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Cardiopulmonary measurements in nonanesthetized, resting normal ponies. Cardiopulmonary measurements were determined in 19 nonanesthetized, normal ponies. Mean values for arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin are reported, as well as acid-base determinations of arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Respiratory function test data include total ventilation, respiratory rate, alveolar ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide output. The data compare favorably with the available data from previous reports on ponies. Because of large day-to-day variations in total ventilation, alveolar ven...
Oxygen affinity responses to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and methaemoglobin formation in horse and human haemoglobins. The oxygen affinities of horse and human haemoglobins were compared in the absence and presence of the allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Horse haemoglobin solutions showed significantly smaller responses to the presence of 2,3-DPG, and this difference may be due to different amino acid substitutions at position NA2(2)beta. Horse haemoglobin solutions from erythrocytes containing different ratios of the two different haemoglobin types showed similar oxygen affinities in the absence and presence of 2,3-DPG. Horse haemoglobins in solution were found to autoxidise to methaemogl...
[Concerning the toxicity of parbendazole (Helmatac 30) to horses and ponies (author’s transl)]. The toxicity of parbendazole in different doses was investigated with 52 horses and 16 ponies, in twelve groups. Side effects observed with the anthelmintic were laxation (soft dung, diarrhoea), anorexia, and listlessness. The seriousness of these symptoms depended greatly on the dose used. Half the therapeutic dose of parbendazole (2.5 to 3.75 mg/kg) administered on two consecutive days led, as a rule, to only slight toxic symptoms and proved highly effective with regard to gastro-intestinal nematodes occurring in horses and ponies. The utilisation of "standard powders" (not commercially avai...
Plasma luteinizing hormone concentration in mares treated with gondotropin-releasing hormone and estradiol. Three experiments were performed to study the luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovulatory responses to various doses and methods of administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in estrous pony mares and the influence of estradiol-17beta (E2-17beta) on LH response to GnRH treatment. In experiment 1, single injections of synthetic GnRH were subcutaneously given to 5 groups of estrous (day 2) mares (3 mares/group) on a body weight basis as follows: group A--isotonic saline solution; group B--GnRH, 0.14 mug/kg; group C--GnRH, 0.28 mug/kg; group D--KGnRH, 0.59 mug/kg; and group E--GnRH, 2.37 ...
Ultrastructure of the synovial membrane. The normal synovial membrane as seen by electron microscopy is bordered by one to three layers of lining cells that include some with phagocytic function, others rich in endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis and additional cells with mixed properties. Lining cells with prominent Golgi apparatus probably produce the synovial hyaluronic acid. The synovial matrix contains collagen and mucopolysaccharide. It offers little barrier to diffusion of most materials. Superficial capillaries and venules are fenestrated and presumably allow rapid exchange of fluid and electrolytes. Deeper venules ha...
[Dexon, applicability in the horse (author’s transl)]. Dexon is a new, synthetic, absorbable suture material. Its applicability for suturing distally in the extremities of horses was tested in 65 cases. The indications included burried sutures as well as skin closure. It was concluded that the material can be used with advantage in cases traditionally sutured with catgut, vetafil or mersilene. It is technically a pleasant material and has further the advantage that it shall not be removed.
Occurrence of second and third instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis in stomachs of horses in Kentucky. The occurrence of 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis was determined in 476 horses during the 22-year period from 1951 to 1973. Overall, G intestinalis infected 98.7% of the horses and averaged 168/horse; whereas G nasalis infected 80.7% of the horses and averaged 52/horse. Aggregate average total numbers for G intestinalis ranged from a low of 50 in September to a high of 229 in March, and for G nasalis, from a low of 14 in September to a high of 82 in February. Horses were infected by 2nd or 3rd instars of both species on a year-round basis. Differenti...
Monocyte activation in horses persistently infected with equine infectious anemia virus. The monocytes of horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus were shown by their failure to migrate from capillary tubes and their increased adherence to erythrocytes to be activated.
[Plasma progesterone in mares showing oestrus during early pregnancy (author’s transl)]. Sixtyfour mares were examined 3 and 6 weeks after mating. Progesterone was measured in 22 mares 3 weeks after mating in order to see if this could be of any help in the oestrous diagnosis. None of the pregnant mares had plasma progesterone below 2 ng/ml. Pregnant mares that did not show oestrus had higher levels of plasma progesterone than pregnant mares showing signs of oestrus 3 weeks after mating. Clinical findings in pregnant and nonpregnant mares 3 weeks after mating is compared, and oestrus in pregnant mares is discussed.
Comparative electrophysiology and pharmacology of mammalian (including one marsupial) intercostal muscle biopsy preparations. Characteristics of minature end-plate potentials (MEPP) of isolated external intercostal muscle preparations of 7 mammalian species (dog, cat, pig, horse, cow, and goat) including 1 marsupial (opossum, Didelphis marsupialis) were determined with intracellular microelectrodes. Mean amplitude (+/- standard error of MEPP for all species was 0.60 +/- 0.06 mV, and the range was 0.28 mV (opossum) to 1.07 mV (pig). Amplitude was inversely correlated (P less than 0.01) with muscle fiber diameter which ranged from 93 mum (opossum) to 51 mum (pig). Mean values for rise time, half-decay time, and frequen...
[Estimation of the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs using the “Merckognost Harnstoff” method compared with an enzymatic, photometric method (author’s transl)]. To examine the suitability and reliability in field use of the "Merckognost Harnstoff" method in estimating the concentration of urea in the blood of horses, cattle, goats and dogs, the levels determined by this procedure were compared with those determined by an enzymatic (urease) photometric method widely used in laboratories. It was concluded from the results obtained that estimation using the "Merckognost Harnstoff" is sufficiently reliable for the rapid assay of urea in the blood under field conditions.
Epizootic of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. An epizootic of anthrax in Eastern Falls County, Texas, killed at least 238 animals during a 6-week period ending July 31, 1974. Infection appeared to be caused by the ingestion of contaminated soil and grass in the drought-stricken central Texas area. The participation of the Texas Department of Agriculture, the Texas National Guard, and other state agencies was of great assistance to the Texas Animal Health Commission in handling the epizootic and panic stricken public. Use of the unencapsulated Sterne strain spore vaccine was credited with preventing many livestock losses in the area. Conta...
The equine practice laboratory. The authors discuss the value of a practice laboratory to the equine clinician and its priorities. Laboratory examinations of particular value are described in relation to their clinical application. The need to establish normal values according to laboratory and horse population is stressed. Tables of normal parameters related to age groups of horses in the authors' practice are presented.
Empyema of the equine paranasal sinuses. A survey of 28 cases of chronic purulent infection of the sinuses in the horse showed a relationship between incidence and age, and a probable relationship with breed. Dental disease was apparently the cause of half the cases. The conventional treatment of trephination followed by irrigation with antiseptic solutions resulted in freedom from recurrence of the disease for over 1 year in 17 of the 28 horses. Antibiotic therapy appears to be useless in chronic empyema. The prognosis is adversely affected by the development of facial swelling, a sign seen usually only in long-standing cases.
An expansion and compression technique for reducing and stabilizing proximal epiphyseal fractures of the tibia in foals. Proximal tibial epiphyseal fractures in 2 foals were reduced and stabilized by expansion and compression between 2 transversely placed Steinman pins, one on each side of the fracture. A Charnley apparatus or turnbuckles placed between the pins on each side of the fracture provided the mechanical advantage for repositioning the fracture fragments and achieving rigid fixation during healing. A light cast was applied over the fixation apparatus, keeping the limb in an extended position. The cast and fixation apparatus were removed after 4 weeks. The technique allowed rapid healing and adequate am...
Plasma concentrations, plasma protein binding and residues of sulfamonomethoxine in pigs, horses and cattle. The protein binding, the plasma half-life and the residue depletion of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) after intramuscular administration were investigated in pigs, horses and cattle. Protein binding was weakly concentration-dependent. The bound fraction in plasma in the therapeutic range amounted to approximately 45, 40 and 50% for pigs, horses and cattle respectively, and the plasma half-lives were approximately 5.1, 5.7 and 3.1 hours respectively. SMM levels were less than 1 mug/g in muscle tissue after 36, 20 and 12 hours in pigs, horses and cattle respectively. In the kidney SMM levels were not ...
Isolation and partial characterization of the major glycoproteins of horse and swine erythrocyte membranes. The major glycoproteins of horse and swine erythrocyte membranes were isolated and examined chemically and immunologically. The major glycoprotein of horse erythrocyte membranes had a molecular weight of 33 000 and consisted of 46.2% protein and 53.8% carbohydrate, of which 9.4% was hexose, 10.1% hexosamine and 33.7% sialic acid. This glycoprotein was associated with activity for the infectious mononucleosis heterophile antigen. There were two different major glycoproteins in swine erythrocyte membranes. One major glycoprotein had a molecular weight of 46 200 and consisted of 34.2% protein and...
Urinary oestrogen and plasma progesterone levels in non-pregnant mares. Eight mares were observed clinically for 14 months to detect oestrus and ovarian activity, and assays of urinary oestrogens and plasma progesterone were performed. Cyclical ovarian activity occurred during 60% of the experimental period. Persistent luteal activity was found over 20% of the period and for the rest of the time activity was absent. Cyclical activity was characterized by the alternation of periods of low and high progesterone levels corresponding to the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. During the follicular phase, urinary oestrogen levels increased to a maximum o...
Influence of intrauterine saline infusion upon the oestrous cycle of the mare. The effect of intrauterine saline on reproductive function was studied by infusion of mares in anoestrus, dioestrus, oestrus and prolonged dioestrus. Anoestrous mares were unaffected except near the beginning and end of the breeding season when anovulatory heats were induced. Dioestrous mares infused between Days 5 and 9 returned to heat an average of 3-8 days earlier than expected, and infusions during dioestrus were followed by ovulatory heats of normal fertility. Three mares in prolonged dioestrus showed ovulatory heats within 3 to 9 days of infusion. Infusions during oestrus had no appreci...
A review of cytogenetics in equine reproduction. The karyotype of the horse consists of 64 chromosomes; 18 pairs have a terminal centromere and 13 pairs a non-terminal centromere. Identification of individual chromosomes is enhanced by the use of band-staining techniques which allow recognition of minor structural rearrangements of chromatin material. Seven previously reported cases of male pseudohermaphroditism with chromosome studies are reviewed. Three were genetic females, one was basically an XX/XY chimaera, one was an XX/XXY chimaera, and one was an XXXY. Also reviewed is an infertile mare with 63 chromosomes and no distinguishable sex...
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