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Topic:Adult Horses
Adult horses encompass a category of equines that have reached maturity, typically considered to be around five years of age and older. This stage of life is characterized by full physical development and the potential for peak performance in various activities such as riding, racing, and work. Adult horses require specific nutritional, health, and management practices to maintain optimal condition and performance. The study of adult horses covers a range of topics, including physiology, behavior, and the impact of environmental factors on their well-being. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the physiology, health management, and performance aspects of adult horses.
Estrous cycle-dependent changes in platelet indices in healthy mares. Platelets (PLTs) are key regulators of hemostasis, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, and their phenotype is known to fluctuate with sex steroid concentrations in several species. However, the influence of the estrous cycle on PLT characteristics in mares has not been investigated. We hypothesized that PLT indices vary between reproductive phases in association with changes in estradiol-17β (E2) and progesterone (P4). The aim of this study was to characterize PLT indices in estrus and diestrus and to determine how these hematological parameters relate to circulating E2 and P4 concentrations...
Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in horses with colic associated with acute gastrointestinal disease. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a severe clinical condition commonly observed in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease associated with colic and is linked to increased risk of organ dysfunction and mortality. Early identification of SIRS and reliable prognostic indicators are essential to improve clinical management. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of SIRS in adult horses with colic, evaluate its association with outcome, and investigate the prognostic value of selected clinicopathological variables. Unassigned: A total of 41 adult horses admitted for acute gas...
The Early Ophthalmic Effects of Vatinoxan in Healthy Detomidine-Sedated Horses. To evaluate the short-term ophthalmic effects of vatinoxan, a peripherally selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in detomidine-sedated horses. Methods: Seven healthy horses without ophthalmic disease in a randomized, masked, two-period crossover study design, with a ≥ 7-day rest period. Methods: After a bilateral palpebral block (lidocaine 40 mg) and baseline data collection, horses received intravenous detomidine (20 μg/kg [DET]) or DET with vatinoxan (200 μg/kg [DET-VAT]). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured from the left eye while tear production (Schirmer tear test -1; ...
Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy and jejunojejunostomy for pyloric obstruction bypass in a horse and a foal. Gastric outflow obstruction in horses is a rare but challenging condition, often resulting from either congenital anomalies or acquired lesions such as chronic ulceration or pyloric polyps. Conventional surgical bypass procedures, including gastrojejunostomy (GJ) or gastroduodenostomy and less commonly duodenojejunostomy, can restore patency but may lead to postoperative complications. Objective: To describe the presentation, surgical management, and postoperative outcome of two horses-an adult and a foal treated with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy combined with a side-to-side jejunojejunostomy (...
Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in poorly performing horses. Electrocardiogram abnormalities are common in racehorses and can affect performance. Unassigned: This study aimed to analyze the results of electrocardiographic problems and measure the frequencies of various cardiac arrhythmias. Unassigned: This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2023 and August 2024. Standard electrocardiographic recordings were obtained from all horses, and cardiac troponin levels were measured. Out of the 114 poorly performing adult horses, 10 cases without arrhythmia were considered the control group. Seventy-four horses (64.9%) had at least one type of...
Thoracic electrical impedance tomography using a two-plane electrode configuration in horses. Traditional one-plane (oneP) electrical impedance tomography (EIT) electrode configurations limit evaluation to a convex lens-shaped lung slice, prone to overrepresentation of central areas. Two-plane (twoP) EIT is expected to refine this technique and result in more representative lung imaging. Objective: To compare ventilation distribution using single slice reconstructions, obtained with twoP or oneP. Methods: Computational modelling and in vivo exploratory randomised experimental trial. Methods: A finite element simulation model of oneP and twoP was calculated to estimate captured lung fie...
Biliary Disorders in Horses. This review will mainly focus on the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of cholangiohepatitis in adult horses. The condition is often accompanied by some degree of intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic biliary obstruction with "sludgy" bile or actual choleliths. In horses, these calculi are typically composed of calcium bilirubinate, rather than cholesterol. There is a propensity for cholangiohepatitis to become a recurrent, chronic condition and patient management should reflect this. Although much rarer, foreign body obstruction, neoplasia and, in some parts of the world, liver flukes can als...
Feasibility of a hand-held myotonometry device for measuring biomechanical muscle parameters in horses. To evaluate the feasibility of a hand-held myotometry device for measuring the biomechanical parameters (frequency, stiffness, and decrement) of the longissimus dorsi muscle in the thoracolumbar region of healthy horses. Unassigned: Data were obtained from 50 adult horses. The biomechanical parameters were measured using a MyotonPRO device in triple-scan mode. Measurements were recorded on both sides, with the horses standing square. The analysis focused on whether there were differences between the sides and correlations between the variables. Unassigned: The mean muscle frequency (hertz) was...
Electromyographic activity of equine abdominal muscles during single and double riding in hippotherapy. Background: Hippotherapy is a therapeutic intervention that uses the horse as a biomechanical and sensorimotor agent to promote rehabilitation in individuals with physical and neurological disabilities. Depending on patient needs, riding may be performed with a single rider or with double riding, in which a therapist accompanies the practitioner on the horse. However, the effects of these riding configurations on equine trunk muscle activity remain poorly understood, despite their relevance for both horse welfare and the quality of therapeutic stimuli delivered to the patient.Methods: Nine cli...
Visceral disseminated hemangiosarcoma causing severe bicytopenia in a mare. Hemangiosarcoma is an uncommon but highly aggressive malignant vascular neoplasm in horses, most often identified as a disseminated process at postmortem examination. This report describes an adult Warmblood mare presenting with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia associated with disseminated hemangiosarcoma likely originating in the transverse colon with metastasis to the liver and lungs. This case highlights gastrointestinal hemangiosarcoma as a potential differential diagnosis in horses with unexplained bicytopenia and hemorrhagic enteropathy.
Use of strain and shear wave elastography in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the intermediate patellar ligament in horses: comparison and consistency of data. The clinical significance and ultrasonographic features of intermediate patellar ligament (IPL) desmopathy in horses are still debated and considered nonspecific. Elastosonography allows assessment of tissue elasticity in response to an external stimulus. The aim of the study was to describe the elastosonographic characteristics of the equine IPL, evaluate the feasibility of both strain (SE) and two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE), and assess the consistency of the data obtained from these techniques. 20 adult horses of mixed breed, sex and athletic use were selected and allocated...
Evaluation of Circadian Variations of Central Corneal Thickness and Its Correlation With Intraocular Pressures in Healthy Horses. Circadian variations in central corneal thickness (CCT) and their correlation with intraocular pressure (IOP) have not been reported in horses. This information may be clinically relevant when interpreting IOP readings. Methods: Twenty-four eyes of 6 healthy adult gelded males and 6 healthy adult intact mares were evaluated. Rebound tonometry (TonoVet, Jorgensen Laboratories) followed by ultrasonic pachymetry (iPac Pachymeter, Reichert technologies) was performed in both eyes every 3 h over 24 h during the natural 14-h daylight summer photoperiod. Results: Central corneal thickness varied ...
Bronchoalveolar lavage changes the ultrasonographic and radiographic appearances of lungs in adult horses. To describe the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on the ultrasonographic and radiographic appearances of lungs of horses being evaluated for equine asthma syndrome (EAS). Unassigned: Prospective observational study enrolling 32 adult horses evaluated for EAS. Ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations of the thorax were performed before and within 3 hours following BAL and scored using previously validated systems. The differences in scores between groups (normal, mild EAS, moderate/severe EAS) were evaluated through the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the differences in scores before and f...
Short-Term Daily Oral Administration of Cannabidiol Does Not Impact Rebound Tonometry Intraocular Pressure or Schirmer Tear Test Values in Healthy Adult Horses. To assess the effect of orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) on TonoVet measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test I (STT) in horses. Methods: Horse. Methods: This was a masked, randomized, balanced cross-over study of six healthy adult horses. Horses were randomly assigned and received 3 mg/kg CBD in sesame oil or volume matched placebo by mouth once daily for three days. Baseline and daily 4-, 12-, and 24-h post treatment IOPs were measured in triplicate without sedation or eyelid akinesia. Baseline and 24-h post final (day 3) treatment STTs were measured without sedation ...
Pharmacokinetics of Diclazuril in the Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Healthy Adult Horses After a Single Oral Dose Administered as a Pelleted Topdressing. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can cause acute infections with rapid onset of neurologic signs, necessitating immediate empiric therapy with antiprotozoal medication. The objective of the study was to identify when concentrations of diclazuril reached the MIC of Sarcocystis neurona in CSF (1 ng/mL) of healthy adult horses after a single oral dose. Six healthy adult horses were used. Blood and CSF were collected from indwelling intravenous jugular catheters and intrathecal catheters in the lumbosacral space prior to drug administration and then at 1-, 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-,...
Immunohistological characterization of equine synovial tissue in metacarpophalangeal joints of different ages and osteoarthritis status. Synovial macrophages' role in equine osteoarthritis (OA) is not well understood, despite horses being a model for human degenerative joint disorders. Equine synovial macrophages' characterization is limited and age-related changes are not described. This study aimed to evaluate surface marker distribution and expression from potential synovial tissue macrophages in foals, adult non-affected, and OA-affected horses. Unassigned: Surface markers (CD14, CD16, CD206) were quantitatively evaluated on dorsal villous synovial biopsies from the metacarpophalangeal joint of foals (F), non-affected (cont...
Comparison of equine PBMC isolation using two protocols: Impact on key cellular parameters. There are diverse uses for equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in research. Studies have shown that PBMC isolation protocols can affect immune parameters of diagnostic and research assays. We aimed to assess the impact of equine blood handling techniques on cell yield, viability, and proliferation under mitogen stimulation. Whole blood (WB) samples were collected from eight healthy adult horses into heparinized tubes for PBMC isolation by comparing method 1 (M1) where freshly collected WB was layered directly over a density gradient medium for centrifugation, followed by PBMC harv...
Lacrimal caruncula thermography overestimates rectal temperature in horses: Influence of camera type and measurement distance. Rectal temperature (RT) is the gold standard for assessing body temperature in horses, but handling and welfare concerns limit its use. Thermography of the lacrimal caruncula (LC) has been proposed as a noncontact alternative, although its accuracy may be influenced by device characteristics and measurement distance. Objective: To evaluate agreement between LC thermography and RT in horses, compare two infrared thermal cameras and determine the effect of camera-to-subject distance on measurement bias and variability. Methods: LC temperature was recorded at 0.5, 1 and 2 using two cameras (IR Fl...
Bexagliflozin controls hyperinsulinemia in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. To evaluate bexagliflozin for insulin control in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation. Unassigned: In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 10 client-owned Arabian horses with hyperinsulinemia (> 30 μIU/mL) were treated with bexagliflozin (0.03 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA03) or placebo control for a 10-day treatment period, crossing over after a 4-day washout. After a further 12-day washout, 8 of the horses were treated with bexagliflozin (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA06) for an additional 7-day treatment period. Oral sugar tests were performed at the beginning of e...
Oral docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters alveolar macrophage metabolism and protein and lipid profiles in the lower airway of healthy horses. To determine the impact of a commercially available docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) supplement (DHA, methylslfonylmethane, and mushroom blend) on equine alveolar macrophage metabolism and lipid and protein profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatant. Unassigned: This was a prospective, sequential, placebo-controlled study using 10 healthy adult horses. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected at baseline, following 45 days of oral placebo administration, and following 45 days of oral commercially available DHA supplement, with a 14-day washout. Whole blood was collected following placebo...
Feasibility study of microbubble enhanced echocardiography in normal horses. Intrapulmonary shunting, a contributor to hypoxemia in both anesthetized and spontaneously breathing horses, may occur in association with pulmonary disease, general inhalation anesthesia, or systemic inflammation. In human medicine, transthoracic microbubble-enhanced echocardiography is a widely used method to detect intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting, especially in hepatopulmonary syndrome. This study aimed to adapt and evaluate the feasibility of this technique in horses, laying the groundwork for future clinical applications. Twelve healthy horses underwent two treatments: (1) infusion ...
The effect of form on equine salt intake. Sodium and chloride are required nutrients and are typically met using sodium chloride (salt) via compressed blocks. The objective of this study was to compare salt intake using block or loose salt. Sixteen mature horses were blocked by housing style and assigned to block salt or loose salt (form) for four 7-day periods. Salt intake was measured by weight at the end of each period and was not affected by form (P = 0.070) or period (P = 0.902). There was an effect of horse (P < 0.001). Horses consumed between 2 and 135 g of salt daily, however; over half of the horses in the study di...
Comparison of in vitro degradation of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin in equine blood measured by two immunoassay methods. This study compared the in vitro stability of equine plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and serum insulin measured by chemiluminescent assay (CLA; Siemens Immulite 2000XPi) and immunofluorescent assay (IFA; Tosoh AIA-900) after storage at 4°C or room temperature (approximately 21°C) for clinically relevant periods. Fresh equine EDTA blood for ACTH and coagulated blood for insulin were aliquoted and analysed immediately (T0) and after storage. ACTH was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours; insulin was assessed at 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days. Percentage recovery relative to T0 was analyse...
Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Intra-Articular Autologous Conditioned Serum and Triamcinolone in an Equine Model of Synovitis. Synovitis is a key contributor to the development of OA, and early modulation of the synovial environment may help limit downstream cartilage damage. This study compared the clinical and biochemical effects of intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and autologous conditioned serum (ACS) in an equine model of IL-1β-induced synovitis. Six healthy adult horses were used in a crossover design involving five groups: PBS (negative control), IL-1β (positive control), IL-1β + ACS, IL-1β + TA, and an exploratory ACS-alone group administered post hoc to isolate its effects without IL-1β inter...
Rostral hard palate swelling (lampas) in horses: true or fiction? This study aimed to determine the occurrence of swellings (lampas) in the rostral portion of the hard palate in young, adult, and elderly horses and to characterize them histologically. One hundred and twenty horses of different ages were evaluated by oral inspection. Horses were classified with lampas when the mucosa of the hard palate extended beyond the occlusal surface of the upper incisors and samples of palatal mucosa were collected. Ten other horses without rostral hard palate alterations, euthanized for unrelated causes, were included as the control group. Histological analysis include...
Machine Learning-Based Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Genetic Loci Associated with Body Measurement Traits in Yili Horses. Body measurement traits are key indicators for evaluating growth performance, production potential, and breeding value in Yili horses. However, studies investigating the association between body measurement traits and mutation loci in Yili horses remain limited. In this study, 255 adult Yili mares were used as the study population, including 152 speed-type and 103 meat-type individuals. Whole-genome resequencing was performed, and four phenotypic traits and body weight were measured. A mixed linear model (MLM)-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using GEMMA (v 0.98.5), inc...
Comparative analysis of mRNA and circRNA expression profiles and interaction networks in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses before and after sexual maturity. Mongolian horses, celebrated for their resilience and adaptability, undergo marked physiological transformations during sexual maturation. This study employed whole-transcriptome sequencing to conduct a comparative analysis of mRNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles, along with their interactive regulatory networks, in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses pre- and post-sexual maturity. Histological examinations using hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining revealed distinct morphological differences between sexually immature and mature testicu...
The prevalence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi carriers in the Netherlands. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) carriers are thought to be important drivers for strangles outbreaks. Limited data are available on the prevalence of carriers in European horse husbandry settings. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of S. equi carriers among apparently healthy adult horses and ponies in the Netherlands. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The carrier prevalence in the Netherlands was estimated, detecting carriers by PCR analysis of three repeated nasopharyngeal lavages at weekly intervals. Bayesian methods were used for a true prevalence estimation. Result...
Ertugliflozin decreases the insulin spike in non-insulin dysregulated standardbred horses following intra-articular triamcinolone administration. Horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) are at an increased risk of laminitis following corticosteroid use. Ertugliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia in horses with EMS, and therefore may be a management option to reduce the insulin spike seen post corticosteroid use. It was hypothesised that oral ertugliflozin, administered before and after intra-articular (IA) triamcinolone acetonide (TA), will significantly lower the insulin response in comparison to placebo. A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design was performed on eight adult standardbred geldings with no history of la...
