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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira DNA in Cervicovaginal Mucus of Mares With Reproductive Disorders in a Brazilian Herd. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. A lesser-known form, equine genital leptospirosis (EGL), has been identified as a chronic and often silent infection involving the colonisation of the mare's genital tract. Despite its potential impact, EGL remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood, particularly in its association with reproductive inefficiency. This study showed the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA by lipL32-PCR in the genital tract of mares with a history of reproductive disturbances. Cervicovaginal mucus samples were collected from ...
Analysis of IgG responses to Sarcocystis neurona in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) suggests a Th1-biased immune response. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Sarcocystis neurona is one of the most important neurological diseases of horses in the Americas. While seroprevalence of S. neurona in horses is high, clinical manifestation of EPM occurs in less than 1 % of infected horses. Antemortem diagnosis has proven challenging as serum antibodies against S. neurona are an indicator of infection but not necessarily disease. Factors governing the occurrence of EPM are largely unknown, although horse immunity might contribute to EPM pathogenesis. Immunoglobulin G is the predominant antibody class in eq...
Xenogen-free media provide variable equine mesenchymal stromal cell expansion after a 7-day culture period. To determine the xenogen-free serum source that provides the greatest number of live equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) while maintaining the MSC phenotype. Unassigned: Equine bone marrow-derived MSCs from 8 horses were cultured for 7 days in media containing one of the following serum treatments: 10% xenogeneic serum, 10% or 20% commercial allogeneic equine serum, 10% autologous serum, 10% equine pooled platelet lysate (PPL), or a staged media reduction of xenogeneic media. Live cell numbers, MSC viability, and MSC immunophenotype were compared. Unassigned: The use of 10% commercial allo...
Midline vs. flank laparotomy- criteria for choosing the optimal surgical technique for uterine torsion correction in the mare. Uterine torsion in mares belongs to maternal pregnancy disorders, accounting for 5-10% of complications in the last trimester of pregnancy. Two surgical techniques for repositioning uterine torsion are used: flank laparotomy in local anesthesia on a standing mare (SFL) and midline laparotomy carried out under general anesthesia (MI). The study aims to present the exact protocol used by the authors to qualify a mare with uterine torsion for surgery using one of the above-mentioned methods.A total of 19 mares were operated on, of which 13 underwent midline laparotomy under general anesthesia, an...
Preliminary clinical study of the arytenoid cartilage abduction grades after prosthetic laryngoplasty with cricoarytenoideus dorsalis myectomy in racehorses. To assess the clinical impact of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) myectomy in the short- and long-term postoperative abduction grade in racehorses. Unassigned: Records from horses presented for surgical treatment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy from January 2019 through December 2023 were divided into 2 groups: horses that received standard prosthetic laryngoplasty and horses that received a complete myectomy of the CAD (modified myectomy laryngoplasty). Outcomes were compared through endoscopic evaluation after anesthetic recovery, both short term (7 to 10 days) and long term (80 to 90 ...
Adverse Effects and Drug Reactions in Equids. Adverse drug events (ADEs) are any harms caused by medical interventions used for treatment, prevention, or diagnosis. These events can happen due to human error or as unintended, harmful reactions to drugs when given at normal therapeutic doses. This review focuses on common ADEs associated with drugs frequently used in equine practice. Recognizing and understanding the manifestations of ADEs can help with early detection and more effective management, ultimately leading to better outcomes for equine patients. Additionally, knowledge of the potential harmful effects of drugs also aids in appr...
Radiographic Evaluation of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH) in Horses Living Under Natural Conditions in Iceland. Outside of Iceland, the Icelandic horse is prone to the development of Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis (EOTRH). The aim of this study was to determine the radiographic prevalence and clinical signs of EOTRH in elderly horses (≥15 years) in Iceland. The rostral oral cavity of 170 horses (aged 15-30 years) was examined clinically. In addition, husbandry and nutritional management history was recorded by use of a questionnaire. Radiographs (2-4 views) of 188 horses were evaluated, findings were categorized by numerical staging of the condition and collated with clinica...
A retrospective study of 171 cases of equine meningoencephalomyelitis in the United States, 1996-2023. Equine meningoencephalomyelitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is associated with a wide variety of infectious etiologies. Because of the lack of large retrospective studies, the prevalence and incidence of these diseases are unknown. Here we describe 171 cases of meningoencephalomyelitis in horses submitted to the Section of Anatomic Pathology at the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA) from 1996-2023. Neuroinflammatory disease was identified in 5.4% of submitted horses with a wide breed, age, and sex distribution. A parasi...
Behavioral and orthopedic issues in geldings with Postcastration adhesions: A retrospective study of 35 cases. Limited data is available on the diagnostic and therapeutic methods for pathologies caused by scarring after castration. It is well recognized that specific behaviors or untypical hindlimb lameness may be observed in geldings with gelding scars and adhesions caused by spermatic cord remnants after castration OBJECTIVES: To describe how to diagnose movement disorders associated with excessive adhesions caused by spermatic cord remnant after castration and to present a successful surgical treatment method. Methods: To assess the impact of gelding scars on horses' movement and behavior, medical r...
Interleukin 17A in the fibrotic-related processes in endometrosis in the mare. Equine endometrosis is a chronic degenerative condition with fibrosis being one of the most significant characteristics. A growing body of evidence indicates the critical role of interleukin (IL)-17 in fibrotic disorders. However, its exact role during equine endometrosis remains to be discovered and explained. The main aim of the current study was to establish the expression of IL-17A signaling components in equine endometria with and without endometrosis as well as the effects of IL-17A on the transcriptomic signature, cellular functional characteristics, expression of extracellular matrix (...
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Equine Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia Using the Object Detection-Based Processing Technique of Digital Endoscopic Images. In human medicine, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is increasingly employed for screening, identifying, and monitoring early endoscopic signs of various diseases. However, its potential-despite proven benefits in human healthcare-remains largely underexplored in equine veterinary medicine. This study aimed to quantify endoscopic signs of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) as digital data and to assess their effectiveness in CAD of PLH in comparison and in combination with clinical data reflecting respiratory tract disease. Endoscopic images of the pharynx were collected from 70 horses clinic...
Retrospective Assessment of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Topical or Episcleral Implant Form for the Treatment of Equine Glaucoma. To assess whether topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) with or without episcleral brinzolamide implants control intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses with glaucoma. Methods: 12 client-owned horses diagnosed with glaucoma. Methods: Medical records of horses treated with topical CAIs for ≥ 14 days, with a subset receiving episcleral brinzolamide implants, were reviewed. Diagnosis, signalment, concurrent ocular disease, medications, IOP, visual status, and additional procedures were recorded. Treatment failure was defined as horses with IOP > 30 mmHg resulting in phthisis bulbi o...
Effects of oral and intravenous dimethylglycine treatment on hematobiochemical profiles and total oxidant/antioxidant status in low-intensity exercised horses. Dimethylglycine (DMG) may help delay muscle fatigue and prevent exercise-induced muscle damage in athletic animals. This study investigated the effects of intravenous and oral DMG on physiological, hematological, biochemical, blood gas, and oxidative stress parameters in exercising horses. In this study, 30 Turkish Arab saddle horses were randomly divided into three groups. Group A horses were injected intravenously with 15 mL (1500 mg) of a 10 % DMG twice daily for three days. Group B horses received 1500 mg DMG powder orally twice daily for three days, and group C (control) horses we...
Differential effects of flunixin meglumine and meloxicam on TNF- α production in LPS-stimulated equine neutrophils in vitro. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) induced by endotoxemia is usually secondary to colitis and is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality in horses. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as flunixin meglumine (FM) and meloxicam (MX), are used to improve clinical outcomes in SIRS/endotoxemia. These NSAIDs suppress tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of FM and MX on TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear ce...
Computed tomographic signs of hyoid apparatus disease in 165 horses. Horses with hyoid bone disease may present with clinical symptoms such as exercise intolerance, resistance to ridden work, anorexia, or headshaking. This study aims to describe the computed tomographic (CT) signs and prevalence of hyoid disease and to evaluate their association with other CT changes of the head. Unassigned: In this study, four investigators conducted a retrospective analysis of their findings after reviewing the medical records of 200 horses that had undergone CT scans between 2009 and 2019. A total of 32 parameters were analyzed, and associations were evaluated between those ...
Retrospective performance-indexed analysis of Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing surgical management of proximal sesamoid bone fractures. Proximal sesamoid bone fractures (PSBFs) are a leading cause of economic losses. Post-operative racing prognosis is multi-factorial; however, recent studies are lacking. Objective: To provide an update on racing outcomes for horses undergoing surgical management of PSBFs, analyse variables affecting performance and compare post-operative racing performance with pre-operative data and case-matched controls. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Thoroughbred racehorses that underwent PSBF repair (2008-2022) were included. Data retrieved included fracture type, limb, axiality, treatment, a...
Distal interphalangeal joint capsule enthesopathy of the middle phalanx and articular cartilage loss. Significant distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) pathology, particularly affecting soft tissue and articular cartilage, is often not identifiable on radiographs but can be accompanied by joint capsule enthesopathy on the middle phalanx (P2), which can be readily identified. Objective: To explore frequency and correlations between DIPJ capsule enthesopathy identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographs and DIPJ articular cartilage abnormalities and other concurrent soft tissue or osseous pathology within the foot found on MRI. Methods: Retrospective descriptive case series. Metho...
Antibiotic Use in Horses: Analysis of 57 German Veterinary Practices (2018-2023). : A mandatory monitoring of the use of antibiotics in horses in the European Union will come into force from 2027 on. The aim of the study was to explore the potential implementation of a monitoring system and to provide an overview of antibiotic use in horses in Germany. : Data on all consultations from 57 German practices between 2018 and 2023 were obtained. The dataset included basic data about the horse, free-text diagnoses (allocated to one of 20 categories), and treatments. Information on the administered or dispensed pharmaceutical product was recorded for antibiotic treatment consultat...
Multiple Catheter Recording in Horses to Investigate Atrial Depolarization Pattern During Sinus Rhythm and Induced Premature Atrial Complexes. Detailed characterization of arrhythmias can be performed by multiple catheter mapping; but this has not yet been explored in horses. Objective: Perform ultrasound-guided multiple catheter mapping of the right heart during sinus rhythm and right and left atrial pacing to identify activation patterns characteristic of the origin of ectopy. Obtain His signals and effective refractory periods (ERP). Methods: Eight healthy adult horses. Methods: Experimental study. Recording catheters were placed at the terminal crest, intervenous tubercle, caudal vena cava, and coronary sinus. Right atrial pacing...
Isolation and Characterization of Equine Lymph Node Endothelial Cells. In vitro models have revolutionized our understanding of biological pathways and mechanisms, offering a viable alternative to direct patient testing. However, there is a significant lack of models for different animals, particularly equine models. This study presents a novel primary cell culture extracted from a 3-year-old horse diagnosed with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease. Tissue samples were collected from lymph nodes at various locations. Growth curves of extracted primary cells were analyzed and the optimal conditions were assessed. Biomarkers, such as CD31, ZO-1, CD79...
Cone beam computed tomographic myelography in horses with cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy. While computed tomographic (CT) myelography is increasingly available and has been evaluated in alive horses, objective criteria for diagnosing cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVCM) are lacking. Objective: To establish morphometric dimensions of the cervical vertebral canal and spinal cords from horses with CVCM and compare those to unaffected horses with the use of cone beam CT (CBCT). Methods: Prospective observational study. Methods: Four control horses and ten horses with CVCM underwent diagnostic imaging and histopathology. Morphometric measurements were obtained from cervical ...
Identification of Candidate Biomarkers Detected in the Urine of Racehorses After Anabolic Agent Administration: Use of Orthogonal Methods for Structural Elucidation. Biomarker identification by mass spectrometry represents a key step in the workflow of nontargeted metabolomic studies. Given the complexity of the data, this step, which must be carried out by a trained specialist, is time-consuming, and the biomarkers discovered are not always identified. While this stage is not an obstacle to the development of new screening and classification tools, it is nonetheless crucial to a better understanding of the results obtained. For this reason, the aim of this study was to perform structural elucidation of candidate biomarkers, which had previously been displ...
Owners’ everyday interactions with their horse: Pain-related issues and those of veterinary concern. The decisions made by horse owners on behalf of their animal, including decisions to involve a veterinarian, play an important role in the management of pain. This study explored horse owners' experiences to understand how they conceptualised chronic pain within the context of their horse-human relationship, what led them to seek veterinary involvement, and how veterinary interactions shaped their perceptions of pain and its management. An ethnographic approach using constructivist grounded theory methods was adopted. This paper draws upon field notes generated through 200 h of observation und...
Misconceptions and misuse: assessing horse caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dexamethasone use in Ibadan, Nigeria. Dexamethasone is a common drug used in equine medicine, but when administered inappropriately, it can lead to serious health complications. There is a dearth of data on horse caregivers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dexamethasone use in Nigeria. Understanding current dexamethasone usage patterns is necessary for developing educational interventions which will then improve equine welfare. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of horse caregivers regarding dexamethasone use in Ibadan, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst a tot...
Evaluation of maturation-related changes in maxillary sinus diameter and cheek teeth positioning relative to the maxillary sinus in the Dareshuri horse. Dareshuri horses are the predominant breed in Fars Province, Iran. Although disorders affecting their maxillary cheek teeth and maxillary sinuses are relatively common, limited fundamental data are available on the dimensions and relationships of these structures at different ages. Given the significant anatomical changes in the heads of young horses as they mature, this study aimed to evaluate age-related changes in the position and anatomical relationships of individual maxillary cheek teeth within the rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses (RMS and CMS, respectively), as well as changes in th...
Thoroughbreds deemed to be most at risk by inertial measurement unit sensors suffered a fatal musculoskeletal injury at a higher rate than other racehorses. To determine whether screening of racing Thoroughbreds with accelerometer-based inertial measurement unit sensors and a specifically trained algorithm identified horses most at risk for fatal musculoskeletal injury (FMI) and whether age, gender, race distance, and track surface were associated with increased risk. Unassigned: Stride data from 28,481 races by 11,834 Thoroughbreds from July 25, 2021, until May 4, 2024, were assigned an algorithm-based risk score from 1 to 6 (6 = greatest risk). Logistic regression models examined the association between incidence of fatal injuries and risk score...
Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Characterization of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in Equines from Central Italy: Insights from a One Health Perspective. subsp. (SEZ) is a bacterium that primarily affects horses but can also infect other animals and humans. In 2021-2022, two SEZ outbreaks occurred in Abruzzo, Italy: one in humans linked to unpasteurized cheese (37 cases) and another in donkeys (4 deaths). These events led researchers to investigate SEZ in horses, donkeys, and a mule in the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, focusing on antibiotic resistance and genetic traits. A total of 490 nasal and genital swabs were collected from equids and analyzed for SEZ presence, with 61 positive samples. Isolated strains underwent antimicrobial suscepti...
Tenoscopically guided proximal digital annular ligament desmotomy for the treatment of proximal digital annular ligament desmitis. To describe a tenoscopically guided technique for desmotomy of the proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL). Methods: Ex vivo study and clinical case series. Methods: A total of 10 normal cadaver equine hindlimbs and five clinical cases of PDAL desmitis. Methods: The digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) was approached via a lateral basisesamoid portal and a palmar/plantar annular ligament (PAL) desmotomy was performed to improve maneuverability in the DFTS. Additional proximolateral and distal midline instrument portals were created to facilitate transection of the proximolateral attachment, th...
Vaccination against Hendra virus of previously unvaccinated mares and their foals demonstrates the effectiveness of the current prime and boost vaccination schedule for foals. Hendra virus (HeV) is a high consequence pathogen that causes severe respiratory and/or neurological disease in both horses and humans with high mortality. The equine vaccine, Equivac® HeV, is a recombinant soluble version of the G glycoprotein of HeV (HeV-sG) that elicits a potent HeV-neutralising antibody response in adult horses and also provides indirect protection for humans. Maternally derived HeV-G specific antibodies could interfere with subsequent foal vaccination, although other factors such as foal age and the suitability of vaccination protocols that have been optimised for adult ...
Assessment of thermal imaging to objectively body condition score mature horses and multiparous gestating beef cows. This study explored whether thermal imaging could provide an objective means of body condition scoring (BCS) horses and multiparous, gestating beef cows. This study consisted of two parts: one part assessed BCS in horses of the Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred breed types while the other evaluated BCS of gestating beef cows. Ground truth BCS were assigned by five to eight trained scorers for each animal. Thermal images were also collected from one or both sides of the body and analyzed for surface temperature. Surface temperature and BCS were evaluated with the whole body, and for five (cows) or ...
