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Equestrian Sports Safety: An Update on Safety Equipment and Event Medical Coverage. Equestrian sports are associated with high rates of major injury compared to collision and powered two-wheel sports. Advancements in rider and horse safety equipment and the implementation of comprehensive emergency action planning standards may help mitigate injuries, particularly in regard to the Olympic disciplines of dressage, show jumping, and three-day eventing covered in this review. Personal safety equipment to consider includes helmets, safety and air vests, and horse tack including safety stirrups, acoustic dampeners, and breakaway reins. Equestrian event medical coverage requires em...
Factors influencing oocyte recovery during ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration in mares: A postmortem study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of different OPU variables (vacuum and injection pressures during follicle aspiration and flushing, needle twisting to scrape follicles, number of follicle flushes and type of flushing media) on oocyte recovery rate (ORR) and morphology. Overall, 120 postmortem excised ovaries were processed in 62 replicates (1.9 ± 0.7 ovaries per replicate), with a total of 1336 follicles punctured and aspirated (11.1 ± 6.2 follicles per ovary) by ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration resembling the OPU procedure from live mares. The aspirat...
Diagnosis and genomic characterization of the largest western equine encephalitis virus outbreak in Uruguay during 2023-2024. The Western equine encephalitis virus is transmitted between mosquitoes and wild birds. Mosquitoes spread the virus to horses and human populations, causing severe encephalitis and death. The most recent large outbreak occurred in South America from November 2023 to April 2024. We identified and genetically characterized Uruguayan strains during this outbreak to understand their evolutionary trends and rapid expansion. We obtained genomes from 15 strains using a novel multiplex PCR assay combined with next-generation Illumina sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that viruses from Uru...
Post competition recovery of hydroelectrolytic and acid-base variables under distinct comfort indexes in equines participating in 90 km Federate RAID. The recovery of acid-base and hydro electrolytic balance at medical discharge after Raid races and its association with comfort index (CI) is unknown. Unassigned: To determine hydroelectrolytic and acid-base variations before and at the time of clinical discharge in horses that completed 90 km Raid competitions. Unassigned: Hematocrit, total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and serum pH were determined in samples before and after the race and after hydration in 276 horses and were analyzed using a mixed procedure, including the time of the race, the CI and its interaction. Unassi...
In vitro assessment of horse-isolated strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Ligilactobacillus equi species for fecal microbiota modulation in horses. Horses are hindgut fermenters that harbor a complex intestinal microbiota (IM) which provides key enzymes aiding in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates present in their herbivorous diet. Therefore, these animals are deeply dependent on their IM for digestion and nutrition. Consequently, IM imbalances may result in alteration of fermentation patterns with impact on the animal health and the risk of disease. In this context, strategies for assisting the maintenance of a healthy IM in horses are of interest. However, there is limited research concerning the use of probiotics to improve hindgut...
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in sevoflurane-anesthetized Thoroughbred horses. To investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium administered by bolus injection to sevoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective, experimental, crossover study. Methods: Five healthy adult Thoroughbred horses (body mass 368-470 kg, three females and two males). Methods: Each horse was anesthetized twice with sevoflurane and assigned to be administered rocuronium bromide intravenously: 0.2 mg kg (R02) or 0.4 mg kg (R04). There was a minimum 2 week washout period between experiments. During anesthesia, the peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four) and neuromusc...
Anesthesia and Myopathies of Horses. Pre-existing muscle disorders in horses can often be subtle and may only become evident during or after anesthesia. Advancements in veterinary medicine, along with increased knowledge and research in this field, help minimize anesthesia-related problems. Adequate preanesthesia assessment, early disease diagnosis, and proper management are crucial in minimizing risks to the neuromuscular system during general anesthesia.
Could Serum Collectin-11, surfactant protein-A and D be suitable biomarkers for assessing pulmonary damage caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in foals on large farms? Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) is a primary cause of pyogranulomatous pneumonia of foals between three weeks and five months of age. Early diagnosis of rhodococcal pneumonia has always been considered a preferable approach as it can lead to more successful treatment and better outcomes. Horse stud farms where the disease is common, neonatal foals are subjected to tests such as complete blood count and fibrinogen analysis at certain intervals. However, new biomarkers are needed in addition to blood count and fibrinogen measurement in this field for early diagnosis of diseases. Based on this need, i...
Marked blastomere herniation is the only post-thaw morphological characteristic associated with a reduced pregnancy rate for in vitro produced equine blastocysts. It is not known whether the likelihood of pregnancy after transfer of cryopreserved equine in vitro produced (IVP) blastocysts is related to post-thaw morphological characteristics, or could be impacted by other factors such as embryo biopsy prior to cryopreservation. This study examined associations between post-thaw morphological appearance of equine IVP embryos, and biopsy prior to slow-freezing, on the likelihood of pregnancy. Biopsy of IVP blastocysts was performed by harvesting cells herniated through the intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-derived hole in the zona pellucida (ZP). M...
Application of thermography in the assessment of physical effort on body surface temperature distribution in racehorses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thermography in assessing the impact of regular physical effort on changes in the body surface temperature of the upper body parts of young racehorses. The study involved monitoring 33 racehorses aged 3 years in 3 imaging sessions over a period of 3 months. Temperature measurements of the neck and upper part of the forelimbs and hindlimbs from both sides were taken just before and after training. Three regions of interest (ROIs) located at the base of the neck, elbow and quarter on both sides of the body were analysed. Before physical effor...
Protocol to implement and evaluate a culturally secure, strength-based, equine-assisted learning program, “Yawardani Jan-ga” (horses helping), to support the social and emotional wellbeing of Australian aboriginal children and young people. Australian Aboriginal people experience stressors from inequalities across crucial social determinants, including deep and entrenched disadvantage and exclusion. The impact of unaddressed historical issues is pervasive and intergenerational. The disproportionate rates of Aboriginal youth suicide, juvenile detention and imprisonment highlight the inadequacy of existing social and emotional wellbeing programs and services for Aboriginal children and young people. There is increasing recognition in Australia that aligning social and emotional wellbeing interventions with Western values and concep...
Curcumin-loaded niosomal nanocarriers offer a promising approach to improve quality characteristics, apoptotic gene expression, and flow cytometry assessments of stallion spermatozoa after thawing. The optimization of cryopreservation media to reduce oxidative damage on post-thaw spermatozoa is crucial. This research aimed to assess the antioxidant properties of curcumin-loaded niosomal nanocarriers (CurLNN) on the functional characteristics, the relative expression of apoptotic genes, and flow cytometry assessments of apoptotic-like changes, reactive oxygen species production (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and chromatin integrity in stallion spermatozoa following thawing. Twenty-five ejaculates were diluted in INRA96 freezing media supplemented with 20 μM of either curcumin ...
Storage-related artefacts in equine blood result in a pseudo-inflammatory leukogram. To minimise storage-related artefacts, EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood should be evaluated promptly or refrigerated, a challenge in ambulatory practice. The effects of suboptimal blood storage on equine leukocyte parameters are not well-documented. Objective: Document changes in leukocyte number, automated and manual differential counts, and morphology in equine blood stored at four temperatures for up to 5 days. Methods: In vitro experimental. Methods: EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood from 13 horses was stored in a refrigerator (4°C), cooler with icepacks (3°C-19°C), room temperature (22Â...
Foals born alive from mares with ultrasonographically assessed placental abnormalities: Neonatal health and development up to weaning compared to foals from healthy mares. Little is known about the health status of foals born alive from mares treated for placental disease. The aims of the present study were (1) to compare the neonatal health status and health development during the rearing period of foals born from mares treated for ultrasonographically assessed placental abnormalities (UPA) to age-matched healthy foals from the same warmblood stud and (2) analyze the influence of mare's placental health on colostrum quality. Foals (n = 127) born from mares with UPA (UPA group; P) in 2017-2019 were compared to 127 foals born from healthy mares (control group; ...
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, and Identification of the Genera of Equine Strongyles in Horses and Donkeys in and Around Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Equines play a significant role in the economy of the country. Besides their importance, equines face several challenges mainly helminth infections. Of these strongyle parasites are the most common, particularly in the study area. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to July 2022 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors and to identify the genera of equine strongyle parasites in and around Bishoftu. A total of 364 equines were randomly selected from five different areas and subjected to coprological examination using the floatation technique to detect s...
Phosphorylation of SNW1 protein associated with equine melanocytic neoplasm identified in serum and feces. Equine melanocytic neoplasm (EMN) represents a form of skin tumor observed predominantly in grey horses aged over 15 years. Despite its prevalence, current therapeutic and preventive strategies for EMN have been subject to limited investigation. This study endeavors to shed light on potential phosphoproteins present in equine serum and fecal samples, potentially linked to EMN, with a specific focus on functional interactions in EMN pathogenesis. We examined 50 samples (25 serum, 25 feces), divided into three groups based on EMN severity: normal (n = 16), mild (n = 18), and severe EMN (...
Impact of musical rhythm on blood, physiological and welfare parameters in stabled horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two styles of classical music, based on different tempos (BPM), on the physiological and blood parameters of horses during social isolation and restriction of movements. First experiment was carried out using nine horses of no defined breed, distributed in Control, Slow-tempo music and Moderate-tempo music .For social isolation and restriction of movement, the animals were housed daily in individual stalls for two hours and exposed to the stimuli for 60Â min, and eye temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were assessed. The second exp...
Social Relationships of Captive Bachelor Przewalski’s Horses and Their Effect on Daily Activity and Space Use. Understanding social relationships in at-risk species held in captivity is vital for their welfare and potential reintroduction. In social species like the Przewalski's horse (), daily time allocation and space use may be influenced by social structure and, in turn, reflect welfare. Here, we identify social relationships, time budgets, and spatial distribution of a group of nine older (aged 6-21 years) male Przewalski's horses living in a non-breeding (bachelor) group. We conducted our work at the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve, over 65 h of observation in summer, 2015. Horses formed stronger ...
The rhythm of horse gaits. What makes animal gaits so audibly rhythmic? To answer this question, we recorded the footfall sound of 19 horses and quantified the rhythmic differences in the temporal structure of three natural gaits: walk, trot, and canter. Our analyses show that each gait displays a strikingly specific rhythmic pattern and that all gaits are organized according to small-integer ratios, those found when adjacent temporal intervals are related by a mathematically simple relationship of integer numbers. Walk and trot exhibit an isochronous structure (1:1)-similar to a ticking clock-while canter is characteri...
Severe auricular skin necrosis as potential postanaesthetic complication in a horse undergoing general anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgeries. A Trotter mare (aged 5 years 8 months) presented with severe thoracic limb lameness 2 years after screw fixation of a third carpal bone fracture. Septic arthritis of the intermediate carpal joint necessitated three anaesthetics: two arthroscopic lavages in dorsal recumbency, followed by a computed tomography-guided screw explantation with curettage of an infected, sclerotic third carpal bone in right lateral recumbency. For each anaesthetic, maintenance was with isoflurane carried in oxygen and air, and a medetomidine constant rate infusion. Twelve days after the third anaesthetic, the horse h...
Diagnostic innovations in Equine Parasitology: a Nanogold-ELISA for sensitive serodiagnosis of migratory strongylus vulgaris larvae infections. Strongylus vulgaris, a devastating parasitic nematode in equids, causes life-threatening verminous aneurysms that are challenging to diagnose early. This study pioneered integrating nanotechnology into an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) system to enhance the sensitivity and specificity for detecting S. vulgaris larval antigens in equine serum samples, with PCR confirmation of the species. A conventional i-ELISA and an innovative nano-based ELISA were developed using excretory-secretory antigens from adult S. vulgaris worms. The nano-ELISA incorporated gold nanoparticles (1...
Manual versus reciprocating endodontic debridement of equine cheek teeth: Micro-computed tomography findings. In orthograde endodontic treatments, different methods are available to debride the pulp canals of endodontically compromised equine cheek teeth, but their efficacy is unknown. Objective: To explore and compare the efficacy and anatomical changes caused by manual versus reciprocating filing techniques in equine cheek teeth, to explore the presence of instrumentation mishaps described in human dentistry and to explore anatomical complexities of the pulp cavity that often remain uninstrumented using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Methods: Ex-vivo randomised experiments. Methods: Twenty-two ext...
Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors and Analysis of the Doping of Epinephrine in Equine Blood. In this paper, a novel molecularly imprinted polymer membrane modified glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical sensors (MIP-OH-MWCNTs-GCE) for epinephrine (EP) was successfully prepared by a gel-sol method using an optimized functional monomer oligosilsesquioxane-AlO sol-ITO composite sol (ITO-POSS-AlO). Hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OH-MWCNTs) were introduced during the modification of the electrodes, and the electrochemical behavior of EP on the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors was probed by the differential pulse velocity (DPV) method. The experimental conditi...
Radiographic Morphometric Measurements of the Donkey’s Distal Hind Limb. Morphometric measurements of the toe serve as a reference for the objective assessment of the presence of a pathological condition and as a guide for the correct trimming of the hooves. Therefore, the anatomical differences between horses and donkeys oblige an autonomous database with reference values for the donkey. The aim of this study was therefore to provide readings of the distal hind limb on radiographs of donkeys. Radiographs of the distal hind limb in two projections of 41 generally sound donkeys without lameness in walk were taken after previous hoof trimming and preparation accordin...
Evaluation of Theileria equi vertical transmission rate and routes in a cohort of asymptomatic mares and their foals. Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease mainly caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. The objectives of this study were to analyse the frequency and routes of vertical transmission of these blood parasites from 179 asymptomatic mares to their foals. Foals were sampled within 72 h post-partum. The seroprevalences determined by Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and based on a subset sample of 107 couples, were 59.8% and 42.1% for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively in the mare population, and 54.2% and 40.2% in the foal population. A species-specific nested PCR was per...
Clinicopathologic Parameters of Peritoneal Fluid as Predictors of Gastrointestinal Lesions, Complications, and Outcomes in Equine Colic Patients: A Retrospective Study. Neutrophil characteristics in peritoneal fluid (PF) may aid in diagnosing and treating specific colic lesions and complications. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate quantitative PF leukocyte values, as well as PF total protein (TP) and lactate, for associations with diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality in horses with acute colic. Three hundred and forty-two horses that presented to one institution between January 2010-2020 for the evaluation of acute colic were included. The PF total nucleated cell count (TNCC), % and total neutrophil counts, total protein (TP), and lactat...
Genomic-Inbreeding Landscape and Selection Signatures in the Polo Argentino Horse Breed. Analyzing genetic variability and inbreeding trends is essential for effective breed management in animal populations. To this, the characterization of runs of homozygosity (ROH) provides a good genomic approach to study the phenomena. The Polo Argentino (PA) breed, globally recognized as the best adapted to playing polo, is known for its strong influence of Thoroughbreds, intense selective breeding, and extensive use of reproductive biotechnologies. This study investigates the PA's genomic variability, by characterizing the ROH landscape and identifying ROH islands (ROHi) as potential genomic...
Respiratory viruses affecting health and performance in equine athletes. Some respiratory viruses can affect equine athletes, with acute respiratory clinical signs leading to a reduced ability to perform. The direct association between equine respiratory viruses and athletic performance is unclear in subclinically affected horses. This narrative review summarises the current evidence on respiratory viruses most commonly detected in performing horses, including equine herpesviruses, equine influenza virus, equine rhinitis viruses, equine arteritis virus, and equine adenovirus 1. It covers their virology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis...
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Cellular Partners Along the Viral Cycle. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is the simplest described within the family, related to the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2). There is an important interplay between host cells and viruses. Viruses need to hijack cellular proteins for their viral cycle completion and some cellular proteins are antiviral agents interfering with viral replication. HIV cellular partners have been extensively studied and described, with a special attention to host proteins able to inhibit specific steps of the viral cycle, called restriction factors. Viruses develop countermeasures against ...
Exploring Adhesive Performance in Horseshoe Bonding Through Advanced Mechanical and Numerical Analysis. Despite technological advancements in various industries, the equine sector still relies on old methods like horseshoeing. Although traditional, the industry is dynamic and well-funded. Therefore, there is a need to modernize these methods with more reliable and less invasive solutions for attaching horseshoes to horse hooves. There are currently several commercial adhesive solutions in the market specifically tailored to this application. In this work, the mechanical properties of two acrylic adhesives were characterized under quasi-static conditions. In the characterization process, tensile,...
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