performance. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Eighty-two Western performance horses undergoing stifle arthroscopy. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for horses involved in athletic performance/training for various Western performance disciplines and undergoing arthroscopy for lameness localized to the stifle. Follow-up was obtained ≥2 years postoperatively by telephone interviews with the owners. Preoperative and intraoperative f...
Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    June 8, 2019   Volume 9, Issue 6 330 doi: 10.3390/ani9060330
Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szczepaniak J, Szarska E, Winnicka A, Cywińska A.Sport training leads to adaptation to physical effort that is reflected by the changes in blood parameters. In equine endurance athletes, blood testing is accepted as a support in training, however, only the changes before versus after exercise in creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and basic blood parameters are usually measured. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of the changes in routinely measured blood parameters and, additionally, serum amyloid A (SAA), during seven months, in Arabian horses introduced to endurance training and competing in events for young horses. It h...
Feasibility of a Global Positioning System to Assess the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Polo Performance.
Journal of equine veterinary science    May 23, 2019   Volume 79 59-62 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.018
Best R, Standing R.The implementation of global positioning systems (GPSs) has become widely supported in a variety of sports, owing to the insight it provides into athlete workloads, training parameters, and playing styles. Despite widely reported use of GPS in equine settings, few studies have quantified the reliability of spatiotemporal characteristics in a dynamic environment of high-intensity gameplay. Owing to the unique game demands of Polo for both riders and horses, this study aimed to assess the interunit reliability between a traditional GPS placement between the shoulder blades and a Polo-specific pl...
Differences in trunk and upper extremity kinematics and segmental velocities during the offside forehand polo swing between male and female athletes.
Journal of sports sciences    May 8, 2019   Volume 37, Issue 17 2007-2013 doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1614713
Oliver GD, Gilmer GG, Barfield JW, Brittain AR.Although polo is a well-known equestrian sport, it is fundamentally misunderstood. The purpose of this study was to examine trunk and upper extremity kinematics and segmental velocities during the offside forehand polo swing between male and female athletes. Ten female and 17 male professional polo athletes volunteered. An electromagnetic tracking system collected kinematic data at 100 Hz while participants performed three offside forehand polo swings from a stationary wooden horse. One-way ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences (<0.05) in all kinematic variables and segmenta...
Occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in show jumping horses.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)    May 6, 2019   Volume 248 91-94 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.003
Bonomo CCM, Michelotto PV, Viccino C, Barussi FCM, Fernandes WR.Pulmonary haemorrhage occurs in sport horses performing high-intensity exercise, but the factors involved in the occurrence of pulmonary haemorrhage in jumping horses have not been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of pulmonary haemorrhage and factors involved in competitive jumping horses. Fifty adult jumping horses competing in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were included. The horses were divided into two groups based on jump height at competition: Low group (LG, n=26), with jump height between 1.00 and 1.20m, and High group (HG, n=24), with jump height between 1.30 a...
Kinematics and electromyographic activity of horse riders during various cross-country jumps in equestrian.
Sports biomechanics    April 17, 2019   Volume 20, Issue 6 680-692 doi: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1597154
Fortier Guillaume J, Laroche D, Babault N.The objective of this study was to identify the key biomechanical patterns (functional muscles and kinematics) of amateur horse riders during various cross-country jumps in equestrian. Eleven riders first performed a control condition that corresponded to jumps over three different obstacles (log wall, brush and tree trunk) before jumping over the same three obstacles in a cross-country course. 3D Kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity was synchronously collected which included seven muscles of the riders back, lower and upper limbs. Maximum voluntary isometric strength of knee extens...
Distribution of Pelvic Fractures in Racing and Non-racing Sport Horses: A Retrospective Study of 86 Cases Examined in a Referral Centre.
Veterinary and comparative orthopaedics and traumatology : V.C.O.T    March 28, 2019   Volume 32, Issue 3 215-221 doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1683403
Moiroud CH, Coudry V, Denoix JM. The aim of this study was to analyse the pelvic fracture distribution and location in a referral centre caseload. Methods:  Medical records of 6,717 horses examined in a referral centre over a 7-year period were reviewed to identify all horses diagnosed with a pelvic fracture. Eighty-six horses were identified and divided into three disciplines, namely Thoroughbred racehorses (TBR), Standardbred trotter racehorses (STR) and non-racing sport horses (NRSH). Results:  A pelvic fracture was diagnosed in 1.3% of the cases examined during the study period. Prevalence was significantly higher ...
Jockey injuries during the Siena “Palio”. A 72-year analysis of the oldest horse race in Italy.
Injury    March 19, 2019   Volume 50 Suppl 4 S56-S59 doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2019.03.015
Fortina M, Maniscalco P, Carulli C, Meccariello L, Colasanti GB, Carta S.Horse racing is a hazardous sport. We analyzed the incidence and characteristics of jockey injuries in a typical horse race. Methods: We analyzed all injuries sustained by 224 jockeys in the last 72 years. Results: It was found that in 96.1% of the races there was at least one fall and in 28.6% of the races 50% or more of the jockeys fell. In 43.4% of the falls, the jockey was taken to the emergency room. Comparing the Palio with traditional races in other countries, a higher injury incidence rate was observed for every 100 falls (109.884 vs 27-59) and a lower concussion rate/100 falls (0.97 v...
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)-Derived Chondrocytes Display Increased Senescence, Oxidative Stress, Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy and, in Co-Culture with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs), Enhanced Expression of MMP-13.
Journal of clinical medicine    March 8, 2019   Volume 8, Issue 3 328 doi: 10.3390/jcm8030328
Kornicka K, Al Naem M, Röcken M, Zmiertka M, Marycz K.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in equids, especially in sport horses, has become a growing issue as it contributes to the occurrence of lameness. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate the cytophysiological properties of OCD chondrocytes including expression of chondrogenic genes, apoptosis, mitochondria dynamics and autophagy. Horse chondrocytes were isolated from healthy (HE) and OCD cartilages. Properties of cells were evaluated using multiple assays e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence, Western blot. OCD chondrocytes were characterized by increased apoptosis an...
Dynamic Change of Serum Levels of Some Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Tryptophan in Athletic Horses After Different Physical Exercises.
Journal of equine veterinary science    February 21, 2019   Volume 77 12-16 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.006
Arfuso F, Assenza A, Fazio F, Rizzo M, Giannetto C, Piccione G.Physical exercise induces several adaptations involving modulation of the energetic pathways to meet the energy demand during physical exercise. The branched-chain amino acids, leucine in particular, are considered as the most relevant amino acids, especially for exercise physiology. In this study, the change of leucine, valine, and tryptophan concentration was investigated in athletic horses before and after different exercise type. A total of 40 sport horses were equally divided into 4 groups according to the exercise type: group A (jumping), group B (reining), group C (32 km ride), and grou...
Musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness and poor performance in cutting horses: 200 cases (2007-2015).
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    February 20, 2019   Volume 254, Issue 5 619-625 doi: 10.2460/javma.254.5.619
Swor TM, Dabareiner RM, Honnas CM, Cohen ND, Black JB.OBJECTIVE To describe the chief complaints by owners and the types and prevalences of musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness or poor performance in cutting horses. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 200 client-owned cutting horses examined at the Texas A&M University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015, because of lameness or poor performance. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed, and data were collected regarding signalment, history, findings on physical and lameness examinations, results of diagnostic procedures performed,...
Balance control during stance – A comparison between horseback riding athletes and non-athletes.
PloS one    February 5, 2019   Volume 14, Issue 2 e0211834 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211834
Olivier A, Viseu JP, Vignais N, Vuillerme N.Horseback riding requires the ability to adapt to changes in balance conditions, to maintain equilibrium on the horse and to prevent falls. Postural adaptation involves specific sensorimotor processes integrating visual information and somesthesic information. The objective of this study was to examine this multisensorial integration on postural control, especially the use of visual and plantar information in static (stable) and dynamic (unstable) postures, among a group of expert horse rider women (n = 10) and a group of non-athlete women (n = 12). Postural control was evaluated through the c...
Serum protein expression in Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) induced by phenylbutazone.
The Journal of veterinary medical science    January 23, 2019   Volume 81, Issue 3 418-424 doi: 10.1292/jvms.18-0679
Tesena P, Yingchutrakul Y, Roytrakul S, Wongtawan T, Angkanaporn K.Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD) is a common disease in sport horses. This disease might be associated with usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating inflammatory diseases. Although gastroscopy has been an effective method for diagnosis, but a less invasive, and inexpensive method is preferred. This study used proteomic technology to identify candidate serum proteins that might be used as markers of NSAIDs induced EGGD. Five Thoroughbred horses were given high doses of NSAID, phenylbutazone to treat lameness. The experiment was divided into three periods: (i) P...
Force and strain during horseback riding: bridging the gap between theory and clinical practice.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness    September 27, 2018   Volume 59, Issue 3 536-538 doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08170-7
Portaro S, Filardi V, Naro A, Cacciola A, Andronaco V, Gatani U, Calabrò RS, Gemelli G, Milardi D, Bramanti A.No abstract available
Injuries in equestrian vaulting: results of a prospective study.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness    September 27, 2018   Volume 59, Issue 3 476-480 doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08250-6
Zarghooni K, Hub L, Bredow J, Yagdiran A, Hackenberg RK, Scheyerer M, Westermann L, Eysel P, Siewe J.Equestrian vaulting is a sport, particularly popular among children and adolescents, in which gymnastic and dance routines are performed on horseback. Current data regarding injuries and thus, the risks of this sport, is meager and based only on retrospective studies. Methods: In the current prospective study, 233 active members of a vaulting club were questioned monthly from November 2014 until October 2015. In addition to general information (training, competitions), the questionnaire collected the number of competitions, the competitive class, the discipline (single, team, Pas-de-Deux), and...
Conservative versus surgical treatment of 21 sports horses with osseous trauma in the proximal phalangeal sagittal groove diagnosed by low-field MRI.
Veterinary surgery : VS    September 14, 2018   Volume 47, Issue 7 908-915 doi: 10.1111/vsu.12936
Lipreri G, Bladon BM, Giorio ME, Singer ER.To compare the outcome following conservative vs surgical management of sports horses with a diagnosis of subchondral bone trauma of the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx (PP) by low-field MRI. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Twenty-one mature sports horses with evidence of high water signal within the proximal sagittal groove of the PP according to low-field MRI of the fetlock, with no definitive radiographic evidence of fracture. Methods: Medical records (2010-2017) of horses admitted to 2 referral hospitals were reviewed. Historical, clinical, radiographic, and MRI findin...
New ruling for Dressage New Zealand.
The Veterinary record    September 2, 2018   Volume 183, Issue 8 268 doi: 10.1136/vr.k3698
Mogford R.No abstract available
Analysis of 4 Years of Injury in Professional Rodeo.
Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine    September 1, 2018   Volume 30, Issue 6 591-597 doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000654
Sinclair Elder AJ, Nilson CJ, Elder CL.To analyze injury frequency, density, location, type, mechanism of injury (MOI), activity phase of injury, and injury risk in professional rodeo. Retrospective epidemiological review. Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association sanctioned rodeos from 2011 to 2014. Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association competitors competing in bull riding, bareback riding, saddle bronc riding, team roping, tie-down roping, and steer wrestling. Injury reports were documented by sports medicine personnel. Variables assessed include event, frequency, density, location, type, MOI, activity phase of injury, and injury d...
Polymorphisms in selected genes and analysis of their relationship with osteochondrosis in Polish sport horse breeds.
Animal genetics    August 28, 2018   Volume 49, Issue 6 623-627 doi: 10.1111/age.12715
Wypchło M, Korwin-Kossakowska A, Bereznowski A, Hecold M, Lewczuk D.The aim of this research was to evaluate the polymorphisms of selected genes and to find their potential effect on the occurrence of osteochondrosis in Polish Warmbloods (sport horse breeds). The study was conducted on a group of 198 horses subjected to official performance tests. Investigated joints-fetlock, hock and stifle-were X-rayed twice, once before and again at the end of the tests (first and second examination), and on this basis the degree of disease was evaluated. Based on the results of previous research, 13 candidate genes potentially associated with the occurrence of osteochondro...
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